BIOLOGY HONORS. By Isabelle

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1 BIOLOGY HONORS By Isabelle

2 Outline Driving Question Cellular Respiration ATP Mitosis & cell cycle Connection Thinking deeper Literature Cancer Warburg Effect

3 Driving Questions How does cellular respiration and other cell processes work? How do they relate to and affect cancer?

4 Cellular Respiration The way mols. cells but uses 2! process energy stored in food Three stages Glycolysis: after factoring glucose in the atp used 36 - atp. pyruvate Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Aerobic Anaerobic glycolysis is the first stpe- glucose enters cells and turns into pyruvate. Produces 4 atp Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria, takes the pyruvate produced in glycolysis and produces NADH and FADH2, (co-enzymes that help with metabolism and reactions in the body) Produces 2 ATP mols. ETC, the final step, also takes place in the mitochondria, breaks down NADH and FADH molecules produced and producing a whopping 32 ATP molecules, making the final total anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen. cancer cells use both- lactic acid fermentation (anerobic) the only goal of fermentation reactions is to convert nadh to nad+ to use in glycolysi. no energy is gined.2 atp s produced. from glycolysis

5 ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate ATP is the energy produced from cell respiration Used around the body Reproduction, movement, temp. regulation, synthesis Necessary for life Mitosis uses ATP

can mutate & constantly reproduce those cells can be cancerous and with the constant

6 Cell Cycle & Mitosis If something is not picked up by the Cells life cycle & reproduction Asexual - exact copies Interphase resting Prophase monitors and there is bad DNA, the cells can mutate & constantly reproduce those cells can be cancerous and with the constant reproduction tumors form Metaphase Ananphase Telophase

7 How do cancer cells form? Sometimes during cell growth & division, things go wrong Mutations, typos Usually, the cells detects this and shuts itself down or is destroyed Enough mutations can bypass these regulations causing the cell bad cell to divide anyway and recklessly The incorrect info is passed along to the cells offspring.. it s cancer

8 Cancer Ask class, As you can see, cancer is unfortunately very common. Who here has been impacted by cancer? Cancer is the uncontrolled grow of abnormal cells in the body. The growth of these cells causes lumps, called tumors If not treated properly can result in death. It is estimated that this year there will be 1,660,290 new cases of cancer in the US. (American Cancer Society) Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death among Americans, following heart disease.

9 Types Cancerous cells can grow anywhere in the body.

10 Causes Factors can work together or individually Internal factors Hormones Inherited mutations Immune conditions External factors Tobacco Chemicals/radiation

11 sign can be noticed by someone else such as a loved one or a doctor, ie. fever, abnormal lung sounds through a stethoscope can be a SIGN of pnomieoua Signs & Symptoms symptom can be noticed only by you, ie. weakness, feeling short of breath symptom of pnomuia Unexplained weight loss Fever Fatigue Pain ie. Headache - brain tumor Skin changes Yellowish, darker, reddened, itching

say what each individual treatment does to treat cancer, Treatments surgery removes the tumor radiation uses high energy radiation to kill

dependent cancer cells by either stopping hormones being made or preventing hormones from making cancer cells grow and divide Biological

target therapy is medicine that blocks the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with the growth of cancer cells Chemotherapy Hormone

12 say what each individual treatment does to treat cancer, Treatments surgery removes the tumor radiation uses high energy radiation to kill cancer cells (and normal cells too) by damaging their DNA Surgery Radiation hormone therapy- slows down or stops the growth of hormone dependent cancer cells by either stopping hormones being made or preventing hormones from making cancer cells grow and divide Biological therapy- helps fight cancer by working like chemo or helps control side effects from other cancer treatments like chemotherapy. target therapy is medicine that blocks the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with the growth of cancer cells Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy Biological Therapy Targeted Therapy chemo uses drugs to kill cancer cells by stopping/slowing their growth, which leads to talking about cells...

Warburg Effect subject of debate otto warburg Observation that cancer cells obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism to convert glucose to ATP, even in the presence on oxygen Observation that

13 Warburg Effect subject of debate otto warburg Observation that cancer cells obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism to convert glucose to ATP, even in the presence on oxygen Observation that most cancer cells produce energy by high rate of glycolysis & lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol Normal cells use low rate of glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria (aerobic) 1st though to be a cause of cancer - highly debatednow considered a result of mutations, not a cause

14 Connections Cancer cells: Rely on only glycolysis for their energy Thus, consume 18-19x more glucose than normal cells to survive and reproduce. Cancer cells have high aerobic glycolysis Provides powerful growth advantage

15 cont. Cancer cells form by being overlooked during the cell cycle Treatments affect cell processes Chemo & radiation interfere with cell division

16 Looking deeper If a way is found to stop mitosis and cellular respiration ONLY in cancer cells and not in the body s normal cells, then cancer can be cured. The more frequently a cell divides, the more likely the drug is to kill it Every time a cell divides it opens itself up to attack because drugs work by disrupting cell division

17 cont. Cells that reproduce the most are affected the most Hair Skin Gut Blood Side affects because these cells are being harmed Hair loss, skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, pain

18 Literature Peer edited scientific journal Cellular Respiration & Carcinogenesis American cancer society Cancer Facts & Figures 2013

19 Thanks Any questions? for watching!

20 In memory of Cedar Bone cancer victim

21 Citations American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures Atlanta: American Cancer Society; Cancer cell metabolism kills: Possible new therapies targeting energy supply of cancer cells?. (n.d.). Science Daily. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from releases/2013/04/ htm Concept 5 Review: Lactic Acid Fermentation. (n.d.). Prentice Hall Bridge page. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from biocoach/cellresp/review5a.html Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide GPiklaov. (n.d.). ATP - definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference - Biology Online. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Atp Glycolysis. (n.d.). University of Illinois at Chicago - UIC. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Health and Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. (n.d.). Shmoop: Homework Help, Teacher Resources, Test Prep. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from TED-Ed How do cancer cells behave differently from healthy ones? - George Zaidan. (n.d.). TED-Ed Lessons Worth Sharing. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-cancer-cells-behave-differently-from-healthy-ones george-zaidan The Warburg Hypothesis and the ATP Sup... [Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI. (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Warburg effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Warburg_effect What diseases have been eliminated by vaccines? - Curiosity. (n.d.). Curiosity : Discovery Channel. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from question/what-diseases-eliminated-by-vaccines 1800's, t. l., & that, s. h. (n.d.). Introduction. The Department of Biology at the University of Oregon. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from ort_mitosis/introduction.html Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide semenza, G. L., Apte, S. P., & Sarangarajan, R. (2009). Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis. Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis, 1, Signaling Pathways: Warburg Effect. (n.d.). Cell Signaling Technology. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. ! Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.