CONTENTS SECTION 1 GENERAL

Transcription

1 CONTENTS SECTION 1 GENERAL 1. Technical Considerations in Pediatric Imaging... 1 Ashu Seith Bhalla, Arun Kumar Gupta, Amar Mukund Minimizing Heat Loss... 1 Immobilization... 1 Sedation... 1 Nil Per Orally (NPO) Status... 2 Reduction of Radiation Dosage... 2 Use of Contrast Media Recent Advances in Pediatric Radiology Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi Radiation Protection Neuroradiology Thoracic Imaging Gastrointestinal Imaging Uroradiology Musculoskeletal Imaging Interventions in Children Part A Vascular Interventions Gurpreet Singh Gulati, Sanjiv Sharma Introduction Techniques Procedures Embolization Materials and Substances Angioplasty Thrombolysis Foreign Body Removal Part B Nonvascular Interventions Amar Mukund, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Shivanand Gamanagatti Patient Evaluation Sedation and Anesthesia Basic Procedures Thoracic Interventions Gastrointestinal Interventions Genitourinary Interventions... 36

2 xii Diagnostic Radiology: Paediatric Imaging 4. Imaging of Pediatric Trauma Shivanand Gamanagatti, Atin Kumar Imaging Methods SECTION 2 CHEST 5. Neonatal Respiratory Distress Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi Medical Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Childhood Pulmonary Infections Jyoti Kumar Introduction Pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) Fungal Infections Parasitic Infestations Pulmonary Infections in HIV-positive Children Chest Masses Sanjay Thulkar, Arun Kumar Gupta Lung Masses Mediastinal Masses Chest Wall Masses Pediatric Airway Ashu Seith Bhalla Upper Airway Obstruction Acute Obstruction Chronic Obstruction Lower Airway Obstruction SECTION 3 GASTROINTESTINAL AND BILIARY TRACT, LIVER AND PANCREAS 9. Developmental Anomalies of Gastrointestinal Tract Alpana Manchanda, Sumedha Pawa Imaging Modalities Esophagus Stomach Developmental Obstructive Defects

3 Contents xiii Duodenum Small Bowel Large Bowel Imaging of Anorectal Anomalies Arun Kumar Gupta ARA in Males ARA in Females Gastrointestinal Masses in Children Arun Kumar Gupta Plain Radiographs Contrast Studies Ultrasonography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Esophageal Masses in Children Gastric Masses in Children Neoplastic Masses Bezoars Small Bowel Masses in Children Neoplastic Masses Mesenteric Masses in Children Colonic Masses in Children Hepatic and Pancreatic Masses in Children Akshay Kumar Saxena, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Naveen Kalra Imaging Hepatic Masses Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Rhabdomyosarcoma Hepatic Metastases Infantile Hemangioendothelioma Hemangioma Mesenchymal Hamartoma Focal Nondular Hyperplasia (FNH) and Hepatic Adenoma Peliosis Hepatis Inflammatory Lesions Simple Hepatic Cyst Polycystic Liver Disease

4 xiv Diagnostic Radiology: Paediatric Imaging Caroli s Disease Pancreatic Masses Islet Cell Tumors Solid and Papillary Epithelial Neoplasm (SPEN) (Frantz Tumor) Mesenchymal Tumors Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Pseudocysts Pancreatic Tuberculosis Childhood Biliopathies Veena Chowdhury Definition and Pathophysiology of Cholestasis Physiological Neonatal Jaundice Etiology of Jaundice in the Neonate and Infant Diagnosis of Jaundice in Infancy and Childhood Neonatal Hepatitis Biliary Atresia (BA) Hepatobiliary Cystic Malformations Caroli s Disease Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) Cystic Fibrosis Destructive Cholangitis Associated with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Bile Duct Paucity Spontaneous Perforation of CBD Inspissated Bile Syndrome (IBS) Jaundice in Older Children Hepatitis Chronic Active Hepatitis Metabolic Cirrhosis Biliary Tract Neoplasms Diseases of the Gallbladder SECTION 4 GENITOURINARY 14. Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract Smriti Hari, Arun Kumar Gupta Introduction Abnormalities of Kidney Anomalies of the Ureter Anomalies of the Urinary Bladder Abnormalities of the Urethra

5 Contents xv 15. Urinary Tract Infections (Including VUR and Neurogenic Bladder) Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena 16. Renal and Retroperitoneal Masses Anju Garg Imaging Renal Masses Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) Nephroblastomatosis Mesoblastic Nephroma (Bolande s Tumor) Clear Cell Sarcoma Rhabdoid Tumor Renal Cell Carcinoma Multilocular Cystic Renal Tumor Angiomyolipoma Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy Metanephric Adenoma (Nephrogenic Adenofibroma, Embryonal Adenoma) Lymphoma Leukemia Primary Neurogenic Tumors of the Kidney Cystic Diseases of the Kidney Adrenal Masses Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma Pheochromocytoma Adrenal Cortical Tumors Adrenal Hemorrhage Adrenal Cysts Primary Retroperitoneal Tumors Neurogenic Tumors Germ Cell Tumors Mesenchymal Tumors Retroperitoneal Lymphangioma Lymph Node Masses Retroperitoneal Abscess and Hematoma Evaluation of Female Pelvis and Testicular Abnormalities Kushaljit Singh Sodhi, Akshay Kumar Saxena Anomalies of the Female Pelvis Pelvic Masses in Children Nongynecologic Pelvic Masses

6 xvi Diagnostic Radiology: Paediatric Imaging Extratesticular Tumors Adrenal Rests Imaging of Intersex Disorders Sanjay Sharma, Arun Kumar Gupta Introduction Classification of Intersex Clues to the Diagnosis SECTION 5 MUSCULOSKELETAL 19. Skeletal Dysplasias Gaurav S Pradhan Introduction Terminology Osteochondrodysplasias Dysostoses Idiopathic Multicentric Osteolysis Primary Disturbance of Growth Constitutional Diseases of Bone with Known Pathogenesis Skeletal Maturity Assessment Arun Kumar Gupta Measurement of Maturity Spinal Dysraphism Raju Sharma, Ankur Gadodia Introduction Classification Embryology Imaging Modalities Open Spinal Dysraphism (OSD) Closed Spinal Dysraphism (CSD) Split Cord Malformation (SCM) Dorsal Dermal Sinus (DDS) Caudal Agenesis (Caudal Regression Syndrome, CRS) Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis (SSD) Imaging of Pediatric Hip Anjali Prakash Introduction Methods of Investigation

7 Contents xvii Pediatric Hip Disorders Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Natural History and Pathology Imaging in DDH Transient Synovitis of Hip Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease Benign Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors & Conditions Mahesh Prakash, Kushaljit Singh Sodhi Cartilaginous Tumors Osseous Tumors Fibrous Tumors Histiocytosis X (Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis) Giant Cell Tumor Tumor Like Lesions Soft Tissue Tumors Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors Pediatric Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors Manisha Jana, Ashu Seith Bhalla, Deep N Srivastava Introduction Imaging Modalities Malignant Bone Tumors Soft Tissue Tumors SECTION 6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 25. Congenital Brain Anomalies N Khandelwal Introduction Disorders of Organization Disorders of Histogenesis Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Atin Kumar, Arun Kumar Gupta Neuroimaging in Infants with HIE Below 34 Weeks Group The Premature Neonate Above 34 Weeks Group The Term Neonate Hypoxic Ischemic Injury in Postnatal Age Group Imaging Choice for Evaluation of Hypoxic-ischemic Injury Prediction of Clinical Outcome

8 xviii Diagnostic Radiology: Paediatric Imaging 27. Cranial Sonography Rashmi Dixit, Veena Chowdhury Destructive Brain Lesions Hydrocephalus Intracranial Hemorrhage Hypoxic or Ischemic Encephalopathy Neonatal and Acquired Infections Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain V Gupta, N Khandelwal, P Singh Introduction Investigative Modalities Bacterial Infections Cranial Tuberculosis Neurocysticercosis Hydatid Disease Viral Encephalitis Congenital Infections Fungal Infections Pediatric Brain Tumors Shailesh B Gaikwad, Ajay Garg Introduction Classification of Childhood Tumors Based on Topography Posterior Fossa Tumors Supratentorial Tumors Sellar and Suprasellar Tumors Pineal Region Masses Extraparenchymal Tumors Tumors of the Orbit and Neck Ocular Tumors Retrobulbar Orbital Tumors MR Spectroscopy (MRS) in Brain Nanotechnology Metabolic Disorders of the Brain Sapna Singh, Veena Chowdhury Introduction Metabolic Disorders Lysosomal Storage Disorders Peroxisomal Disorders

9 Contents xix Unclassified Leukodystrophies Mitochondrial Disorders/Defects of the Respiratory Chain Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism/Aminoacidopathies Organic Acidemias Metabolic Disorders Primarily Affecting Gray Matter Disorders of Metal Metabolism Index