Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report May 2016

Transcription

1 2016 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report EuFMD

2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report Guest Editor Dr Giancarlo Ferrari FAO Afghanistan # I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page. Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

3 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 5 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 6 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 8 A. POOL 1 Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia... 8 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS: V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

4 Guest Editor s comments Dear All, it is really a pleasure for me and a privilege to contribute to this monthly report. Those that want to make use of it will certainly be able to find in it an amount of useful information. Many of you may not know that, since December 2014, my duty station is Afghanistan where I am leading a FAO project funded by the Government of Japan, with FMD being one of the main components. Despite the many challenges, I feel in a way the privilege of experiencing what FMD may mean in a context where subsistence agriculture still plays an important role for the livelihood of the rural people. I have often heard statements like: FMD is not so important in developing countries, it is not a fatal disease, animals can easily recover, and it does not affect humans. Those arguments, some of them certainly true, may tend to undermine the importance of FMD especially in a context where there could be a plethora of competing animal health issues. On the other hand (and I would add obviously) countries officially free from FMD pose a lot of attention to the trade aspects and the possible negative consequences should FMD enter into their national territories. I think that both arguments have their intrinsic validity but in a way it does not seem to me that those are looking at the patient. Recently, I came to know the story of a farmer (let s call him Khalid for convenience and hopefully without generating any gender issue!!) with two milking cows that became affected with FMD that stopped them from producing milk, an important nutritional element for his family (families in Afghanistan may mean a broad and rather numerous group of relatives sharing the same house). No doubt that for Khalid FMD was a shock. It is first interesting, to see how the delivery of animal health care services has evolved in a country like Afghanistan, before going back to Khalid. The privatization of the veterinary services has led to identify the private sector as the provider of clinical services but also act as service providers for activities (like vaccination) which traditionally were carried out by the public sector. On the other hand, the public sector responsibilities have shifted towards a deeper engagement into regulatory activities (among which monitoring and evaluation). We can now go back to Khalid and see that this division of responsibilities has led the private sector to provide services to Khalid (for example vaccination against FMD) and the public sector enabling Khalid (and all other farmers) to have the right to access to vaccines that possess certain characteristics (in terms of quality, efficacy, safety, matching, etc..) and which are effectively beneficial for the farmers. I am not entering now into the dispute of who should pay for the vaccination but would like to highlight that there is still a significant amount of work to be done in improving the delivery of good quality animal health care services and the way these are monitored and measured. The PCP-FMD regional roadmaps (especially the West Eurasia one which I am more familiar with) have provided a good opportunity to clearly see that despite several countries may apply preventive measures, such as vaccination, this has not translated into those countries being able to progress along the pathway. The main reason is most probably the lack of a system enabling to show the results of those on-going efforts. This is one of the areas where a significant component of the developmental efforts, in my opinion, need to be addressed. In this regard, the production of a monthly report such as this is among those tools that can certainly assist in facilitating Khalid (and the many millions of Khalids around the world) to access to good quality animal healthcare delivery services. With this I would like to wish all the best, to all those engaged in controlling this challenging disease. Warm regards 3

5 Giancarlo Ferrari 4

6 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period POOL REGION/COUNTRIES colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A and Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan O, A and Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, SAT Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, 2 and SAT 3 Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 O and A Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL- OVER FROM POOL 4 5

7 MAP 1:Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia 1 - From the vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests carried out by the WRLFMD, vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against field isolates collected in 2015, genotyped as O/SEA PanAsia and A/ASIA/Sea-97. Details of the results of the cell culture/elisa serotyping, genotyping of VP1 and VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD on FMDV field strains, which are cited in this report, will be available in the forthcoming issue of the 2 nd Quarterly WRLFMD Report (April-June, 2016). China (People's Rep. of) 2 Within a series of FMD episodes that had started in November 2014, another FMD outbreak caused by serotype O occurred on the 4 th of involving a cattle farm in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou. Laos 1 From the VMSD tests carried out by the WRLFMD, three vaccine strains likely to confer protection were identified against the field isolate collected in 2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. Russian Federation 3 The Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) genotyped, the detected FMDV serotypes collected during April 2016, in Central Asia, respectively as A/ASIA/Iran 05 HER-10 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. Thailand 1 Twelve and five samples collected in Thailand during FMD episodes that occurred between November 2015 and March 2016 were respectively genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 and O/SEA/Mya-98. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 4 The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the four samples examined during. 6

8 Nepal 5 The National Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and TADS Laboratory, Nepal reported as for the previous months the detection during of FMDV serotype O. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Iran 1 Field isolates belonging to various genotypes of FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, collected during 2015 were subjected to VMSD assays with the conclusion that some vaccines strains should be capable of conferring protection. Pakistan 6 - The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported 143 FMD outbreaks during May 2016 caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, including some outbreaks with multiple serotypes. VMSD tests including field isolates belonging to serotypes A and O identified vaccine strains likely to confer protection. Saudi Arabia 1 - The WRLFMD detected FMDV serotype A in the three bovine samples collected during Turkey 1, 7 One of the two vaccine strains, produced by the Sap Institute (Ankara, Turkey) tested in VMSD assays against representative field viruses from FMDV serotype 0, produced homologous virus neutralization values that are suggestive of protection against this sublineage. The WRLFMD conducted analysis on the VP1 sequence of a sample collected during 2016, of which species and location of collection are not reported. United Arab Emirates 1 FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was detected by the WRLFMD among the bovine samples collected in the country during February POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 1, 8 - FMDV serotype SAT 2 was detected in the bovine samples collected during an outbreak and examined by the National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon 9 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) - Garoua, Cameroon detected three FMDV positive samples among the 20 collected from cattle. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola 2 A FMD outbreak, for which serotyping is still pending, occurred on the 29 th of April 2016 in clinically affected cattle in Cunado Cubango, Angola. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 2 No FMD events were reported for this Region during COUNTER *** 53 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 141 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED 7

9 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS A. POOL 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia 1 Two field isolates A/CAM/2 and 5/2015, both genotyped as A/ASIA/Sea-97, were included in the VMSD test carried out by the WRLFMD, and the vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection for these strains were A Iran 2005 and A MAY 97 but not A/TUR/20/2016 and A22 IRQ. Another field isolate from the same country O/CAM/3/2015, genotyped as O/SEA PanAsia was also subjected to the VMSD test and O3039, O Skr VV and O Tur 5/09, but not O Manisa, represented vaccine strains as likely to confer protection against this isolate. China (People's Rep. of) 2 A FMD outbreak occurred on the 4 th of involving a cattle farm in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of). This event was the last of a series of FMD episodes, which began in November The outbreak was confirmed as due to FMDV serotype O on the 10 th of by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (National and OIE Reference Laboratory) using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. Summary of animals involved are presented in Table 2 and location of outbreak in Map 2. Source of the outbreak is unknown or inconclusive while control measures adopted are movement control inside the country, screening, disinfection, stamping out, zoning. Vaccination or treatment was not administered to affected animals. Table 2: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred during in in the Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of). Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent Apparent Apparent case Proportion morbidity rate mortality rate fatality rate susceptible animals lost* Cattle % 4.00% 28.57% % *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter 8

10 Map 2: Location of the FMD outbreak in Qiannan State, of Guizhou, China (People's Rep. of). Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Laos 1 For the field isolate O/LAO/3/2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, the three vaccine strains likely to confer protection according to the results of the VMSD test carried out by the WRLFMD were O 3039, O Skr VV and O Tur 5/09 but not O Manisa. Samples collected in Thailand from buffaloes during March 2016 and forwarded by the Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD were negative for infectious FDMV by the WRLFMD even if the viral genome was detected in all of them. Russian Federation 3 The ARRIAH, Russia genotyped the FMDV serotypes detected in samples collected in Central Asia during April 2016 respectively as A/ASIA/Iran 05 HER-10 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. The same laboratory also carried out post vaccination seromonitoring by screening 3,969 sera. Studies on the immunobiological properties of FMDV serotypes A and O are ongoing. The laboratory continues to provide materials to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and advice to the Veterinary Services of the Russian Federation Subjects. Thailand 1 Twelve and five samples all collected from cattle in Thailand during various FMD episodes that occurred between November 2015 and March 2016 were respectively genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 and O/SEA/Mya- 98. A summary of the characteristics of the samples genotyped is reported in Table 3. Location of sampling is represented in Map 3. As can be observed from Table 3, FMDV virus from neighbouring countries have a high sequence identity confirming the possible exchange of FMDV strains among countries within the Region. Table 3: summary of the genotyping results of FMDV positive samples collected in different areas of Thailand between November 2015 and March

11 Strain identification Date of collection Location of sampling Genotype detected Most Closely Related Viruses not belonging to the country (Seq id %) Most Closely Related Reference Viruses (Seq id %) TAI/3/ /01/2016 TAI/6/ /02/2016 TAI/7/ /04/2016 Chiang Mai A/MYA/2/2015 (98.74) / TAI/8/ /02/2016 Kumpanfpetch TAI/9/2016 Chiang Mai TAI/10/ /02/2016 TAI/11/2016 TAI/12/ /02/2016 Lumphun TAI/13/ /02/2016 TAI/15/ /03/2016 Saraburi TAI/16/ /03/2016 Lumphun TAI/17/ /03/2016 Chiang Mai A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/MAY/5/2012 (99.53) A/MYA/2/2015 (98.58) / A/MYA/2/2015 (98.58) A/TAI/7/2003 (HQ116312) ( ) TAI/30/ /11/2015 Chiang Mai TAI/2/ /01/2016 Khonkean TAI/4/ /01/2016 Nakhonratchsima TAI/5/ /01/2016 Ratchburi TAI/14/ /03/2016 Lumpang Map 3: Location of the samples collected from cattle of various areas of Thailand between November 2015 and March 2016 and subjected to genotyping by the WRLFMD. O/SEA/Mya-98 O/MYA/1/2015 (99.37) O/VIT/21/2014 ( ) O/MYA/5/2015 ( ) O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925) ( ) SEACFMD 10 No new FMD events were reported during April 2016 among the countries belonging to the Organization. The list of countries with the relative number of on-going FMD outbreaks is represented in Table 4. Table 4: Distribution of reported FMD outbreaks within the SEACFMD countries on-going during April

12 Countries with ongoing outbreaks N of FMD events Cambodia 119 Myanmar 3 Malaysia 46 Thailand 26 Viet Nam 33 Total 227 Table 5: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, , for geographic distribution see Map 4 below. COUNTRY Cambodia China (People's Rep. of) FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester) O, /NOT SAMPLED /O, 2013 & 2015/A /NOT TYPED** LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Sep 2015/O and A, Aug 2014/ not typed, June 2014/not typed May2016/O, May 2015/A Comment Typing required China (Hong Kong, Sar) O** Dec 2015/O Follow-up needed China (Taiwan Province) /O, A/2015** Jun 2015/A Typing required Korea (DPR) /DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, 2014 & 2015/ NO DATA July 2014/O REPORTED Follow-up needed /DISEASE ABSENT Korea (Rep. of) 2014/O, 2015/ NO DATA March 2016/O Follow-up needed REPORTED Laos PDR 2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER Mar 2015/A, June 2015/O OF OUTBREAKS 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED Malaysia /O 2013 & 2015/NOT TYPED Sep2015/O Mongolia 2013/A & NOT TYPED, 2014 & Sept 2013/A, May 2015**/O 2015/O, Oct 2015/O Follow-up needed Myanmar /O, 2015/A & NOT Oct 2015/A and O, July TYPED 2014/ not typed Russian Federation 2012, 2014 & 2015/O, Jan 2016/ A and Dec /A 2015/O Thailand O, A NOT SAMPLED & NOT Mar 2016 /A & O, Sept TYPED 2014/not typed Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED, NOT TYPED 2013, 2014 & 2015/A, Mar 2016/O, Feb 2016/A and not typed Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia,

13 Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per , 17 : Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME- SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind- 2001d SIS 10 Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05 sublineages Serotype Asia-1 had not been detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (China (People's Rep. of) and Vietnam) Pool 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-10 O/ME-SA/PanAsia O/CATHAY/unnamed O/SEA/MYA-98 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d B. POOL 2 South Asia India 4 The ICAR-PDFMD, Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the four (three collected from cattle and one from a buffalo) samples examined during, using FMDV antigen and/or RNA detection. The laboratory also conducted genotyping of six samples positive for FMD serotype O and vaccine matching tests on eight field isolates belonging to the same serotype. The laboratory tested 4,706 serum samples for epidemiological studies. The laboratory tests were carried out using indigenous diagnostic kits developed at ICAR-PDFMD. The laboratory personnel were also involved in the field investigation of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. ICAR-PDFMD has on-going research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 5 The FMD and TADS Laboratory in Nepal reported during the detection of FMDV serotype O. Diagnostic kits used in the laboratory were provided by FAO. Furthermore, the laboratory personnel were involved in outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. Table 6: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, , for geographic distribution see Map 5 below. COUNTRY Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between **(1 st semester) DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA NOT TYPED, 2013 & 2014/NOT SAMPLED /O O, A, NOT SAMPLED /Asia /NOT TYPED O, /Asia 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg. 1 Not available Not available Apr 2016/O, Apr 2015/A Apr 2015/Asia 1 Apr 2016/O Comment 12

14 Sri Lanka /O, 2015/NO DATA REPORTED Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per , 17 : O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during ) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2014 in Sri Lanka) A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters)? Pool 2 O/ME-SA/unnamed O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d O/ME-SA/PanAsia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Armenia 2 Following the single FMD outbreak of December 2015, in Armavir province, Republic of Armenia, caused by FMDV A/ASIA/G-VII, introduced by airborne transmission, the following sanitary measures are currently still in place to contain the spread of the infection in the affected and high risk area of the country: vaccination of 869,264 cattle and 299,010 sheep (details of which are reported in Table 7) using strains A/Iran-2005/ A/ASIA/AG-VII, O/ME- SA/Panasia-2, Asia-1/Georgia/2001, movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, disinfection, active surveillance and herd management. Other containment measures adopted are quarantine, surveillance outside and inside the containment and/or protection zone, modified stamping out and zoning. Clinical surveillance conducted during vaccination did not reveal any clinical signs consistent with FMD. Further reports on the ongoing activities will be submitted. Table 7: details on location, species and number of FMD vaccinations in Armenia following the outbreak of December

15 Administrative Total Vaccinated division Cattle Sheep VAYOTS DZOR 28,783 14,566 GEGHARKOUNIK 158,408 34,827 ARARAT 58,866 51,239 KOTAYK 72,515 11,529 SHIRAK 135,049 44,581 LORI 103,148 15,215 TAVOUSH 47,647 8,13 ARAGATSOTN 109,811 33,736 ARMAVIR 71,596 53,842 SIOUNIK 80,283 31,345 YEREVAN 3,158 / Total 869, , ,8274 Iran 1, 2 Five, two and two field isolates, respectively belonging to FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, collected during 2015 were subjected to VMSD assays for which the following results were obtained: For field isolates A/IRN/5 and 10/2015, genotyped as A/ASIA/IRAN-05 FAR-09 & SIS-10, and field isolates A/IRN/8, 10 and 25/2015, genotyped as A/ASIA/G-VII, vaccines strains A/IRAN 2005 and A22 IRQ were identified as likely to confer protection for only A/ASIA/IRAN-05 FAR-09, SIS-10. Other vaccine strains, A MAY 97, A SAU 95(1) and A TUR 20/06 were unlikely to confer protection to all the field strains included in the test, For field isolates ASIA1/IRN/2, 20/2015, genotyped as ASIA 1/ ASIA/Sindh-08, vaccine strain ASIA 1 Shamir was unlikely to confer protection, For field isolates, O/IRN/4 and 6/2015, genotyped as O/ME-SA/Pan Asia -2 FAR-10, BAL-09, vaccines strains O 3039 and 0/TUR/5/2009 were defined as likely to confer protection but not O Manisa. Relative to the FMD outbreak of September 2015 in cattle in Qom, Iran, caused by A/ASIA/G-VII, this was reported as resolved as from the 28 th. Source of outbreak was due to illegal movement of infected animals or fomites. Control measures adopted for the containment of the outbreak are movement control inside the country, vaccination of 28,800 cattle in Qom, in response to the outbreak, employing the Merial/Razi polyvalent vaccine, disinfection and quarantine. Kuwait 2 The FMD event of January 2016, during which 12 outbreaks occurred involving cattle farms in Al Jahrah, Kuwait, caused by A/ASIA/G-VII was reported as resolved as from the 28 th. The origin of the outbreak remains unknown. A multivalent vaccine containing O, A, Asia 1 and SAT 2 serotypes was used for the immunization of 26,810 cattle in Al Jahrah. Other control measures adopted were: movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance outside and within containment and/or protection zone, control of wildlife reservoirs, zoning with no treatment of the affected animals. Pakistan 6 Within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project (TCP/PAK/3503) 143 FMD outbreaks were reported during caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O, as also some outbreaks including multiple serotypes. Details on number, serotypes involved and location are reported in Table 8 and Map 6. Ring vaccination and cost sharing basis that involves a contribution from the farmers, were carried out in the country during and a summary of the interventions is reported in Table9. Table 8: FMD outbreaks that occurred during in the various Provinces of Pakistan. 14

16 Province (N of outbreaks) Sindh (93) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (6) Number of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus Serotype(s) District O A Asia 1 Mixed Not typed Not yet typed Karachi Thatta Shikarpur Tando Jam Saeedabad Swat Dir Lower Karak Azad Kashmir (5) Mirpur Attock Chakwal Okara Bahawalnagar Sheikupura Punjab (30) Gujranwala Kasur Lahore Layyah Bhakkar Muzaffargarh Balochistan (9) Sohbitpur Total Map 6: Location of the outbreaks of in Pakistan which occurred during. Table 9 Vaccination activities carried out during in the various Provinces of Pakistan. 15

17 N of doses employed Province Ring Vaccination Cost sharing basis Sindh 1,900 12,799 Balochistan Punjab 700 5,900 Azad Kashmir Islamabad Capital Territory Total 2,825 19,374 Further to the above, field isolates belonging to FMDV serotypes A, and O collected during 2015 were subjected by the WRLFMD to VMSD assays with the detection of vaccines strains capable of conferring protection. For field isolates A/PAK/31/2015 and 53/2015 respectively belonging to A/ASIA/IRAN-05 FAR-09 and A/ASIA/IRAN- 05 FAR-11 sublineages, VMSD assays identified vaccine strain A/TUR/20/06 as likely to confer protection for the former and A22 IRQ for the latter field isolate. For all field isolates, O/PAK, 22, 30, 49/2015, respectively belonging to sublineages 0/ME-SA/Pak-98 and 0/Me- SA/PanAsia-2 BAL-09 and 0/Me-SA/PanAsia ANT-10, vaccine strains identified as likely to confer protection were represented by , 0 Manisa and 0 Tur 5/09. Saudi Arabia 1 The WRLFMD detected FMDV serotype A in a bovine epithelial sample, while FMDV genome was detected without serotyping in the two probang samples collected from the same species. The samples were respectively collected during March and April Turkey 1, 7 Of the two vaccine viruses, O-Tur-07 and O-Tur-14, produced by Sap Institute Vaccines, Ankara Turkey, that were tested in VMSD assays, only the former produced homologous virus neutralization values that are suggestive of protection for representative field viruses O/IRN/6/2015, O/PAK/30/2015 and 0/KUW/4/2016 belonging to sublineage 0/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 QOM-15. The VP1 sequence of a sample collected during 2016 in Turkey, for which species and location of collection are not reported, was genotyped as O/ME-SA PanAsia QOM-15 with the most closely related field virus not pertaining to the country represented by O/KUW/1/2016 with a sequence identity (seq id) of 99.69%. United Arab Emirates 1 FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was detected in all of the five bovine fluid/mouth lesion samples collected in Sharjah, UAE on the 16 th February The most closely related field virus to these field isolates not pertaining to the country was represented by O/NEP/17/2015 with a seq id% between , suggestive of a viral pathway between the two countries, while the most closely related reference virus was represented by O/BHU/3/2009 (KM921814) with a seq id % between Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, , for geographic distribution see Map7 below. 16

18 COUNTRY Afghanistan Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) **/O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE # see pg /A, Asia 1, O Comment Algeria **/O Apr 2015/O Armenia /DISEASE ABSENT 2015/A Dec 2015/A Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT** 2007/0 Bahrain 2012, 2014 &2015 /O Oct 2014/O Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 April 2014/Sat 2, **/O, A Jan-April 2015/A & O Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Iran /A, Dec 2015/A Jun Apr 2014/O, Asia 1 & O 2013/Asia **/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Iraq /O, /A Dec 2013/A, O 2015/ SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED Israel **/O December 2015/O Jordan DISEASE ABSENT** 2006/A Kazakhstan 2012/O /A Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A **/ DISEASE ABSENT Kuwait 2012/O / DISEASE ABSENT Jan-Feb 2016/O Kyrgyzstan /O, A Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2014/not typed Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED 2010/not typed Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/O Morocco DISEASE ABSENT** Oct 2015/O Oman /O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED May 2015/SAT 2 Pakistan 2012 & 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED /A, ASIA 1 & O /A, Asia 1 and O Palestine O, Dec 2015/O /SAT 2 Mar 2013/Sat 2 Qatar /O Dec 2013/O Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tunisia Turkey /O 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED Feb 2016/O, April 2015/A DISEASE ABSENT** 2002/ A & O /NOT TYPED **/DISEASE ABSENT 2014/O 2015/ DISEASE ABSENT Asia 1, A & O, NOT TYPED Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ NOT TYPED Oct 2014/O Oct 2015/ A May / Asia 1 and O 17

19 Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan 2012/NO DATA REPORTED /DISEASE ABSENT 2012, 2015/DISEASE ABSENT /O 2012,2013 & 2015/NO DATA REPORTED 2014/DISEASE ABSENT Not available Feb 2016/O Not available Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 per , 17 : A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, SIS-, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages) A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia) 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage). Pool 3 part 1 A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Iran-05 HER-10 A/ASIA/Iran-05 AFG-07 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/ASIA/Iran-05 SIS-10/12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-09 A/ASIA/G-VII A/ASIA/Iran-05 FAR-1 1 A/AFRICA/G-IV ISM-12 A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08/9 Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 (cont d) O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09/11 sub-lineages) O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent) SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12 sublineages Pool 3 part 2 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 FAR-09/11 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12 SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 O/ME-SA/unnamed O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 ANT-10 SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 8 NAHDIC Ethiopia detected FMDV serotype SAT 2 in six tissue samples from an outbreak in cattle using an antigen detection ELISA. The laboratory personnel conducted the outbreak investigation, including the collection of the diagnostic samples. In a serosurveillance, 135 (6.76%) of the 1,997 sera samples, collected from small ruminants, resulted positive FMD NSP antibodies. 18

20 The laboratory provided expert advice to the to the National and Local authorities. NAHDIC is continuing its involvement in a National surveillance programme, which is being conducted on trade sensitive animal diseases represented by FMD, rift valley fever, peste des petits ruminants and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. NAHDIC has an on-going twinning project for FMD with the WRLFMD within which there will be the organization of a training course on outbreak investigation for regional veterinary laboratory professionals programmed for October Kenya 11 No FMD events and related activities were reported for. The country will be hosting in June the 24 th Realtime training FMD organized by EuFMD that focuses on clinical investigation for the recognition and sampling of animals for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, , for geographic distribution see Map 8 below. COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Comment Burundi DISEASE PRESENT Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT** Not available Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 April 2014/Sat 2, **/O, A May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O 2012/O, Eritrea 2013/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ DISEASE PRESENT 2015/ NO DATA REPORTED Jan 2012/O Ethiopia Kenya O**, 2012/A, 2012 & 2105/SAT 2, 2015**/SAT 1 A, O, SAT1, SAT2, /NOT TYPED Jan 2016/ O, /SAT 2, Jun 2014/A and SAT 1 Apr 2016/ A & O, Oct 2015/SAT1 and SAT 2, Libya NO DATA REPORTED Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed Rwanda /A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required Somalia /NOT SAMPLED / NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Sudan 2013/SAT 2, Dec 2013/ O & A, Jan /O & NOT TYPED 2014/SAT **/A & NOT SAMPLED 2014/A, O SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, South Sudan & 2015/ NO DATA 2011 REPORTED Tanzania /A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 May 2015/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Uganda Yemen 2012/ SAT 1,2012, 2014/O, 2013/NOT TYPED 2015/NO DATA REPORTED 2012/O, / DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA 2015/NO DATA REPORTED May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A, and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped 2009/O 19

21 Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per ,17 : O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IV (Sudan) and VII (Ethiopia)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013) Pool 4 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 A/AFRICA/G-IV SAT 2/XII/unnamed SAT 2/IV/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-VII SAT 3/V/unnamed O/EA-3/unnamed O/EA-4/unnamed SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed O/EA-2/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-I E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa Cameroon 9 LANAVET - Garoua, Cameroon detected 3 FMDV positive samples among the 20 collected from cattle using real time PCR. A high seroprevalence (50%) was found in samples collected from cattle as 30, out of 60 sera, resulted positive in ELISA for the detection of antibodies against the FDV non-structural proteins (NSP). On-going collaborative activities by LANAVET are with the Ohio State University and Plum Island Laboratory, USA. Ghana 12 No reports of FMD outbreaks are available for as also no FMD related activities were carried out by ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana. Nigeria 13 The National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria conducted a serosurvey including samples from wildlife species, collected in collaboration with nomadic farmers, for the detection of antibodies against the NSP of FMDV with the following results: seroprevalences for wildlife and cattle were relatively higher than those found in pigs: of the 45 wildlife sera, 23 were positive (51.11%); of the 270 bovine sera, 192 were positive (71.11); of the 360 swine sera, 41 (11.39%) were positive. The laboratory also provides expert advice to the local farmers and has an OIE twining programme still on-going with CODA CERVA, Belgium. Senegal 14 The Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires is continuing with its FMD serosurveillance activities employing diagnostic kits provided by EuFMD. 20

22 Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, , for geographic distribution see Map 9 below. Country FMD history FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) Last outbreak reported/serotype #see pg. 1 Comment (Genotyping would be useful for this region) Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso DISEASE PRESENT SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, Cameroon SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun DISEASE PRESENT 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Typing required 2015/untyped, Apr 2016/serotyping pending Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Central Afr. Rep. Chad DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA /SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available Not available Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Cote D'Ívoire 2012, 2015/A, NOT SAMPLED 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Jun 2013/not typed /DISEASE AVAILABLE Equatorial SUSPECTED Guinea / NO DATA Not available Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O Ghana **/SEROTYPES 2014/not available NOT REPORTED See Text Guinea Biss /DISEASE ABSENT 2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED No data available 2015/ Disease suspected , 2015/ DISEASE Guinea ABSENT 2014/ SEROTYPES NOT 2014/not available REPORTED Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available 2012/ NO DATA AVAILABLE 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT Mali REPORTED 2011/2012, no precise data /SAT /A, SAT 1 Mauritania /NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS **/SAT 2 Dec 2014/SAT 2 21

23 Niger Nigeria Sao Tome Principe Senegal /NOT SAMPLED /O 2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012, **/ NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled, May 2015/O Nov 2015/A and SAT 1, Sept 2014/0 and SAT 2 Not available 2014/ SAT 1 Feb 2015/ A and O Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT /O Genotyping required Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 1, 17 5 per 2015 Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV) Serotype SAT 1 (?) Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 and unnamed genotypes) SAT 2/VII/unnamed O/WA/unnamed A/AFRICA/G-IV Pool 5 O/EA-3/unnamed SAT 2/VII/Lib -12 F. POOL 6 Southern Africa Angola 2 A FMD outbreak for which serotyping is still pending occurred on the 29 th of April 2016 in clinically affected cattle in Cunado Cubango, Angola, which is on the border of Namibia (Map 10). The outbreak occurred in a very remote area in a herd of 34 unvaccinated animals located approximately at 100 km to the East of the previous event of FMD. Veterinary staff confirmed outbreak based on twelve clinical cases. The present event is not related to previous outbreaks. Origin of outbreak is unknown and the containment measures adopted are the following: movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, and official destruction of animal products, carcasses, by-products and waste, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone, modified stamping out and zoning. No treatment was administered to affected animals while vaccination in response to the outbreak was carried out in 3,510 cattle. A summary of the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 13 and location of outbreak is represented in Map

24 Table 13: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred during in April 2016 Cunado Cubango, Angola. Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity rate *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 10: Location of the outbreak of in that occurred during in April 2016 Cunado Cubango, Angola.. Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 3, % 0.00% 0.00% 0.33% Mozambique 2 Due to a current intensive drought in the region, there is the concentration of a high number of stock in a few water bodies with an increase in the movement of FMD susceptible animals and in interactions with wildlife species. A total of 426 new FMD cases were detected (152 in Massingir district of Gaza Province and 274 in Magude district of Maputo province) since the first notification of this event, in May 2015 up to the end of September Vaccination was administered to 113,870 cattle employing a vaccine containing antigens of FMDV serotypes SAT 1 and 2. No new clinical case of FMD was reported between February and. RSA 15 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa examined 3,453 samples using liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 and 20 samples using NSP ELISA. The laboratory is carrying out research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Zimbabwe 2 Relative to the series of FMD outbreaks that started in April 2014 due to FMDV serotype SAT2, introduced by illegal movement of animals, contact with infected animals at grazing and watering and contact with wild animals no new case was reported for the last two months. All previously infected districts are still under quarantine and twenty-four hours roadblocks with veterinary and police officers were put in place in the affected districts to control animal movements as well as raise awareness for foot-and-mouth disease. Control measures still in act are movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zones, control of wildlife reservoirs and zoning. Vaccination was carried out in Manicaland in 50,000 cattle in the wildlife-livestock area and in Masvingo a booster vaccination was provided 23

25 to 26,992 cattle following the initial vaccination of all properties within a 20-km-radius zone around the infected outbreaks. Table 14: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, , for geographic distribution see Map 11 below. COUNTRY Angola Botswana FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) 2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED / DISEASE ABSENT 2015/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED /SAT /SAT 1 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 July 2015/ SAT 2 /typing pending Jun 2015/typing pending July 2015/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1 Comment Congo D. R /A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed 2012/NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Oct 2011, Malawi / NO DATA AVAILABLE Sep 2015/SAT /DISEASE ABSENT, Mozambique 2014/ SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED July 2015/SAT 2, May 2015/ SAT 1 See Text 2015/ NO DATA AVAILABLE Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe /SAT /SAT 2 May 2015/SAT 1, Jun 2015/SAT 2, July/typing pending /SAT 2 Dec 2015/SAT 3, Nov 2014/ SAT 2, 2013/SAT 1 Aug 2013/SAT /SAT /SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2, Mar / NO DATA AVAILABLE 2016/SAT **/SAT /SAT /SAT 1 Nov 2015/SAT 2, Aug 2015/ SAT 1, Jun 2013/SAT 3 Genotyping required Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, (EuFMD) Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per , 17 : Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I(?), I(?)I and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV) Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III) Pool 6 SAT 2/IV/unnamed SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed SAT 2/III/unnamed SAT 2/I/unnamed SAT 2/II/unnamed 24

26 G. POOL 7 South America Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 2, 16 South America The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in May 2015 is presented in Map 12. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 12). The FMD history between is reported in Table 15. Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, , for geographic distribution see Map 12 below COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in **(1 st semester) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE #see pg. 1 Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT** 2011/O, A Comment National situation needs verification Map 12: FMD status for South America 2. 25

27 IV. OTHER NEWS: Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 1 The 1 st WRLFMD Quarterly Report for the period January March 2016 published the following table (Table 16) that contains a list of FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 16 Recommendations by the WRLFMD on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) March Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance 26

28 V. REFERENCES - Superscripts Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation 1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 2. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 3. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal - Dr. Sharmila Chapagain 6. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 7. Fuat Özyörük, Head NRL FMD, FMD Institute Ankara, Turkey 8. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 9. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 10. SEACFMD, National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Kenneth Ketter) 12. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph AdongoAwuni) 13. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr.Ularamu Hussaini) 14. Laboratoire National de l Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) (Miss Mariame Diop and Dr. Moustapha Lô) 15. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Punta del Este, Uruguay, 7-8 April, OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report