There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
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1 There are four classes of biological macromolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
2
3 Discuss with your shoulder partner: What do these words mean?
4 So What Is A Macromolecule? A very large molecule consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule.
5 Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecules are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
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8 Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels
9 Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: (0 grams in this product) 1 (13 grams in this product) 2 (9 grams in this product) 3
10
11 The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
12 Made of nucleotides Nucleotides are made of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and a phosphate group Transferring genetic information from one generation to the next
13 CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS
14 CARBOHYDRATES In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) In animal products- in MILK
15 CARBOHYDRATES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Monosaccharide Disaccharide Complex Polysaccharide
16 Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 compounds. Hence the terms monosaccharide and disaccharide. Mono means one Di means two
17 Simple Sugars
18 Complex Carbohydrates What are they? Complex Carbohydrates are called polysaccharides. Poly means many!
19 Complex Carbohydrates
20 CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are formed in long chains. The most popular compound forming these chains is (Sugar)
21 The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring
22 CARBOHYDRATES Each glucose compound is made up of So to summarize: Carbohydrates are made of long chains of compounds called glucose.
23 NOW ONTO PROTEINS They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, nonsteriod hormones, structural molecules,
24 Proteins
25 Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!
26 The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up
27 PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains of compounds called
28 PROTEINS Each amino acid compound is made up of So in summary: Proteins are made up of compounds called amino acids.
29 Amino Acid Reactions Salt Forming Reactions Occurs Between Acids and Bases
30 THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion LIPIDS ARE NEXT They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
31 LIPIPS Some interesting info Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out. The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves. Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage. Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive
32 LIPIDS
33 LIPIDS Most lipids are made of chains of compounds called..
34 The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E This is a triglyceride molecule
35 LIPIDS Each triglyceride compound is made up of So in summary: Lipids are made up of compounds called triglycerides.
36
37 Fatty Acids: made up of many triglycerides, examples are butter and oil Steroids: are not made of triglycerides, instead made of mostly carbon atoms Phospholipids: made up of many triglycerides and other substances (ex. Nitrogen), make up the cell membranes in organisms
38 Cell Membranes Phospholipids
39 Lipid Reactions Oxidation of Lipids Lipids deteriorate or break down This causes foods (especially meat) to become bad very quickly. Food processing helps to postpone this reaction from happening.
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