Development of the Nervous System
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1 Development of the Nervous System Neural tube derivatives Spinal cord (alar vs. basal plate) Brain vesicles Brainstem nuclei Cerebral cortex Neural crest derivatives Puituitary gland development Developmental abnormalities Neural tube defects, craniopharyngioma, agenesis of corpus callosum 1
2 Development of Nervous System Embryo of 18 days 2
3 Neural fold development Extension of neural folds At Embryo of 22 days Fusion at 4-6 somites Open at both ends: rostral neuropore caudal neuropore Embryo of 22 days 3
4 Embryo of 22 days Neural groove Neural fold Neural tube Detachment from surface ectoderm Neural crest Neuroectodermal cells between surface ectoderm and neural tube 4
5 Neurulation: Formation of neural tube at embryo of days in 4-6 pairs of somites Neural plate / tube: CNS Cranial 2/3 (to 4 th somite): brain Caudal 1/3: spinal cord Neural crest: PNS and ANS, muscle/bone of head/neck Fusion of neural folds: rostral to caudal direction Neural canal = lumen of neural tube; communicate with amnionic cavity Rostral (Anterior) neuropore: close at 25 th day Caudal (Posterior) neuropore: close at 27 th day Neural tube defect (NTD) 5
6 Development of spinal cord Spinal cord: from neural tube caudal to 4 th pair of somite Ventricular zone (ependymal layer): pseudostratified columnar neuroepithelium neurons, glia Marginal zone white matter of spinal cord Intermediate zone (mantle layer) 6
7 Development of spinal cord: 3 layers 7
8 Histogenesis of cells in CNS Neuroepithelium: Neuroblast, Glioblast, Ependyma Mesenchyme: Mesenchymal cells 8
9 Neuroblast Apolar neuroblast Bipolar neuroblast Unipolar neuroblast Neuron 9
10 Supporting cells Gliobast (spongioblast) Astroblast Protoplasmic astrocyte Fibrous astrocyte Oligodendrobalst Oligodendrocyte Ependyma Epithelium of choroid plexus 10
11 Microglia Mesenchymal cells Microglial cells Origin of microglia: monocyte-macrophage lineage, enter CNS with blood vessels in fetal period 11
12 Development of spinal cord Differential growth of lateral wall of spinal cord Roof plate / Floor plate Sulcus limitans: shallow, longitudinal groove Dorsal alar plate (afferent); Ventral basal plate (efferent) 12
13 Differential growth of spinal cord Dorsal gray columns: cell bodies in alar plate Dorsal (gray) horns Dorsal roots Dorsal septum or raphe Ventral / Lateral gray columns: from cell bodies in basal plate Ventral (gray) horns / Lateral (gray) horns Ventral roots Ventral median septum ventral median fissure 13
14 Development of spinal cord: Embryo of 40 days 14
15 Neural crest development: spinal ganglia / dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 15
16 Development of spinal cord: Embryo of 50 days 16
17 Development of spinal meninges Primordial meninx (membrane): from mesenchhyme surrounding neural tube External layer: dural mater Internal layer: pia-arachnoid (leptomeninges) pia mater, arachnoid mater participated by neural crest cells Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid space with cerebrospinal fluid at 5 th week 17
18 Spina bifida Meningomyelocele Myeloschisis 18
19 Development of sympathetic nerves Post-ganglionic neuons: migration of Neural crest Paravertebral ganglia Preaortic ganglia (celiac, mesenteric ganglia) Sympathetic trunks Pre-ganglionic neurons: Neural tube (Intermediate cell column, lateral horn) 19
20 Development of parasympathetic nerves Pre-ganglionic neurons: nuclei in brainstem and spinal cord of sacral segments Brainstem nuclei: CN 3: Edinger-Westphal nucleus CN 7: Salvatory nuclus (superior) CN 9: Salvatory nuclus (inferior) CN 10: Dorsal vagal nucleus Post-ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia or in plexuses near/within structures being innervated 20
21 Brain vesicles 21
22 Brain flexures Start from 4 th weeks: ventral bending Midbrain flexure Cervical flexure Pontine flexure Consequences: change in outline and position of gray/white matter 22
23 Myelencephalon (caudal): closed medulla Gracile nuclei (medial) and Cuneate nuclei (lateral): neuroblasts from alar plates of myelencephalon migrate into marginal zone Pyramids: in ventral area; corticospinal fibers from developing cortex 23
24 Myelencephalon (rostral): open medulla-1 Olivary nu. Effect of pontine flexure thinning & stretching of roof rhomboid cavity (Fourth ventricle) lateral movement of walls Ventral movement of sulcus limitans Alar plates: lateral to basal plates Olivary nuclei: from alar plate 24
25 (alar plate) (basal plate) 25
26 Myelencephalon (rostral): open medulla-2 (alar plate) (basal plate) SSA: hearing GSA: from head/face SVA: taste GVA: from viscera GSE: hypoglossal nucleus SVE: muscles of pharyngeal arches GVE: nuclei of 9th and 10th CN 26
27 Pons: development of Metencephalon Pontine flexure: divergence of lateral walls of pons Gray matters: spread in floor of 4th ventricle Motor nuclei in ventral pons: pontine nuclei 27
28 Development of Cerebellum Cerebellum: thickening of dorsal part of alar plates Initially: project into 4 th ventricle Later: enlarge & fuse in median plane 28
29 Development of Cerebellum 29
30 Cerebellum: embryology and functions Archicerebellum (floculonocular lobe) phylogeny: oldest part function: with vestibular system Paleocerebellum (vermis & anterior lobe) phylogeny: intermediate function: with sensory input from limbs Neocerebellum (posterior lobe) phylogeny: the newest function: with selective control of limb movements 30
31 Alar plates of metencephalon Cerebellum: cortex and Central (deep) nuclei Pontine nuclei, cochlear, vestibular, 5 th CN nuclei 31
32 Development of midbrain-1 Neural canal cerebral aqueduct Alar plate tectum (colliculi); Basal plate tegmentum Substantia nigra: from alar or basal plates Crus cerebri (Cerebral peduncles): corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticospinal fibers 32
33 Development of midbrain-2 Alar plate tectum (roof): superior & inferior colliculi; mesencephalic nucleu of CN V Basal plate tegmentum: red nuclei; 3 rd, 4 th CN nuclei; reticular nuclei 33
34 Intermediate column (General Visceral Efferent) Ventral horn (General somatic Efferent) 34
35 Formation of choroid plexus Tela choroid: ependyma + mesenchyme Choroid plexus: tela choroid + vessels 35
36 Development of forebrain Forebrain vesicles: upon closure of rostral neuropore, Optic vesicles: primodia of retinae, optic nerve Cerebral (telencephalic) vesicles: primodia of cerebral hemisphers, lateral ventricles 36
37 Development of diencephalon caudal part of forebrain: Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus epithalamic sulcus, hypothalamic sulcus Interthalamic adhesion (mass intermedia) 37
38 Development of Epithalamus From roof & dorsal part of lateral wall of diencephalon Pineal glands: median diverticulum of caudal part of roof of diencephalon 38
39 Development of Pituitary gland Upgrowth from epidermal roof of stomodeum: hypophysial pouch or Rathke pouch at 4 th week; constricted attachement at 5 th week Downgrowth of neurohypophysial bud, neuroectoderm of diencephalon; contact of infundibulum with hypophysial pouch 39
40 Development of Adenohypophysis Pars distalis: anterior wall of hypophysial pouch Pars tuberalis: around infundibulum stem Pars intermedia: posterior wall of phypophysial pouch Regressing stalk of hypophysial pouch in developing sphenoid bone at 6 th week 40
41 Development of Neurohypophysis Infundibulum give rise to Median eminence, Infundibulum stem, and Pars nervosa Pituicytes in posterior lobe of pituitary gland 41
42 Development of pituitary gland: Summary Intraglandular cleft between pars distalis and pars intermedia 42
43 Craniophryngioma 43
44 Development of Telencephalon Cerebral vesicles: primordium of cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebri: mesenchyme in longitudinal fissure Cavity of median part: future 3 rd ventricle 44
45 Growth of cerebral hemisphere C-shaped curvature of cerebral hemisphere and ventricles Temporal lobe: ventral and rostral turning with caudal end of cerebral hemisphere Choroid fissure: with temporal horn of lateral ventricle; formation of choroid plexus 45
46 Differential growth of cerebral cortex: Insula 46
47 Gyral formation during fetal period weeks 47
48 Development of Basal ganglia orpus triatum Corpus striatum: appear at 6 th week, in floor of hemisphere 48
49 Development of Basal ganglia Divided by fibers (internal capsule) passing through corpus striatum: Caudate nucleus: inner Lentiform nucleus: outer 49
50 Development of cerebral commissural fibers Lamina terminalis: from roof plate of diencephalon to optic chiasm The first to form Anterior commissure: connect olfactory bulb Hippocampal commisure: connect hippocampal formation The largest: corpus callosum, connect neocortical areas 50
51 Agenesis of corpus callosum 51
52 Summary-1 Neural plate: dorsal thickening of ectoderm at 3 rd week, induced by underlying notochord & paraxial mesoderm Neural groove: infolding of neural plate, with neural folds on each side Neural tube: fusion of neural folds at 4 th week Neural crest: neuroectodermal cells between neural tube& surface ectoderm 52
53 Summary-2 Derivatives of neural tube Forebrain: cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon Embryonic midbrain: midbrain Hindbrain: pons, medulla, cerebellum Neural canal: ventricles, central canal Walls of neural tube: neurons and glia Microglia: mesenchymal cells of blood vessels 53
54 Summary-3 Pituitary gland Ectodermal upgrowth from stomodeum: hypophysial pouch, become adenophypophysis Neuroectoderm from diencephalon: neurophypophysial bud, become neurohypophysis Neural crest cells Neurons in cranial, spinal & autonomic ganglia Schwann cells Chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla; cortex from mesoderm) 54
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