c. exs. =teeth in the mandibular and maxillary sockets JOINTS =juncturae ossium =arthroses

Transcription

1 3.1 ~- JOINTS =juncturae ossium =arthroses 1.Based on old tenninology, the followingjoint classifications are recognized: f\,~ A. SYNARTHROSIS:fibrous and cartilaginous joints; immovable ~"',,- B. AMPHIARTHROSIS: slightly movable cartilaginous joints C. DIARTHROSIS:freely movablejoints with a joint cavity ~~iya II. The following represents a more recent general classification of the joints of the human body: A. FIBROUS JOINTS. connected by fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement is possible '* 1. Syndesmosis syndesmo =connective tissue a. 2 bones separated by a considerable space but united by fibrous connective tissue (= a ligament) b. little movement possible c. exs. =costoclavicular joint, coracoclavicular joint 2. Suture sutura =seam a. 2 bones closely adjacent and firmly interlocked along a wavy line, united by a small amount of dense connective tissue b. practically no movement possible c. ex. =sutures of the skull 3. Gomphosis gomphos =nail a. takes the form of a peg fitting into a hole and held there by connective tissue b. practically no movement possible c. exs. =teeth in the mandibular and maxillary sockets B. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS. connected by cartilage.; 1'-1",,~rrZ~(JJ i'i ~ 1. Symphysis symphysis =grown together a. binding element is a fibrocartilaginousdisc b. allows limited, but important, amount of movement c. exs. =symphysis pubis, joints between intervertebral bodies 2. Synchondrosis ~ a. united by hyaline cartilage b. typically allows no movement c. most important ex. =between the epiphysis and body of developing bone d. the vast majority of synchondroses disappear upon full development of the skeleton; exception =the manubriosternal synchondrosis - it becomes a symphysis because the hyaline cartilage is convertedto fibrocartilage

2 3.1 " JOINTS =juncturae ossium =arthroses I. Based on old tenninology, the followingjoint classifications are recognized: " r" A. SYNARTHROSIS:fibrous and cartilaginousjoints; immovable Y'-\~ B. AMPHIARTHROSIS: slightlymovablecartilaginousjoints C. DIARTHROSIS:freely movablejoints with ajoint cavity '.( 1'$<.)\ II. The following represents amore recent general classification of the joints of the human body: A. FIBROUS JOINTS. connected by fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement is possible, -* 1. Syndesmosissyndesmo =connective tissue, a. 2 bones separated by a considerable space but united by fibrous connective tissue (=a ligament) b. little movement possible '" c. exs.=costoclavicularjoint, coracoclavicularjoint.' 2. Suture sutura = seam a. 2 bones closely adjacent and firmly interlocked along a wavy line, united bya small amount of dense connective tissue b. practically no movement possible c. ex. =sutures of the skull 3. Gomphosis gomphos =nail a. takes the form ofa peg fitting into a hole and held there by connective tissue b. practically no movement possible c. exs.=teeth in the mandibular and maxillary sockets B. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS. connected by cartilage;; """'Ih.i6.~+-<'rQII') ~ 1. Symphysis symphysis =grown together a. binding element is a fibrocartilaginousdisc b. allows limited, but important, amount of movement - c. exs..=symphysis pubis, joints between intervertebral bodies 2. Synchondrosis ' a. united by hyaline cartilage b. typically allows no movement c. most important ex. =between the epiphysis and body of developing bone d. the vast majority of synchondrosesdisappear upon full development of the skeleton; exception =the manubriostemal synchondrosis - it becomes a symphysis because the hyaline cartilage is co~vertedto fibrocartilage'

3 3.2 C. SYNOVIAL JOINTS. characterized by a joint cavity, i.e., 2 bones separated by a joint f.s ~.'I cavity but united by a joint capsule. the articular capsule has 2 parts: outer =fibrous; inner =synovial. classification is based upon the shapes of the articulating surfaces, ranging from very shallow to almost complete enclosure of a sphere 1. Plane (Gliding) a. -non-axial, i.e., does not rotate about an axis b. allows limited sliding between 2 almost flat surfaces; however, plane joints rarely exist singly and the sum of the movement of all of the plane joints that function as a unit can be considerable c. exs. =zygapophyseal (facet)joints, intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints ~2. Spheroid (Cotyloid) cotylica =cup a. a convexlyroundedheadfitsinto a concavity b. cotyloid is used synonymously with spheroid and is used to distinguish the deeper " socket c. commonly called the ~~-and-socket ' joint... d. allows free movement~lt. 0 the cardinal planes; triaxial e. exs. =shoulder joint, hip joint 3. Condylar* kondylos =knuckle a. essentially a modified ball-and-socket b. a shallow ellipsoidal "socket" accommodates a "ball" that is not truly round and whose articular surface extends little onto the sides c. allows free flexion/extensionbut abduction/adduction and rotation are limited; uniaxial d. ex. =the knee joint is said to be bicondylar 4. Ellipsoid* ellipsoid =spindle-shaped a. sometimes considered synonymous with condylar b. differs from condylar, since both an ellipsoidal socket and ellipsoidal ball that resembles a football c. allows free flexion/extension and abduction/adduction but no rotation; biaxial d. ex.=radiocarpaljoint, metacarpophalangealjoint * NOTE: more confusion/disagreementexists regarding the classification of condylar and ellipsoidjoints than any other category! 5. Trochoid (Pivot) trokhos =wheel a. one bone serves as a pin while the other and its ligaments form a circle enclosing the pin b. chief movement is rotation; uniaxial c. exs. =proximal radioulnar joint, median atlantoaxial joint

4 Sellar (Saddle) sella =saddle a. has completely curved surfaces resembling a saddle 1) surface of one bone -concave in one directionooconvexin the other 2) surface of second bone -reciprocally curved so that its convexity and concavity fit the first b. allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction; rotation limited; biaxial c. exs. =first carpometacarpaljoint, sternoclavicularjoint 7. Ginglymus (Hinge) ginglymos =hinge a. surfaces arranged so that movement can take place in one plane, around one axis b. usually allows flexion/extension; uniaxial c. ex. =elbow joint

5 ..>... JOINTS OF THE HUMAN BODY CLASSffYPE/DEGREESOFFREEDOMIPLANES/ AXES OLDER CLASSES: Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis and Diarthrosis =S, A, D NEWER CLASSES: Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial = F, C, S TYPES: the individual type of joint within each class, with both technical and common names DEGREES OF FREEDOM: Uniaxial =1 Biaxial =2 Triaxial =3 PLANES: Sagittal (Median) = around a transverse axis = S Coronal (Frontal) = around an A-P axis = C Horizontal (Transverse) = around a vertical axis = H AXES: Anterior-Posterior (A-P) =axis around which motion in the coronal plane occurs =AP Transverse =axis around which motion in the sagittal pfane occurs =T Vertical =axis around which motion in the horizontal plane occurs =V,. I. AXIAL SKELETON A. AtlantooccipitalD-S/Ellipsoid/2/S& CfT & AP B. Atlantoaxial 1..2Lateral D-S/Plane/Non-axial 2. 1 Median D-SfTrochoid(pivot)/11H1V C. Intervertebral ~'1: 1. Bodies A-C/Symphysis ~2. Zygapophyses (Facets) D-S/Plane/Non-axial D. Temporomandibular (TMJ) D-S/Condylar*/S & HIT & V** *the TMJ is commonly described as condylar, although some feel it should be ellipsoid; the right and left TMJs together form a bicondylar articulation ** the TMJ also undergoes translatory motion in the horizontal plane, called protraction and retraction E. Costovertebral. 1. Rib Heads with Vertebral Bodies D-S/Plane/Non-axial 2. Costotransverse D-S/Plane/Non-axial F. Sternochondral (Sternocostal) 1. 1st Rib A-C/Synchondrosis 2. Ribs 2-6 D-S/Plane/Non-axial (but sometimes a Symphysis, when a joint cavity does not exist) G. Costochondral A-C/Synchondrosis H. Interchondral D-S/Plane/Non-axial I. Manubriosternal A-C/Symphysis J. Xiphosternal A-C/Synchondrosis K.Costoclavicular A-F/Syndesmosis

6 ..L ::> II. APPENDICULAR SKELETON A. UP:~ERLIMB 1. Pectoral Girdle a. SternoclavicularD-S/Sellar (Saddle)/2*/C and H*/AP and V* *however, a significant amount of rotation occurs =motion in the sagittal plane (S) around a transverse axis(t) b. Costoclavicular S-F/Syndesmosis c. Coracoclavicular S-F/Syndesmosis d. AcromioclavicularD-SlPlanelNon-axial e. Coracoacromial S-F/Syndesmosis* =coracoacromial arch = a "false joint" f. Scapulothoracic a "false joint"; 3/S*, C**, and H***/AP, T and V *movementin the Sagittal plane ="tipping" **movementin the Coronal plane =upward/downward rotation ***movementin the Horizontal plane ="winging" + translates in 2 directions; that is, this "joint': allows translatory, not axial, movement of the scapula in the Coronal plane in 2 directions, i.e., vertically (= elevation/depression)and horizontally (= protraction/retraction) 2. Glenohumeral D-S/Spheroid (Ball-and-Socket)/3/S, C & Hff, AP & V 3. Elbow a. Humeroradial (Radiohumeral)D-S/Ginglymus (Hinge)/l/Srr b. Humeroulnar (Ulnohumeral)D-S/Ginglymus (Hinge)/lISrr 4. Proximal Radioulnar D-SlTrochoid(Pivot)/llH1V 5. MidRadioulnar S-F/Syndesmosis 6. Distal Radioulnar D-SlTrochoid(Pivot)/llH1V 5. MidRadioulnar S-F/Syndesmosis 7. Radiocar.palD-SlEllipsoid/2/Sand CIT & AP 8. Intercar.palD-SlPlanelNon-axial 9. Car.pometacarpal(=CMC) a. Digit I D-S/Sellar (Saddle)/2*/S & C* IT & AP* *however, a significant amount of rotation occurs =motion in the horizontal plane (H) around a vertical axis (V) in almost alljoints of the body, motion in the coronal plane around the AP axis means abduction/adductionand motion in the sagittal plane about a transverse axis means flexion/extension;in digit I, however, motion in the coronal plane is flexion/extension and motion in the sagittalplane is abduction/adduction,because of the anatomical positionof thethumb. b. Digits II-V D-SlPlanelNon-axial

7 j. ( to. Metacm:pophalangeal(=MP) a. Digit I D-S/Ginglymus (Hinge)/I/C /AP b. Digits IT-VD-S/Ellipsoid/2/S & crr & AP 11. Inteq>halangeal(=IP) D-S/Ginglymus (Hinge)/1/Srr B. LOWER LIMB 1. Pelvic Girdle a. Symphysis Pubis A-C/Symphysis b. Sacroiliac 1) anteriorpart of joint =D-S/Plane 2) posterior part of joint =S-F/Syndesmosis c. Iliolumbar S-F/Syndesmosis 2. Hip D-S-Spheroid (Ball-and-Socket)/3/S, C & Hrr, AP & V) 3. Knee D-S/Bicondylar/1/Srr 4. Proximal Tibiofibular D-S/Plane/Non-axial 5. MidTibiofibular S-F/Syndesmosis 6. Distal Tibiofibular S-F/Syndesmosis 7. Talocrural D-S/Ginglym~s (Hinge)/1/Srr 8. Subtalar D-S/Ginglymus (Hinge)/3*/* *motion at this joint is triplanar but uniaxial (more on this later) 9. lntertarsal D-S/Plane/Non-axial 10. TarsometatarsalD-S/Plane/Non-axial 11. MetatarsophalangealD-S/Ellipsoid/2/S& crr & AP 12. lnteq>halangeald-s/ginglymus (Hinge)/1/Srr

8 FIBROUS JOINTS I.II ~I~'-:';'-:~ - < -':"'.- A. B. c. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS D. ~"..l...~. :." '. ',.'. -- ~:/": ""':: 'E ~G. The various types of joints. FIBROUS: A. cranial suture; B. dentoalveolar gomphosis; C. tibiofibular syndesmosis; CARTILAGINOUS: D. femoral epiphyseal synchondrosis; E. sternocostal synchondrosis; F. intervertebral symphysis; G. pubic symphysis; SYNOVIAL: H. intercarpal plane; I. metacarpophalangeal ellipsoid; J. radiocarpal ellipsoid; K. humeroulnar ginglymus; L. median atlantoaxial trochoid; M. first carpometacarpal sellar; N. shoulder spheroid; and hip spheroid. n-rn"" <In<ltnmv ~hri!':ti:m- 2003