1) distribution 2) regulation 3) protection

Transcription

1 UNIT 6: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1) List the three general functions of BLOOD. REVIEW QUESTIONS Blood 1) distribution 2) regulation 3) protection 2) a) What are the three formed elements /cellular elements in blood (use anatomy vocabulary)? 1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) b) List 6 things found in plasma, the liquid portion of blood? 1. Water 2. Gases (ex: carbon dioxide) 3. Nutrients (ex: sugar, amino acids, vitamins & minerals) 4. Hormones 5. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+2) 6. Cellular wastes c) Where is hemoglobin found specifically? Inside red blood cells 3) a) What is the name of RBC (erythrocyte) formation? Hematopoiesis b) Where do blood cells form? Red bone marrow c) Erythropoietin is available as a drug (sold by Amgen!). Why would athletes abuse it? To force their bodies to make more red blood cells. As a result of having extra red blood cells, they can carry extra oxygen & go through cellular respiration longer during competitions. 4) Approximately how long does a RBC live? approximately 120 days Where are they recycled? Liver and spleen 5) a) What is hemostasis? Process of how you stop bleeding b) List the steps that may occur in hemostasis with a brief explanation of what happens in those steps. 1. Vasoconstriction: smooth muscle of the blood vessel contracts and makes the vessel smaller thereby slowing blood flow in that area 2. Platelet plug formation: platelets stick to the exposed vessel wall and form a plug 3. Blood coagulation: fibrin protein catches red blood cells and forms a clot to seal the hole c) Discuss the roles of fibrinogen and fibrin in blood clot formation. Fibrinogen is the inactive version of the protein and it is soluble (dissolved) in blood plasma. When there is an injury to the vessel, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin which is insoluble (not dissolved) and forms a net. This net-like protein catches red blood cells to form the clot. 6) Distinguish between a THROMBUS and an EMBOLUS. A Thrombus: clot in a blood vessel Embolus: when a piece of a clot (thrombus) breaks off and moves through the circulatory system 7) a) A person who has Type B blood has what type of antigens on their red blood cells? B b) What antibodies are in their plasma? Anti-A antibodies c) What type(s) of blood could a Type B person receive in a transfusion? Type B and Type O

2 8) What happens when there is a mismatched blood transfusion? Agglutination (clumping of red blood cells); the person receiving the wrong type of blood has antibodies to the antigen on the donated red blood cells. The antibodies grab onto the donated RBC s and form them into a big clump) 9) a) If a person is Rh+, do they make anti-rh antibodies? No, they wouldn t make antibodies against themselves. b) If a person is Rh-, do they make anti-rh antibodies? Yes. c) When is there an issue with Rh factor in pregnancy and why? If the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, then she will make Anti-Rh antibodies if the two blood types get mixed (as in childbirth). The Anti-Rh antibodies have the ability to pass through the placenta membranes from mother to baby and the baby s blood will agglutinate. FYI: *The issue is usually with baby #2 who is Rh+. *Doctors give the RhoGam shot to Rh- women to prevent this from happening. 10) a) Which blood type is the universal recipient (include Rh factor as well)? Why? AB+; This person can get blood from anyone because they have all the antigen types on their red blood cells (A, B, and Rh). Therefore, they will not make antibodies against themselves. b) Which blood type is the universal donor (include Rh factor as well)? Why? O-; This person doesn t have any antigen at all on their red blood cell at all. Therefore, these cells can be given to anyone since they are naked and won t react with anyone s antibodies. **remember, only the cells are donated, not the plasma/serum c) Why can a person receive platelets donated by anyone, but must receive a particular type of whole blood? Platelets do not have antigen on them. Also, they are only fragments of a cell and don t have a nucleus. As a result, your immune system won t see them as an invader to be destroyed 11) Briefly escribe the following blood conditions: a) hemophilia: inherited blood clotting disease where the blood doesn t clot (bleeding won t stop); treated with shot of missing clotting factors b) anemia: Any disorder caused by the inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen supplies (FYI ex: not enough RBC s due to cancer/radiation/infection or Vitamin B-12 deficiency; not enough iron so can t make enough hemoglobin for RBC s; irregular hemoglobin like in sickle cell anemia) c) leukemia: type of cancer which has abnormal leukocyte (white blood cell) production (make too many but they don t function like they re supposed to); (FYI: cells are immature; abnormal; person is susceptible to infection) 12) What is polycythemia and when does it occur naturally? High number of red blood cells; If a person lives at high elevations where there is lower oxygen levels, the body responds by making more red blood cells.

3 Major Arteries and Veins Review Questions 1) Name the largest artery in the human body: aorta largest vein? Vena cava 2) What is the major vein that returns blood from the walls of the heart (myocardium) to the right atrium? (2 names; use your notes) Coronary sinus, otherwise called coronary veins 3) a) List the three layers of blood vessel walls and describe how what that layer is made of leads to its function. Tunica adventicia: fibrous connective tissue that helps hold vessels open and prevents the tearing of vessel walls during movement Tunica media: elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle that permit changes in blood vessel diameter Tunica intima: endothelium that forms a completely smooth lining b) What are 2 key structural differences between arteries and veins in regard to these layers? 1) tunica media is thicker in arteries (to take the higher pressure) 2) tunica intima forms valves in veins 4) What is the key function of capillaries? diffusion 5) Match the arteries in column A with the regions supplied in column B. Place the letter of your choice in the space. (some are not on your required list; use your brain or the college textbook!) Column A Column B A) anterior tibial artery D 1) jaw, teeth, and brain B) brachial artery H 2) muscles of the chest wall C) bronchial artery K 3) kidney D) carotid artery G 4) pelvis E) mesenteric artery A 5) foot and toes F) hepatic artery I 6) thigh G) iliac artery B 7) triceps muscle H) axillary artery J 8) knee joint I) femoral artery C 9) lung tissue J) popliteal artery L 10) spleen K) renal artery M 11) lower arm muscles L) splenic artery E 12) intestines and colon M) ulnar artery F 13) liver STUDY QUESTIONS Heart 1) What is the function of the foramen ovale and ductus anteriosis in a fetus? The function of the foramen ovale (hole between the right and left atrium) and the ductus arteriosis (an extra connection leading from pulmonary trunk to the aorta) is so that oxygenated blood can pass into systemic circulation faster. The hole and the extra duct should seal after the baby is born. Since the baby is not using their lungs to bring in oxygen, it isn t necessary for all of the blood to make a trip to the lungs. The blood entering the baby s heart is already oxygenated and can therefore bypass the trip to the lungs & head out to the baby s body.

4 2) What ensures: a) that the blood on the right and left side of the heart don t mix? Interventricular septum b) that the blood only flows in one direction between the atria and ventricles and from ventricles to arteries? The AV valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) prevent backflow from ventricles to atria and the semilunar valves prevent backflow from arteries to ventricles. 3a) Explain the structural relationship between the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. Chordae tendineae are anchored to papillary muscles 3b) How does this anatomical structure lead to its function in the heart? Chordae tendineae keep AV valves from everting/prolapsing into atrium ( blowing backwards like a cheap umbrella on a windy day) and keep the valves closed. 4) Why does the left ventricle have thicker, more muscular walls (myocardium) than the right ventricle? the left ventricle has to pump blood out to the body (needs lots of pressure to push the blood out to that distance) not just out to the lungs 5) What is the pericardium? double-walled sac containing the heart 6) Complete the following chart summarizing the components involved in cardiac conduction. Component Where is it in the heart? Role in cardiac conduction? SA node Top of R atrium Pacemaker cells; initiates contraction impulse (SA node AV node causes atrial systole) AV node Purkinje fibers Top of interventricular septum Throughout apex of heart (around both ventricles) Passes impulse to AV bundle running through interventricular septum Cardiac impulse travels throughout apex and leads to ventricular systole (contraction) 7) Differentiate between systole and diastole. Systole: heart chambers are contracted *there is atrial systole and then there is also ventricular systole Diastole: heart chambers are relaxed

5 8) Fill in the following chart: Conduction Phase AV Valves (open or closed?) Semilunar valves (open or closed?) Blood being pumped (Y or N?); Direction? Atrial Systole Open Closed Yes: from atria to ventricles Ventricular Systole Closed Open Yes: from ventricles to arteries (R ventricle to pulmonary trunk/arteries and L ventricle to aorta) Diastole Open (due to gravity; passively open) Closed No 9) What is happening in each of these blood circuit patterns? a) pulmonary: blood is being pumped from right ventricle to lungs in order to get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide and then go back to heart (L atrium) b) systemic: blood is being pumped from left ventricle to organ/muscles of the body in order to deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide and then go back to heart (R atrium) c) coronary: blood is being pumped from left ventricle to heart myocardium in order to deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide and then go back to heart (R atrium) 10a) In which blood vessels is blood pressure greatest? arteries 10b) In which blood vessels is blood pressure lowest? veins 10c) Smooth muscle in which vessels constrict or dilate to affect blood pressure? arteries 10d) Explain what the 2 numbers in a blood pressure reading (such as 120/70) tells you? When the ventricles contract, the blood exerts a force/pressure of 120mmHg on arterial walls as the blood moves through the brachial artery. When the heart is in diastole (relaxing), the blood exerts a force/pressure of 70mmHg on the brachial artery wall. 11) How is blood pressure regulated by negative feedback? Baroreceptors in the walls of the aorta & carotid arteries sense changes in blood pressure. These changes in pressure cause the baroreceptors to send nerve impulses to medulla oblongata which then sends nerve impulses to S-A node to increase or decrease heart rate. For example, if your BP is too high, medulla oblongata will send slow down message to SA node. As a result, your blood pressure will decrease. If your BP is too low, then the medulla oblongata will send a beat faster message to the SA node which will boost your BP. 12) Describe the following heart conditions: a) PFO: foramen ovale didn t close after birth b) Atherosclerosis: artery wall thickens with plaque build-up c) Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the plaque lining the arteries d) Bradycardia: resting heart beat is slow (slower than 60 bpm) e) Tachycardia: resting heart beat is fast (higher than 100 bpm)

6 f) Aneurysm: abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel g) Heart murmur: sounds that are produced because a heart valve is leaking & blood is flowing backwards; How would a doctor diagnose a heart murmur? Listen to your heart beat with a stethoscope & they hear a hissing noise 13a) When a blood clot forms in a vessel supplying the heart and oxygen supplies are cut off, the heart tissue dies. The result is a heart attack. 13b) When a blood clot forms in a vessel supplying the brain and brain tissue dies as a result of a lack of oxygen, the result is a stroke. 14)Complete the following chart comparing two heart-related medical conditions: Condition What is it? / Symptoms? Caused by? ANGINA PECTORIS Pain in chest resulting from low blood supply (and therefore low oxygen supply) to cardiac muscle cells Narrowed and hardened arterial walls arthrosclerosis/arteriosclerosis *pain receptors stimulated by lactic acid (low oxygen conditions leads to lactic acid MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Pain; nausea; cold sweat; dizzy; severe fatigue. Prolonged lack of blood leads to lack of O 2 & then heart cell death (if reestablished w/in 20 min, no permanent damage) FYI: Cardiac arrest is a disruption of the conduction system. fermentation pathway in cells) Blocked artery (atherosclerosis leads to higher risk of this happening) 15) State the two anatomical causes of varicose veins from your notes. 1) weakness in the walls of veins 2) Defective or damaged vein valves these allow blood to pool in an area & that distends the walls of the veins so that they bulge out **KNOW: The pathway of blood as it flows through a complete systematic and pulmonary cycle. (Include all chambers, valves, and blood vessels associated with the heart & lungs.) test!