Biology - Final Exam Review Fall 2016

Transcription

1 Biology - Final Exam Review Fall 2016 Introduction to Biology 1. What is a dependent variable? A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable. 2. What is an independent variable? The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable. 3. What is a control? A researcher must only measure one variable at a time, and using a scientific control group gives reliable baseline data to compare their results with. 4. What is an experimental group? An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. 8. A student studied the effects of increases in temperature on the respiration rate of yeast cells. He varied the temperature from 10 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius, and counted the number of carbon dioxide bubbles given off at the different temperatures. He kept one yeast culture at room temperature during the entire experiment. Results are given in the table below. Temperature (degrees Celsius) Number of Carbon Dioxide Bubbles a. What is the question the scientist is trying to answer? How does temperature affect the rate of respiration in Yeast cells b. What is the independent variable? temperature GRAPH IT!! c. What is the dependent variable? Number of CO2 bubbles given off by yeast d. What is the control in this experiment? The yeast culture kept at room temperature e. Write one sentence explaining the results of the experiment. The yeast increased the rate of respiration as the temperature increased. The rate of respiration was highest at 40 degrees

2 9. A scientist wants to know if students do better on their homework if they listen to music while they do it. She asks one group of students to do their homework without listening to music. She asks another group to listen to classical music while they do their homework. She asks a third group to listen to rock music while they do their homework. After two months, she finds that the students who did not listen to music kept their grades the same. The students who listened to classical music brought their grades up, and the students who listened to rock music got lower grades. a. What is the question the scientist is trying to answer? Will students do better on homework if they listen to music while they work b. What is the independent variable? Music c. What is the dependent variable? Grades d. Which group of students is the control group? Group that didn t listen to music e. Which groups of students would be the experimental group? Groups that listened to classical and rock music 10. a. In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the X axis? Years b. In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the Y axis? Games Won c. According to the graph, which group won more games in 1991? Boys d. Why is a line graph the best choice for this data? Compares changes in two groups over time 11. a. What is the title of this graph? School attendance and science grades b. What is measured on the X axis? students c. What is measured on the Y axis? percentage d. Why is the key important? To show what each bar represents (attendance and grades) e. What conclusions can be made (if any) after reading and interpreting the data shown on this graph? Attendance didn t really affect the student s science grade

3 12. Define the following terms: Data: : individual pieces of information using your 5 senses._ Quantitative Contains Numbers. There are four birds in the tree Qualitative Descriptions without numbers. The birds in the tree are red. 13. Give an example of the following: Inference Inference. When we make an inference, we draw a conclusion based on the evidence that we have available. When we make inferences while reading, we are using the evidence that is available in the text to draw a logical conclusion Observation A doctor watching a patient after administering an injection 14. Place the steps of the scientific method in order (6 Steps) a) Make Observations and Ask A Question b) Do Research c) Construct a Hypothesis d) Design and Conduct an Experiment e) Analyze Results and Draw a Conclusion f) Report Results 15. List the following SI (metric) system of measurement? A. What is the unit used to measure length? meter B. What is the unit used to measure volume? liter C. What is the unit used to measure mass? gram D. What is the unit used to measure temperature? Celsius or Kelvin 16. Complete the following metric conversions: 5 m =.005 km 8.6 km = 8,600,000 mm.24 cm =.0024 m 345g = 345,000 mg

4 17. Safety Symbols: What do each of the given symbols mean? A B C D E A- Use protection when working with chemicals which may damage clothing. B- Fumes in this lab may make you feel sick, do not inhale. C- Eye Protection (Chemicals/Glass may damage your eyes) D- Sharp Objects are being used in this lab E- Hot Hands Glassware may be warm List 3 important safety rules 1) Always tell the teacher if you need help or have an accident 2) Follow all directions and no horseplay 3) Use care around flames, no baggy clothing and pull back hair 16. Identify the name and function of the given lab equipment Name Picture Function Mortar and Pestle Used to grind up dry goods into powders. Beaker Used to hold liquids. Not a precise measurement tool. Electronic Balance Mass small objects.

5 Graduated Cylinder Exact measurements of volume of small amounts of liquid. Be able to read meniscus. Pipette Delivery of small amounts of liquid one drop at a time.

6 Ecology Final Exam Study Guide 1. The study of biology can be studied at different levels. Each level is a system made up of smaller parts. What is the order of organization of living things starting from the largest level? a. biosphere b. biome c. ecosystem d. community e. population f. individual Which level is the smallest to contain both biotic and abiotic factors? ecosystem Which level studies living and nonliving interactions in a particular climate? climate 2. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? sun 3. Is this a food chain or web? How do you know? Food web because it has many food chains connected 4. Identify one food chain: Plant mouse fox 5. What percent of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? 10 % 6. Use the picture to identify: a. Herbivore: grasshopper b. Carnivore: fox c. Omnivore: mouse d. Primary Producer: leaves and berries e. Primary Consumer: squirrel, grasshopper, and rabbit f. Secondary Consumer: Frog and Rat g. Tertiary Consumer: Fox and Snake

7 7. Given this food chain, grass => grasshopper => spider => snake => hawk. Identify all trophic levels and then identify the producer and different types of consumers. Grass Grasshopperr Spider Snake Hawk Producer rr 1 st LC 2 nd LC 3 rd LC 4 th LC Autotroph herbivore carnivore carnivore carnivore Place these same organisms from above in the pyramid and highlight the section which would be impacted the most by biomagnification in yellow and highlight the section with the largest biomass in green. If the producer contains 220 kcals of energy how much is available on the 3 rd trophic level? 2.2 kcals Hawk Snake Spider Grasshopper Grass 8. Both energy and nutrients (ex. C, N, O) are passed through an ecosystem. Explain how the path of energy through an ecosystem is different from the path of nutrients. Energy moves through an ecosystem and nutrients (matter) is recycled. 9. Describe the steps of the water cycle include the words, precipitation, evaporation, condensation, transpiration. Water is changed from liquid to a gas as it is evaporated from bodies of water on the ground. Water is also evaporated from plants in a process called transpiration. This water vapor in the atmosphere then cools and condenses back to liquid form, forming a cloud. Precipitation occurs when water returns to the earth in the form of rain, sleet, snow, hail. Water then runs off on the ground back into the bodies of water.

8 9a. Also know the other cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle. How is Denitrification different from Nitrogen Fixation? Nitrogen Fixation unusable nitrogen gas (N2) is changed by bacteria to other forms of usable nitrogen compounds, such as ammonia, nitrates, nitrites that plants can assimilate into their cells. Denitrification bacteria in the soil break down the nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas and return it to the atmosphere, where the process starts all over again. What process takes carbon out of the atmosphere? Photosynthesis What processes put carbon back into the atmosphere? Cellular Respiration How is the phosphorus cycle different from the other cycles? It is the only nutrient that doesn t cycle through the atmosphere.

9 10. Explain how these words are different: a. Autotroph vs. heterotroph Autotroph is an organism that can make its own food and Heterotroph eats other organisms for food. b. Food chain vs. food web food chain - series of feeding relationships from producer to top level consumer food web- interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Many food chains put together. c. Pioneer community (species) vs. Climax community Pioneer species is the first to move into an area and break down the rock (lichens) Climax community is a mature forest d. Habitat vs. niche Habitat is where an organism lives Niche is an organism s job or role in an ecosystem e. Population vs. community Population- is a group of organisms of ONE species that live together in one place Community- several DIFFERENT species that live together in one place f. Limiting factor vs. carrying capacity Limiting Factor- something that limits how many organisms can live in an area Carrying Capacity- the MAXIMUM number of organisms an ecosystem can support 11. What does it mean if two organisms have a symbiotic relationship? A relationship where AT LEAST one benefits 12. Give an example of the following: Mutualism Both benefit - bee and flower Parasitism Commensalism One benefits, one is harmed - tapeworm in a dog One benefits, one not affected - barnacle on a whale 13. What are the two types of population growth? Exponential Growth (J-Curve) & Logistic Growth (S-Curve) (Graph it) (Graph it) Which of the following statements is an example of population density? There are 12 deer. There are 12 deer per square kilometer. 14. What is a limiting factor? Something that limits how many organisms can live in an area

10 15. Population of Deer in Georgia a. Over what time frame were the deer in Georgia growing exponentially? b. In approximately what year did the growth change from exponential to logistic growth? 1850 c. Why did this change in growth happen? It reached its carrying capacity d. What is the carrying capacity for this curve? million What does carrying capacity mean? Carrying capacity is the largest number of organisms an ecosystem can maintain. e. What are some possible reasons why the deer population in Georgia reached its carrying capacity? Loss of resources (food or habitat) 16. Define the following and give an example. Definition Density-Independent limiting Not dependent on the density of the population factors Density-Dependent limiting Dependent on the density of the population factors Example Storms, bad weather, earthquakes Disease, parasites, competition 17. Define the following and give an example. Definition Example Abiotic Nonliving factors Temperature, precipitation Biotic Living factors Animals, plants, fungi 18. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give examples of when each would occur. Primary- begins with rock and pioneer species (lichen); after a volcanic eruption List one example of a pioneer species. Lichen

11 Biochemistry Fall Final Exam Study Guide 1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is called matter 2. The building block of all matter is an _atom_ What are the three parts of the atom and where are they found? Proton Found in the nucleus Neutron Found in the nucleus Electron Found in the electron clouds around the nucleus 3. Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer: Monomer is the single base unit. 4. What element do all organic compounds contain? _carbon 5. Key characteristics of carbohydrates a. What is the function of carbohydrates in the body? quick energy b. What are some examples of carbohydrates? monosaccharides (sugar), disaccharides (sugar), and polysaccharides (starch like pasta and bread) c. What is the monomer? Monosaccharides such as glucose d. What elements are found in carbohydrates? 1:2:1 Ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 6. Key characteristics of lipids a. What is the function of lipids in the body? Stored Energy b. What are some examples of lipids? Fats, Oils, and Waxes Phospholipids c. What is the monomer? Glycerol and Three Fatty Acids d. What elements are found in lipids? Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 7. Key characteristics of proteins a. What is the function of proteins in the body? 1) Structural component of muscles, hair, etc. 2) Part of our immune systems 3) Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions b. What are some examples of proteins? Meat, Beans c. What is the monomer? Amino Acids d. What elements are found in protein? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur 8 Key characteristics of nucleic acids a. What is the function of nucleic acids? Stores and Transmits Genetic Information b. What are examples of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA c. What is the monomer? Nucleotide d. What elements are found in nucleic acid? _ Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

12 9. What macromolecule is an enzyme? Protein a. What is the function of enzymes in the body? _Speed Up Chemical Reactions b. How do enzymes affect activation energy? Decrease Activation Energy Enzymes are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction, E a. 10. Explain what is happening in the picture above. The substrate (also called the reactants) attaches to the correct enzyme at the active site. The reaction occurs and then the products can be released. The enzyme is now available for more reactions. 11. What would happen if the enzyme is exposed to high temperatures? If the enzyme is exposed to high temperatures it would become denatured. This means it structure changes and it would no longer work. 12. We have learned about cellular respiration, breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to form ATP, carbon dioxide and water. The following graph illustrates how the presence of enzymes in our cells allows this chemical reaction to happen faster. How do enzymes help the reaction happen faster? Enzymes help reactions happen faster by decreasing the required activation energy 12a. Create a graph that illustrates the following: An enzyme has a ph range of 4-8, with the optimal ph being 7. Activity Rate of Enzyme ph

13 13. a. What is this molecule? Water b. How would you describe its chemical properties? Water is a polar molecule c. What is cohesion? Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules. (This is responsible for surface tension on the top of water) d. What is adhesion? Water molecules are attracted to other types of molecules. Ex) Water attached to glass or water attached to an umbrella. e. A solution is a homogenous mixture. What are the two parts of a solution that we studied this semester? Solution Salt Water Solvent Water Solute - Salt 14. What is the ph of acids? ph below What is the ph of bases? ph above What is the ph of neutral substances? 7

14 The Cell Structure & Function Fall Final Exam Study Guide 1. State the three parts of the cell theory A) All living things are composed of cells B) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. C) New cells are produced from existing cells. 2. Fill out the chart: Major Organelle a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Cell Wall d. Ribosome e. Endoplasmic Reticulum f. Golgi apparatus g. Cell membrane h. Vacuole i. Lysosome j. Centriole k. Chloroplast Function 2. What differences exist between plant and animal cells? (Label the Animal Cell to Help You) Animal Cell Plant cell cell wall No Yes vacuole Several small one One large central vacuole chloroplast No Yes chlorophyll No Yes centriole Yes No

15 3. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? Create a memory trick to remember this!! A prokaryote does not contain a nucleus, while a eukaryote does contain a nucleus. PRO -NO nucleus EU - YES nucleus 4. How will the e look when looking at an object under the microscope? 5. Briefly describe how to set up a wet mount slide: 6. Explain the difference between the coarse and fine focus: 7. Be able to calculate the total magnification of a microscope given the power of the eyepiece and objective. For example: eyepiece is 5x and the objective is 10x what is the total magnification? Cell Transport 1. Define the following terms: a. Diffusion: the movement of a substance other than water across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration (i.e. down the concentration gradient). It does not require energy. b. Osmosis: the movement of a substance other than water across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration (i.e. down the concentration gradient). It does not require energy. c. Facilitated diffusion: the movement of a substance other than water across the cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration, but requires the use of a transport / carrier protein. It does not require energy. d. Active transport: the movement of a substance across the cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration (i.e. AGAINST the concentration gradient). It does require energy. e. Endocytosis: the movement of a substance into cell from low concentration to high concentration (i.e. AGAINST the concentration gradient). It is an example of active transport. f. Exocytosis: : the movement of a substance out of the cell from low concentration to high concentration (i.e. AGAINST the concentration gradient). It is an example of active transport. 2. What is the function of the cell membrane? selects what enters or exits the cell.

16 3. Define the following terms: a. Phospholipid bilayer: animal cell membrane composed of two la b. Selective permeability/ semi-permeable: animal cell membrane only allows certain substances to cross over/through the cell membrane. c. Cellulose: starch (carbohydrate) stored in the plant cell wall 4. Explain the difference between active and passive transport: Active transport moves from low to high concentration (goes against the gradient) and requires energy. Passive transport moves from high to low concentration (goes with the concentration gradient) and does not require energy. 5. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypotonic solution? Draw a picture: Water will enter the cell and cause the cell to swell. 6. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypertonic solution? Draw a picture: Water will leave the cell and cause the cell to shrink. 7. What would happen if a cell were placed in an isotonic solution? Draw a picture: Water will flow back and forth (i.e. it reaches dynamic equilibrium), but the cell size does not change.

17 Cell Energy Final Exam Study Guide 1. What is ATP and what is its function? adenosine triphosphate, provides the cell with energy 2. How does ATP provide energy to the cell (what happens)? _breaks off a phosphate to release energy_ 3. Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP? ATP 4. Fill in the missing pieces of the picture: A. (What are the products of respiration & reactants of photosynthesis?) Carbon Dioxide and Water B. (What are the products of photosynthesis & reactants of respiration?) Glucose and Oxygen A C D B C. (Where does photosynthesis occur?) Chloroplast D. (Where does respiration occur?) Cytoplasm and Mitochondria What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? The reactants of one process are the reactants of the other 5. Fill out the chart on the two types of respiration: Aerobic Oxygen required? Yes No 1. Glycolysis Steps? 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain Net ATP/ Products? 36 2 Anaerobic 1. Glycolsysis 2. Fermentation (Alcoholic or Lactic Acid) 6. Complete the following table. Photosynthesis Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O+ energy(sun) => C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Cellular Respiration 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O +ATP In what type of organisms will you find the process? Autotrophs Reactants 6CO 2+ 6H 2O+ energy(sun) 6O 2 + C 6H 12O 6 Products C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O +ATP Autotrophs and Heterotrophs (Eukaryotes and Some Prokaryotes)

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