Ex post evaluation Peru

Transcription

1 Ex post valuation Pru Sctor: Biodivrsity Projct: Sctor rform programm: Environmnt, BMZ No * Implmnting agncy: Pruvian Ministry of Economy and Financ and th Pruvian Ministry of Environmnt Ex post valuation rport: 2018 Plannd Actual Invstmnt costs (total) EUR million Countrpart contribution EUR million Funding** EUR million FC funding EUR million *) Random sampl 2015 **) Funding via World Bank, USD 75 million Summary: Th nvironmntal sctor rform programm was dsignd as sctoral budgt support and implmntd as cofinancing of a World Bank programm. Th projct supportd th dvlopmnt of lgal and institutional framwork conditions as wll as policy advancmnt in th contxt of th Ministry of Environmnt formally stablishd in Funds wr disbursd in lin with World Bank procdurs, i.. thy wr linkd to th fulfilmnt of rform stps in th nvironmntal sctor agrd upon with th Pruvian govrnmnt in a policy matrix (policy-basd lnding). Aftr th agrd rform stps (prior actions) wr compltd, th funds wr disbursd to th Ministry of Financ and placd into th gnral budgt. Th implmntd rforms wr to facilitat th achivmnt of th policy goals also agrd in advanc. Dvlopmnt objctivs: Th aim of th projct was to support th fforts of th Pruvian govrnmnt, improv nvironmntal policy as wll as th rgulations and institutional conditions rquird for this, and introduc principls of cological sustainability in slctd ky sctors (mining, urban transport, and fishing outcom). This was to contribut to th promotion of sustainabl natural rsourc managmnt against th background of climat chang (impact). Targt group: Th targt group of th projct was th population of Pru, spcially th poor, who ar particularly affctd by nvironmntal pollution and th dstruction of production bass. Local communitis wr also nvisagd as targt groups, sinc th projct supportd participation in nvironmntal dcisions at a local lvl, as wll as th intrnational community, owing to th bnficial impact on biodivrsity consrvation. Ovrall rating: 2 Rational: Th World Bank s nvironmntal sctor rform programm was focusd on supporting important institutional rforms, and according to th dfind indicators it prdominantly achivd its goals. FC participation hr involvd vry low transaction costs. Th dvlopmnt ffctivnss is satisfactory, and it is xpctd that th institutional impacts will largly b maintaind. Highlights: Th projct dos not xhibit th coordination and coopration framworks normally associatd with budgt support. It is not basd on a mor comprhnsiv sctor policy dialogu, but was rathr implmntd on a bilatral basis btwn th World Bank and th partnr structur. Sinc FC co-financd th last part of th World Bank programm only onc, at a tim whn all th dcisions had bn takn in th projct, littl addd valu can b attributd to th FC contribution asid from th financing rol.

2 Rating according to DAC critria Ovrall rating: 2 Ratings: Rlvanc 2 Effctivnss 2 Efficincy 2 Impact 3 Sustainability 2 Gnral conditions and classification of th projct Th projct undr discussion is managd as sctoral budgt support (programm-orintd joint financing, PJF). A contribution was mad to th ovrall Pruvian budgt, coupld with th achivmnt of crtain nvironmntal policy goals. With FC participation commncing in th last of thr parts of a World Bank programm (1st, 2nd, 3rd Environmntal Dvlopmnt Policy Loan, EnvDPL) and with thr only bing a on-tim paymnt, thr wr virtually no opportunitis to influnc th cours of th programm. Th FC projct co-financd th World Bank s sctor budgt support programm using dlgatd coopration. Rlvanc Th World Bank programm was launchd in 2009, th yar following th cration of th Pruvian Ministry of Environmnt (Ministrio dl Ambint, MINAM). Th stablishmnt of th Ministry of Environmnt and of th National Srvic of Natural Protctd Aras (Srvicio Nacional d Áras Naturals Protgidas, SERNANP), as wll as th adoption of nvironmntal quality standards and mission limits for watr and air wr among th prrquisits for disbursmnt (prior actions of th first EnvDPL). Thus th EnvDPL was highly rlvant in trms of maintaining th favourabl political situation as wll as furthring th ambitions of th Pruvian govrnmnt. Th EnvDPL was th rsult of xtnsiv analytical work, and was st out in both th first National Environmntal Policy (Política Nacional dl Ambint, PNA) 2009 and in th National Environmntal Action Plan (Plan Nacional d Acción Ambintal, PlanAA) basd on th 2009 policy. In this rspct, th projct would b xpctd to hav a high lvl of congrunc with national nvironmntal policy planning, and whil this is tru in trms of th chosn aras of concrn, th spcific indicators and plan for action ar compatibl with national planning only to a limitd xtnt. This rflcts th fact that th EnvDPL was concptualisd prior to 2009 and illustrats th indpndnc of national policy formulation from donor support. Chancllor Angla Mrkl prsonally pldgd support from Grmany for th nw Ministry of Environmnt in Grman DC has mad significant contributions to th institutionalisation of th Ministry of Environmnt and to th dvlopmnt of nvironmntal policy. Th EnvDPL suitd on part of a widr Grman portfolio. Th Grman Priority Ara Stratgy Papr includd th action aras Sustainabl Rural Dvlopmnt and Prsrvation of Biodivrsity. Th projct was part of th Environmntal Policy, Protction and Sustainabl Us of Natural Rsourcs Priority Ara Programm, which includd masurs in th aras of climat chang policy, rural dvlopmnt, forstry policy, protctd aras, intgratd watr rsourc managmnt, and land us. Th Protctd Aras working ara, for which FC also took th lad in th projct, had a dirct and important ovrlap with th EnvDPL. Th EnvDPL masurs in th ara of nvironmntal govrnanc supporting th formal stablishmnt and gradual institutional dvlopmnt of th Ministry of Environmnt and its subordinat authoritis wr crtainly vry rlvant for th gnral conditions of Grman DC s work and wr dsignd to gnrat synrgis. Sinc th projct co-financd only th third phas of th EnvDPL, it was not dvlopd basd on th analysis of a cor problm. At that stag of th appraisal, all masurs (prior actions) and objctivs (outcoms) had alrady bn stablishd, and at th tim of approval all prior actions as prrquisits for disbursmnt of th thr parts of th EnvDPL had alrady bn fulfilld. Rating according to DAC critria 1

3 Th World Bank programm documnt dos not spcify any targt groups. Th projct proposal (PP) idntifis th population of Pru as th targt group, which bnfits in particular from th nvironmntal intrvntions spcially th poor population. From today s prspctiv, it should b notd that th EnvDPL, and thus also th projct as a whol, wr highly rlvant for th sustainabl dvlopmnt of Pru. Th rsults framwork linking activitis, outcoms and impact was sound and rlvant: Th aim of th projct was to support th dvlopmnt of a cohrnt institutional landscap and it was dsignd to contribut to th bttr nvironmntal compatibility of th mining and fishris sctors, which ar important for conomic dvlopmnt. Th agrd masurs had th potntial to contribut to conditions of bttr pollution control, to rduc growth-rlatd ngativ nvironmntal impacts, and to nsur supporting conditions and comptitiv advantags for tourism in Pru. Support for th Ministry of Environmnt during th dvlopmnt phas rstd on sound logic whn it cam to scuring th gnral political conditions, and had th potntial to b succssful through th adoption and implmntation of th nw nvironmntal lgislation. As a rsult, th World Bank valuation also asssss th projct as highly rlvant with rgard to th objctivs. 1 Dirct rlvanc in th contxt of th Grman mphasis on nvironmntal issus was only partially achivd, howvr. Th EnvDPL was so advancd at th tim of planning th FC contribution that no furthr changs in th rform programm wr possibl with th FC financing. Grman DC was, howvr, abl to snd a furthr political signal of its support of th Pruvian nvironmntal rforms through sctor budgt financing, and to provid furthr financing and contribut to th ongoing individual projcts in this way. Rlvanc rating: 2 Effctivnss Th co-financing rquird th EnvDPL planning framwork to b transfrrd into th Grman planning systm. Targt achivmnt at outcom lvl was masurd in th two work aras (A) strngthning nvironmntal govrnanc and (B) mainstraming nvironmntal sustainability in ky sctors (mining, urban transport, fishris) across 11 indicators. Th output lvl was accomplishd via th masurs to b implmntd in advanc (prior actions) in accordanc with World Bank procdurs; ths concptually undrpinnd th outcom indicators. Th targt concpt thus mad intrinsic sns and th indicators wr all spcific, masurabl, and complt with initial and targt valus. Indicator Status PA, Targt valu PA Ex post valuation (1) Implmntation of a monitoring systm for nvironmntal licncs and adoption of a dcr to incras transparncy, accountability, and public participation in th licnsing systm. Rviw of Environmntal Impact Assssmnts (EIA) by th Ministry of Environmnt in at last 10 cass Baslin, 2008: 0 cass. Targt valus, 2013: 10 cass. Th Ministry of Environmnt has th capacity to also rviw EIAs for complx invstmnt projcts, and did so in 2011 and 2012 for 242 randomly slctd EIAs issud btwn 2001 and (2) Implmntation of th financing stratgy for th national protctd ara systm and implmntation of an incntiv systm to incras privat sctor involvmnt in th financing and managmnt of Incras own rvnus of th protctd ara systm by at last USD 2 million pr yar Baslin, 2008: Protctd ara systm rvnu: USD 14.2 million Targt valus, 2013: USD 24.2 In 2015, financing totalld USD 28.5 million. Th targt valu is fulfilld 1 Highly satisfactory ; th assssmnt includs six ratings: highly satisfactory, satisfactory, modratly satisfactory, modratly unsatisfactory, unsatisfactory, and highly unsatisfactory Rating according to DAC critria 2

4 natur rsrvs. million (3) Implmntation of mrgncy plans whn air pollution mission limits ar xcdd basd on rgular masurmnts a. Implmntation in th fiv most pollutd citis in Pru: Lima, Arquipa, Chimbót, Ilo, and La Oroya Baslin, 2008: Emrgncy plans do not xist Targt valus, 2013: Emrgncy plans ar implmntd in th 5 stats mntiond abov b. Data for Lima ar mad public in ral tim. Baslin, 2008: Data ar not publicly availabl Targt valus, 2013: Data ar publishd in ral tim by 2 authoritis a. In 2015, 3 out of th 5 citis hav dvlopd and implmntd mrgncy plans. Th targt valu is partially (60%) fulfilld. b. On authority publishs rports in ral tim in 2015, anothr publishs annual rports in 2015 (monthly in 2017). Th targt valu is partially (50%) fulfilld. (4) Slction of priority projcts for th limination of mining brownfilds undr th prviously adoptd dirctivs and allocation of funds for thir rdvlopmnt Idntification of and allocation of funds for at last 10 rdvlopmnt projcts Baslin, 2008: 0 projcts slctd, no funds Targt valus, 2013: Minimum of 10 projcts slctd and financd By 2015, th Ministry of Enrgy and Mins (MEM) assssd 8,616 mining brownfild cass by risk, of which 2,546 wr considrd to b svr risk and 1,735 to b high risk. Th govrnmnt has confirmd th financing of 801 rdvlopmnt cass. (5) Introduction of a monitoring systm to documnt th involvmnt of th local population in mining activitis Baslin, 2008: 35 pilot projcts Targt valus, 2013: Minimum of 60 mining sits with participatory monitoring By 2015, participatory monitoring is implmntd in 101 mins. (6) Incrasd availability of low-sulphur disl ful in major citis Baslin, 2008: No low-sulphur disl availabl in ful stations (around 750) Targt valus, 2013: Lowsulphur disl availabl in at last 30% of ful stations (around 750) In 2015, all ful stations in Lima, Arquipa, Cusco, Puno, Madr d Dios, and Callao offrd low-sulphur disl. (7) Promoting th convrsion of motor vhicls to run on natural gas Baslin, 2008: 35,000 vhicls convrtd Targt valus, 2013: 80,000 vhicls convrtd; 90 ful stations offr natural gas In 2015, approximatly 210,000 vhicls wr convrtd to gas and 236 ful stations in Lima offr gas. Rating according to DAC critria 3

5 (8) TÜV systm in opration in DLima and in th thr largst i citis W l t b a * ) T h (9) Introduction and nforcmnt of fishing quotas Baslin, 2008: 60,000 vhicls tstd annually at Lima tst cntrs Targt valus, 2013: 600,000 vhicls tstd in at last 20 tst cntrs in Lima and 80,000 vhicls tstd in at last 3 othr tst cntrs in th largst citis Baslin, 2008: 0% (quota systm introducd in 2008) Targt valus, 2013: 100% of th fishing flt is covrd by th quota systm In 2015, mor than 1,000,000 vhicls wr tstd at 20 tst cntrs in Lima and Callao. A 2012 survy showd 47,688 inspctions at 7 tst cntrs in Arquipa and 29,263 inspctions at four tst cntrs in La Librtad. In 2015, th quota systm is introducd for th ntir fishing flt. Th targt valu is achivd. a s s s s m (10) Us of th stablishd incntiv systm to ncourag workrs to giv up fishing and thus rduc th volum of fishing Th assssmnt is basd in particular on th final World Bank rport on th sctor programm in 2016, and includs survy data from 2015 as wll as th assssmnts of th projct s x post valuation by th World Bank s indpndnt valuation unit. Th World Bank valuation rats th ffctivnss of th achivmnt of objctivs as good (satisfactory). Of th lvn indicators, thr ar partially fulfilld (50%, 60%, and 75%), two ar achivd as plannd and six ar xcdd by far. Th lattr should b assssd taking into account th fact that th nvironmntal landscap was institutionally vry htrognous in th planning priod prior to 2009, and whn th Ministry of Environmnt was foundd it was not forsabl at what rat th nvironmntal sctor would consolidat, particularly against th background of th financial crisis. In addition, th absorbing capacity of th Ministry of Environmnt was limitd in its arly yars, and th budgt was initially not fully implmntd. Hr it sms plausibl that th programm has advancd th momntum of political procsss, and also strngthnd th Ministry of Environmnt in trms of stting out th division of comptncs vis-à-vis th stablishd ministris also mad possibl thanks to intnsiv thmatic support from th World Bank: th rporting indicats xtnsiv consulting work. Th World Bank s final rport idntifis 47 dirct task tam mmbrs on sit, including 4 managrs and 11 xprts. From today s prspctiv too, th objctiv appars to hav bn adquatly formulatd at th outcom lvl, th indicators wr rlvant and th objctiv dfind by th indicators was largly achivd and in many cass xcdd by far. Effctivnss rating: 2 Baslin, 2008: No fishrmn us th incntiv systm and ar giving up commrcial fishing Targt valus, 2013: 5,000 fishrmn (latr changd to 3,000 fishrmn) In 2015, 2,283 fishrmn mad us of th incntiv systm. Th targt valu has bn achivd in part (76%). Efficincy As a on-tim ndavour, th projct co-financd th last phas of a World Bank programm through dlgatd coopration. In avoiding transaction costs, dlgatd coopration has bcom stablishd as a vry fficint procdur and was thrfor considrd a prfrrd mchanism undr th Paris Dclaration. Th us of such a mchanism to support a sctor rform programm basd on broad dialogu and involving FC would b undrstandabl from a stratgic prspctiv. This is not vidnt in concrt trms in th cas of th EnvDPL, which is mor akin to a World Bank programm that has succssfully support- Rating according to DAC critria 4

6 d govrnmnt rforms. In this sns co-financing, whil not stratgically convincing, is ssntially fficint and cannot b criticisd. A spcific financing bottlnck was not rsolvd by th FC contribution. Compard to budgt support in countris with a high dpndncy on xtrnal aid, th importanc of th EnvDPL for th budgt was low: in th yar of disbursmnt in 2011, th total rvnu of th Pruvian stat amountd to PEN billion (IMF, 2013), quivalnt to USD 46.1 billion, and joint budgt support from th World Bank and Grman FC amountd to USD 96 million, or 0.2% of rvnu. In addition, at th tim FC ntrd th EnvDPL, th Pruvian govrnmnt had alrady pushd USD 310 million into th Drawdown Option (DDO) 2, not rtriving this again until This dos not suggst that a furthr EUR 21 million was usd to rsolv a financing bottlnck in th budgt in Of cours, th govrnmnt has, howvr, bn givn additional flxibility and room for manouvr with rgard to its financs. Givn th low lvl of funds in th ovrall Pruvian budgt, it would also hav bn worth considring committing funds to th gnrally undr-fundd authoritis of th Ministry of Environmnt, for xampl. On positiv fatur of th budgt support mchanism is that it allows for th financing of currnt budgt xpnditur. Th xpansion of th Ministry of Environmnt s control capacitis would also carry significant prsonnl costs. Howvr, a on-tim paymnt cannot b xpctd to hav lasting ffcts in this rgard. It is not clar whthr th projct has forcd out othr DC contributions. Th Grman FC commitmnt for th protctd aras was xpandd in 2010, whil planning of th participation in th EnvDPL was undrway. With rgard to furthr coopration btwn Grman DC and othr donors in th sctor (.g. Switzrland, Global Environmntal Facility, GEF), thr is no vidnc of a crowding out ffct, in part bcaus ths donors had a diffrnt thmatic focus. On th contrary, w ar positiv that sctor budgt financing rprsnts a usful addition to th ongoing individual projcts. In this rspct, th projct implmntation carrid a vry low cost both for Grman DC and for th Pruvian govrnmnt and industry. Th rforms addrssd by th World Bank wr rlvant to nvironmntal improvmnts in Pru. Th Grman projct was abl to continu to support th rform programm at vry low cost and can thrfor b assssd as fficint. Efficincy rating: 2 Impact At th impact lvl, th aim of th projct was to contribut to th promotion of sustainabl natural rsourc managmnt against th background of climat chang. Th concrt objctivs to b achivd (impact) ar: (a) th implmntation of Pruvian nvironmntal policy, (b) th prsrvation of Pru s conomic foundations with th achivmnt of Millnnium Dvlopmnt Goal 7 ( Ensur nvironmntal sustainability ). With rgard to (a): th critrion Implmntation of Pruvian nvironmntal policy is xamind basd on th dvlopmnt of th Ministry of Environmnt and monitoring of policy planning (MINAM 2015): Th Ministry of Environmnt, which was st up in 2009, was in th procss of consolidation during th projct trm and rmains so today: an Environmnt Framwork was dvlopd in 2010 and an Environmntal Action Plan was cratd in Managing th implmntation of this action plan is a complx task: in addition to th 17 dpartmnts and othr institutions undr th dirct rsponsibility of th Ministry of Environmnt, th plan also involvs 13 ministris and a furthr 10 institutions with comptncs rlvant to nvironmntal policy. Th monitoring rport on th action plan (MINAM 2015), which runs from 2011 to 2021, shows that ovrall, 9% of th 55 stratgic objctivs hav bn fully mt, whil 42% hav bn partially mt, 33% hav sn at last som progrss, and only 10% show no progrss at all. Among th 87 indicators (of th 55 objctivs), 46% show vry good to satisfactory progrss, whil 26% show minimal and 21% no progrss. In summary, thr has bn clar progrss in implmnting nvironmntal policy. 2 A World Bank account for funds availabl at vry short notic. Rating according to DAC critria 5

7 Howvr, th ara of nvironmntal govrnanc shows som waknsss: th National Environmntal Information Systm (Sistma Nacional d Información Ambintal; SINA) is dvloping wll. Th nvironmntal impact assssmnt systm was introducd only in part and adaptd at th sctor or institution lvl. 62.5% of public institutions at th national lvl including in th EnvDPL sctors us som form of nvironmntal assssmnt. Howvr, this is not th cas at th rgional or municipal lvl (MINAM, 2015: 56 ). Furthrmor, th involvmnt of th population in nvironmntal mchanisms has shown no progrss (ibid., p. 60), which, givn th indicator PG 1, cannot b assssd as satisfactory. That said, th Ministry of Environmnt is gnrally blivd to hav basd nvironmntal planning on a sound multistakholdr procss and to b taking a participativ approach to updating planning (Bnavids t al., 2016: 39). It is also possibl that, following th financial crisis, th programm indirctly hlpd to scur th budgt for th nvironmntal sctor whn tax rvnus dclind in th short trm in 2008 and 2009 (OECD statistics). With rgard to (b): MDG 7 (by 2015) Ensur nvironmntal sustainability comprisd four targts, including two on which th EnvDPL was concptually orintd: (7A) Intgrat th principls of sustainabl dvlopmnt into country policis and programms; (7B) Rduc biodivrsity loss, achiving a significant rduction in th rat of loss by 2010, and rvrs th loss of nvironmntal rsourcs. Th latst MDG rport for Pru (2013 with 2010 data) indicats that thr hav bn positiv dvlopmnts with rgard to ths targts, but progrss is rlativly slow. Furthrmor, thr is no furthr rporting on MDG 7 for Pru. Th indicators for dscribing th sub-goals giv th following brakdown with currnt figurs: CO 2 missions (t pr capita) hav incrasd approximatly in lin with conomic growth, rising stadily from 1,432 (2008) to 1,961 (2010) and, following a slump in 2011 at 1,668, rising to 1,993 (2014). Th climat action trackr downgradd Pru s fforts to rduc climat-rlatd missions in 2017 by on notch compard to Air pollution lvls in Lima and th surrounding ara hav droppd by 2014 for som substancs and in crtain quartrs of th city. 4 Th Ministry of Environmnt continus to work on improving air quality,.g. in 2015, a numbr of thr-yar action plans wr nwly adoptd for a total of fiv rgions and citis. Dspit this, Lima still has th highst lvls of air pollution in Latin Amrica. In Jun 2017, th Ministry of Environmnt updatd th maximum prmissibl lvls, 5 rducing particulat mattr and ozon thrsholds, but incrasing th limit valu for sulphur dioxid tnfold, among othrs. Th numbr of days on which lvls ar xcdd also incrasd. Th rat of dforstation dclind by 0.169% ovr th priod, with a targt of 50% (MINAM 2016: 31). On avrag, 118,000 ha of forst was dstroyd ach yar, although this is on a downward trnd. Controls in th sa fishing sctor rmain ffctiv 82% of fishing boats survyd for MINAM 2016 had complid with catch rstrictions. Th xtnsion of th protctd aras rmains substantial, both in th national protction systm and in rgional and privat complmntary fforts; this is in lin with nvironmntal planning (MINAM 2016: 37 ). As of 2016, just undr a third (31.4%) of Pru s surfac ara was dsignatd as protctd ara, wll abov th Latin Amrican avrag (23.3%). Th EnvDPL was primarily aimd at changing th gnral institutional conditions for nvironmntal policy. Sinc th ffcts of nvironmntal dstruction disproportionatly affct th poor population, it is concptually plausibl that thr would b ffcts on th targt group (spcially th poor population), though ths would only arriv indirctly. In addition, national nvironmntal standards ar still insufficintly implmntd in rgions and municipalitis, dspit this bing a prrquisit for improving th living conditions of th poor. Howvr, crtain masurs ar also of dirct bnfit for th poor: for xampl, social schms and rtraining masurs offr fishrmn nw prospcts and th rdvlopmnt of mining brownfilds improvs nvironmntal conditions in rural aras E.g. particulat mattr (PM10) in cntral Lima dclind stadily btwn 2008 and 2014 (World Bank 2017a: 20) 5 Dcrto Suprmo No MINAM, s Rating according to DAC critria 6

8 Th xpctation usually associatd with budgt support, i.. that it will contribut to improving public financ managmnt, is not addrssd in ithr th World Bank or PP programm planning. Th donor community in Pru has financd othr projcts in ths aras. In viw of th advancd stat of th public financial systm in Pru and givn th small shar of th projct in th ovrall budgt, such ffcts could not hav bn xpctd to rsult from sctor budgt support in Pru in any cas. Som masurs of th projct, howvr in particular th stablishmnt of th nvironmntal licnsing systm and th TÜV systm, as wll as th managmnt of fishry quotas ar vry pron to corruption. As a rsult, th monitoring of potntial ngativ projct ffcts at th vry last would hav provn usful. Nithr th World Bank nor Grman FC conductd such monitoring. Ovrall, Pru s nvironmntal policy has dvlopd in th dsird dirction and important structural changs hav bn supportd. Although it is not possibl to attribut ths dvlopmnts to th projct, it is highly plausibl that th EnvDPL has mad a contribution in this rgard. Howvr, all th conditions for this contribution wr alrady in plac bfor co-financing bgan. Impact rating: 3 Sustainability Th Ministry of Environmnt consolidatd at th institutional lvl during th programm, thus providing th basis for a sustainabl nvironmntal policy. Stratgic nvironmntal planning and action planning provid th framwork for th mdium-trm sustainability of th structurs cratd during th projct and thus for a portion of th projct impact. Public spnding on nvironmntal tasks incrasd by around 250% sinc 2008 (Cordri Novoa 2017: 31). In comparison with othr Latin Amrican countris, howvr, Pru is still somwhr in th midfild (ibid.) and furthr fforts would b ndd. In sub-aras which ar important for th EnvDPL, such as biodivrsity or fishing for xampl, spnding is not incrasing as much as in prvious yars. Funding in th sctor is not dpndnt on xtrnal financing, howvr: public srvics ar financd incrasingly lss by loans or transfrs (Cordri Novoa 2017: 47). In 2013, mor than 90% of nvironmntal xpnditur was mad up of tax and nvironmntal lvis. Environmntal policy has also bn rtaind as a political priority undr th nw Prsidnts of 2014 (Ollanta Humala) and 2016 (Pdro Pablo Kuczynski). A furthr indication of th continuity of th nvironmntal agnda that has bn launchd is th fact that som of th ky issus hav bn includd in th Pruvian rcommndations for th prioritisation of th 2030 agnda (Bnavids t al. 2016: 41 ): including improvmnt of air quality, protction of cosystms and biodivrsity, and nvironmntal controls for xtraction companis. Th procss of possibl futur accssion to th OECD also provids incntivs for maintaining political prioritis in th EnvDPL work aras. From today s prspctiv, thr ar no srious indications that Pruvian nvironmntal policy will fall far short of what has alrady bn achivd, vn if furthr consolidation fforts ar ncssary. Sustainability rating: 2 Rating according to DAC critria 7

9 Nots on th mthods usd to valuat projct succss (projct rating) Projcts ar valuatd on a six-point scal, th critria bing rlvanc, ffctivnss, fficincy and ovrarching dvlopmntal impact. Th ratings ar also usd to arriv at a final assssmnt of a projct s ovrall dvlopmntal fficacy. Th scal is as follows: Lvl 1 Lvl 2 Lvl 3 Lvl 4 Lvl 5 Lvl 6 Vry good rsult that clarly xcds xpctations Good rsult, fully in lin with xpctations and without any significant shortcomings Satisfactory rsult projct falls short of xpctations but th positiv rsults dominat Unsatisfactory rsult significantly blow xpctations, with ngativ rsults dominating dspit discrnibl positiv rsults Clarly inadquat rsult dspit som positiv partial rsults, th ngativ rsults clarly dominat Th projct has no impact or th situation has actually dtrioratd Rating lvls 1-3 dnot a positiv assssmnt or succssful projct whil rating lvls 4-6 dnot a ngativ assssmnt. Sustainability is valuatd according to th following four-point scal: Sustainability lvl 1 (vry good sustainability): Th dvlopmntal fficacy of th projct (positiv to dat) is vry likly to continu undiminishd or vn incras. Sustainability lvl 2 (good sustainability): Th dvlopmntal fficacy of th projct (positiv to dat) is vry likly to dclin only minimally but rmain positiv ovrall. (This is what can normally b xpctd). Sustainability lvl 3 (satisfactory sustainability): Th dvlopmntal fficacy of th projct (positiv to dat) is vry likly to dclin significantly but rmain positiv ovrall. This rating is also assignd if th sustainability of a projct is considrd inadquat up to th tim of th x post valuation but is vry likly to volv positivly so that th projct will ultimatly achiv positiv dvlopmntal fficacy. Sustainability lvl 4 (inadquat sustainability): Th dvlopmntal fficacy of th projct is inadquat up to th tim of th x post valuation and is vry unlikly to improv. This rating is also assignd if th sustainability that has bn positivly valuatd to dat is vry likly to dtriorat svrly and no longr mt th lvl 3 critria. Th ovrall rating on th six-point scal is compild from a wighting of all fiv individual critria as appropriat to th projct in qustion. Rating lvls 1-3 of th ovrall rating dnot a "succssful" projct whil rating lvls 4-6 dnot an "unsuccssful" projct. It should b notd that a projct can gnrally b considrd dvlopmntally succssful only if th achivmnt of th projct objctiv ( ffctivnss ), th impact on th ovrall objctiv ( ovrarching dvlopmntal impact ) and th sustainability ar ratd at last satisfactory (lvl 3). Rating according to DAC critria 8