Faith Development and Faith Formation: More Than Just Ages and Stages

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1 Faith Development and Faith Formation: More Than Just Ages and Stages Robert J. Keeley 76 (&h /=#%.*$#?#8(/.8(3#.7$.?#/*86=$*%#(3#'&8*(.'#$.8#:<3#%3.$67#82*8(#6(&$./(4&8#GA#*7G&$6>.7(36*AC; (3#1.7/((.'#A&07&6#*>.E#&7'*A>#23#8A&07>*>A>7&(3#72*/>&78[;W0(#?#82.(3(3##F*'=$#/(3*( *>$#(&6&(3*(>0((3#A%*89(6&.(A#(: %307%3'.8./(7A:D(./?#7A#*/A1&70/(&(3.8E&16#?#$&='#8(.8(#7'/&1=3A/.%*$(*/E/Y2#2&0$68#?#7C1&7 6&89(3*?#(3#>*$*8%#(&6&(3*(A#(:W0(/&'#(.'#/2#6&89((3.8E*>&0(&(3#7(A=#/&16#?#$&='#8(*86 2#>/.(#./Y222:%*$?.8:#60Zs7E##$#A: a<3./*7(.%$#./*6*=(#617&'4x(#=wax(#=y)*.(3j#?#$&='#8(*86)*.(3)&7'*(.&8;>as&>#7(e##$#a.8 S#/&07%#/C+,-,b Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith 20

2 <3#7#*7#'*8A(A=#/&16#?#$&='#8(*86* 2#(3.8ECb=/A%3&G/&%.*$6#?#$&='#8(a3&22#.8(#7*%(2.(3&(3#7/Cb'&7*$6#?#$&='#8(*861*.(3 6#?#$&='#8(:U/2#(3.8E*>&0(1*.(31&7'*(.&8.(./ 0/#10$(&(3.8E*>&0(6#?#$&='#8(*863&2(3*( '.8./(7A: Faith Development: Insights and Cautions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aith Development in Children D83./>&&EC7,+($2)&#)*+",-C23#8)&2$#7%&8/.6#7/ %*7#61&723#8(3#.7=*7#8(/*7#.82&7/3.=&7.8 Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith 21

3 %3.$67#8%*8$#*78(&(70/((3*((3#A2.$$>#2#$$ %*7#61&7*86$&?#6./&8#&1(3#'&/(.'=&7(*8( (3#.7=*7#8(/: =7.'*7.$AC*7#1$#%(.&8&1=*7#8(*$1*.(3:D(2&0$6># #*/A1&70/(&%&8%$06#(3*((3././89(7#*$$A*%3.$69/ &281*.(3/.8%#.(./*7#1$#%(.&8&1/&'#&8##$/#9/ *>/(7*%($AC(&(*E#/&'#&8##$/#9/=#7/=#%(.?#&8 - <3#.7 >*/#6&8.'=7#//.&8/t.'=7#//.&8/(3*((3#A'&/($A =.%E0=17&'(3#.7=*7#8(/:D(2&0$6>#087#*$./(.% /&7(&1$&@.%*$&72#$$G&7@*8._#66#/%7.=(.&8&1(3#.7 1*.(3:<3#A97#8&(2.7#61&7(3*(A#(:<3#.71*.(3(*$E >*/#6&8(3#/(&7.#/(3*((3#A3*?#3#*76*86&8(3# 1*.(3.8(3#.73&'#*86.8(3#.7%307%3:D(./C*/ e8&2.8@(3*(%3.$67#8&1(3./*@#*7#>0.$6.8@* 1&086*(.&81&7(3#(A=#&11*.(3(3#A#F=#7.#8%#$*(#7 (3#'*((3./#*7$A*@#:e.6/$#*78/(&7.#/17&'0/.8 3*?#*8#?#8$*7@#7.'=*%(C/0%3*/(3.8@/(3*( >#@.8(&E8&223#(3#7(3#.7=*7#8(//##%307%3*/* =$*%#&1Q&A&7*=$*%#*(23.%3(3#A'#7#$A3*?#*8 %307%3./*=$*%#23#7#(3#A1##$%&'1&7(*>$#: 7#=#(.(.&8:"3#8&07%3.$67#82#7#A&08@#7(3#A 3*6(3#.71*?&7.(#*06.&(*=#/C?.6#&/*86JlJ/:D8 &1R+/'$3(3#82#%&0$6=&//.>$A#8Q&A>0(&07 #F*'=$#&1(3./.8&07%307%3*1#2A#*7/>*%E:D8 &07%3.$67#89/2&7/3.=%#8(#71&7(37##GA#*7G&$6/C2# L$*AGJ&3:"#/*2(3./*/*2*A(&3#$=(3#%3.$67#8 #*%3&(3#7:D(3*==#8#6#?#7A2##E*86(3#%3.$67#8 /##'#6(&$.E#.(:\8#/0''#7C2#6#%.6#6(3# *@#/d(37&0@3d 3*==A:U1#2&1(3#'Q0/(%&0$689(1.@07#&0(23A2# (.'#`<3./7#.81&7%#6(&0/(3#.'=&7(*8%#&1L$*AG J&31&7(3#/#%3.$67#8C>0('&7#>7&*6$A.( 7#'.86#60/Q0/(3&2.'=&7(*8(7#=#(.(.&8*86 7.(0*$*7#:<3.//&7(&17.(0*$3*/>##8>0.$(.8(& W#77A'*89/@&0%3)I%+3 &7W#77A'*8*86X(#2*7(9/ Q&9'()6-"%0/$')+'0);&/2-"8: 7#=#(.(.&8/3&0$689(3*==#8Q0/(.8%3.$67#89/ 2&7/3.=7&&'/C.(/3&0$6*$/&3*==#8.8 /&8@/(3*(*7#/08@#?#7A2##Ea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all 2010 Lifelong Faith 22

4 3*66&8#.8%$*//:X3#6#'&8/(7*(#6.8*/'*$$2*A (3#/(&7.#/&1(3#\$6*86I#2<#/(*'#8(/:e.6/ /(&7.#/%*(%3(3#.7*((#8(.&8:"3.$#(3././(70#1&7*$$ &10/C&1%&07/# C.(./#/=#%.*$$A(70#1&7%3.$67#8&1 d <3././&8#&1(3#(3.8@/2#$#*78#6 17&'H#*8L.*@#(9/2&7E.8%&@8.(.?#6#?#$&='#8(: <3./%3*7*%(#7./(.%&1(3#.7(3.8E.8@'*E#//(&7AC*/ &==&/#6(&$#//&8/(3*(*7#>0.$(*7&086%&8%#=(/C =*7(.%0$*7$A2#$$/0.(#6(&(3#': T?#8'&7#.'=&7(*8($AC(3&0@3C(3#/(&7.#/&1 (3#W.>$#@.?#%3.$67#8*/#8/#&123&(3#A*7#*86 &123*(.('#*8/(&>#(3#=#&=$#&1N&6:<3#/#*7# &071*'.$A/(&7.#/*86$#*78.8@(3#'./.'=&7(*8(*( (3.//(*@#.81*.(36#?#$&='#8(:D(@.?#/%3.$67#8(3# =.#%#/(3#A2.$$8##6/&(3*(C23#8(3#A@#((&(3# 8#F(/(*@#&16#?#$&='#8(*86%*8>#@.8(&=0( (3.8@/(&@#(3#7C(3#A3*?#(3#>0.$6.8@>$&%E/*( (3#.76./=&/*$*$7#*6A: <3#%307%3C(3#8C3*/*2&86#710$&==&7(08.(A (&/3*7#(3#.'=&7(*8(/(&7.#/&1&071*.(3(& %3.$67#8*(*(.'#23#8(3#A*7#6#?#$&='#8(*$$A 7#*6A(&7#%#.?#(3#':U67A(7*8/'.//.&8&1(3#/# /(&7.#/./89(@&.8@(&6&.(C(3&0@3:"#8##6(&0/# (3./&==&7(08.(A(&/3*7#(3#/#/(&7.#/2.(3(3#'.8 *2*A(3*(*$$&2/%3.$67#8(&$.?#.8/.6#&1(3# /(&7.#/: m <3#/#/(&7.#/*7#7.%3*866##=*862# /3&0$68&(0/#(3#'*/'#7#$A*?#3.%$#(&@#((&* '&7*$$#//&8:D12#6&(3./2#2.$$>#'#7#$A@.?.8@ %3.$67#8*%3#%E$./(&16&/*866&89(/.8/(#*6&1.8(7&60%.8@(3#'(&(3#/(&7.#/&1N&6*863./ =#&=$#: 53.$67#8.8(3.//(*@#6&89(0/0*$$A*/EP0#/(.&8/ *>&0(23#(3#7(3#1*.(3(3*((3#A7#%#.?#617&' (3#.7=*7#8(/2&7E/&78&(:<3#A=7#((A'0%3/(.$$ Q0/(*%%#=(.(*/(3#2*A(3.8@/*7#:<3././*$/&(70# 1&7*60$(/23&*7#/(.$$.8(3.//(*@#:e#88#(3X(&E#/C.83./>&&EC*+",-)"2)+)J$/4C27.(#/(3*(*60$(/23& =&//#//*1*.(3(3*(./4/(7*.@3(1&72*76*86 $.(#7*$./(.%;#F=#7.#8%#(3#.71*.(3(3./2*A:<3#A2.$$ $.E#$A1.86(3#'/#$?#/'&/(%&'1&7(*>$#.8*%307%3 (3*(#'=3*/._#/*3.@3$A$.(#7*$.8(#7=7#(*(.&8&1 /%7.=(07#*86*/(7&8@/#8/#&1(3#*0(3&7.(A&1(3# %307%3$#*6#7/:"3.$#(3#A2.$$$.E#$A8&(3*?#(3# /*'#%&@8.(.?#7#/(7.%(.&8/*/#$#'#8(*7A/%3&&$ %3.$67#8C(3#A2.$$%&'#(&(3#.71*.(3.8(3#/*'# 08#F*'.8#62*A: Faith Development in Adolescents and Young Adults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all 2010 Lifelong Faith 23

5 Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith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

6 Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith 25 2#$$(&(3#.7P0#/(.&8/C#/=#%.*$$A23#8(3#A3*?# '*E#//#8/#(3*((3#7#2.$$>#P0#/(.&8/1&723.%3 2#Q0/(6&89(3*?#*8/2#7/:W0(*=#7/&823&$./(#8/ P0#/(.&8(3#.71*.(3aX(&E#/C-pb:W0((3.//&7(&1 2.(3: %&''08.(A(3*(*$$&2/(3#'(&#F=7#//(3#.71*.(3.8 (3#.7&282*A:U((3./=&.8((3#.71*.(3./P0.(#.86.?.60*$./(.%c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aith Development in Adulthood (3#%&''08.(A.8*2*A(3*((3#A%&0$689(>#1&7#: <3#7#*7#/(.$$P0#/(.&8/>0((3#/#*7./#.8(3# (3#4'A1*.(3;(3*((3#=#7/&83*/6#?#$&=#6#*7$.#7 3*?#6#=(3*867.%38#//(&(3#'*86(3#A*7#7#*6A #8%&08(#7/2.(3537./(.*81*.(3(7*6.(.&8/&(3#7(3*8 %*0(.&8/(3*((3././8&(*42./3AG2*/3A8#0(7*$.(A; >0(.8/(#*6.(7#=7#/#8(//&'#&8#23&./&=#8(&

7 &(3#7=#7/=#%(.?#/>#%*0/#3#&7/3#./#F(7#'#$A /#7?.%#&==&7(08.(.#/*/2#$$*/&==&7(08.(.#/(& <3#A*7#*>$#(&/##(3#>#*0(A&12&7/3.=(3*(./ (&3./$./(23.%32#2.$$&8$A>7.#1$A'#8(.&83#7#: 7*6.%*$2*A/1&7(3#.71*.(3C=#&=$#$.E#N*863.C 7*7#: Conclusion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nd Notes - <3./%&'#/17&'*8086#7/(*86.8@&1L.*@#(9/ <3#&7A&15&@8.(.?#6#?#$&='#8(: + 4<*>$#N7*%#/Y5&88#%(.8@X08@L7*A#7/.85307%3 Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith 26

8 2.(3V#*$L7*A#7/*(^&'#C;E$#&/1$0);&/2-"8) STC=-hG-r: d X##U7(307CX*7*3C4J./(.8@0./3.8@J7*@&8/Y<3# D'=&7(*8%#&1X(&7A.8)*.(3)&7'*(.&8;.8e##$#AC S&>#7(H:a#6:b7-+8$0)R3)@&0L)P.$%D$)K22$',"+%2)#&/) =9/,9/"'()*+",-)"')6-"%0/$'B)Q&9,-)+'0)F09%,2C N7*86S*=.6/CVDY)*.(3U$.?#537./(.*8S#/&07%#/C +,-,C=drGmh: m )&7*8#F(#86#66./%0//.&8&123*(D'#*8>A(3./ /##e##$#acs&>#7(h:cg$%8"'()o9/)6-"%0/$')@/&.) "')*+",-N7*86S*=.6/CVDYW*E#7W&&E/C+,,o: Works Cited W#77A'*8CH#7&'#:@&0%3)I%+3:V.88#*=&$./Y U0@/>07@)&7(7#//C-ppg: )&2$#7CH*'#/:7,+($2)&#)*+",-:X*8)7*8%./%&Y^*7=#7 *86S&2C-po-: X'.(3C537./(.*82.(3V#$.//*K086P0./(J#8(&8: 7&9%)7$+/5-"'(C)I#2O&7EY\F1&76]8.?#7/.(A L7#//C+,,g: X(#2*7(CX&8Q*V:*86H#7&'#W#77A'*8:Q&9'() 6-"%0/$')+'0);&/2-"8C)K&0./?.$$#Y"#/('.8/(#7 H&38e8&FL7#//C-pog: X(&E#/Ce#88#(3:*+",-)"2)+)J$/4:VA/(.%Y<2#8(AG <3.76L0>$.%*(.&8/C-pop: Fall 2010 Lifelong Faith 27

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