BIOLOGY 2331 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I (Current as of January 1, 2018)

Transcription

1 BIOLOGY 2331 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I (Current as of January 1, 2018) COURSE OUTCOMES AND OBJECTIVES: Upon satisfactory completion of BIO Anatomy and Physiology I, the student should be able to perform the following outcomes and supporting objectives: 1. Apply fundamental knowledge of human cellular structure, tissues, organs and systems to succeed in preparatory coursework for the healthcare professions, biomedical research or other advanced scientific study. 1. Demonstrate the relationship between anatomy and physiology. 2. Define and list the different levels of structural organization of the body. 3. Relate the concepts of homeostasis and integration to life functions. 4. Describe the structure of a cell and explain the function of cellular organelles. 5. Discuss the functions of the cell membrane as they relate to osmosis, diffusion, filtration, dialysis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, generation of action potential and receptor binding. 6. Describe the structure and function of the four primary tissue types. 7. Locate the basic body membranes and discuss their functions. 2. Apply the fundamental knowledge of the human integument, skeletal, muscular, nervous and endocrine system to succeed in preparatory coursework for the Health Professions, biomedical research and advanced scientific study. 1. Describe and differentiate between the gross and microscopic anatomy of the organs, cells, and tissues of the skeletal, muscular, nervous, integumentary, and endocrine systems. 2. Integrate the anatomical features of the human body with the functions of the integumentary. skeletal, muscular, nervous and endocrine systems. 3. List the steps involved in ossification. 4. Describe the physiology of muscle contraction. 5. Describe the nature of a nervous impulse and explain integration of nervous impulses at the synapse 6. Describe the physiological, physical and psychological effects of hyper and hypo secretion of hormones. 7. Explain the regulatory role of the nervous and endocrine systems in maintaining homeostasis. COURSE CONTENT: I. Introduction 1. Definitions 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 2. Levels of organization 1. Chemicals 2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Systems 6. Organisms 3. Life processes 1. Metabolism 1. Catabolism 2. Anabolism 2. Excitability 3. Conductivity 4. Growth 5. Contractility 6. Differentiation 7. Reproduction 4. Anatomic characteristics 5. Directional terms - anatomic position 6. Anatomic names

2 7. Planes 1. Sagittal (midsagittal) 2. Coronal (frontal) 3. Transverse(horizontal) 8. Body cavities 1. Dorsal 1. Cranial 2. Spinal 2. Ventral 1. Thoracic 2. Abdominal 3. Pelvis 9. Homeostasis 1. Definition 2. Methods of maintaining 1. Positive feedback 2. Negative feedback 10. Cell structure 1. Cell (plasma) membrane 1. Structure 1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Integral proteins 3. Peripheral proteins 3. Membrane transport 1. Passive processes 2. Active processes 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles 1. Nucleus 1. Nuclear membrane 2. Chromatin 3. Nucleolus 2. Ribosomes 3. Endoplasmic reticulum 4. Golgi complex 5. Mitochondria 6. Lysosomes 7. Centrosome 8. Cytoskeleton 9. Cilia and flagella 4. Inclusions 11. Tissues 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Types 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Transitional 3. Glandular epithelium 1. Endocrine 2. Exocrine

3 2. Connective tissue 2. Embryonic connective tissue 3. Adult connective tissue 1. Connective tissue proper 1. Loose (areolar) 2. Adipose 3. Dense (collagenous) 4. Elastic 5. Reticular 6. Reticulo-endothelial 7. Cartilage 8. Hyaline 9. Fibrocartilage 10. Elastic 2. Bone 3. Blood 4. Muscular 2. Types 1. Smooth (visceral) 2. Stridated (skeletal) 3. Cardiac 5. Nervous 2. Cell types 1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia 6. Membranes 1. Mucous membrane 2. Serous membrane 3. Cutaneous membrane (skin) 4. Synovial membrane 12. Integumentary 1. Functions 2. Skin 1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis 3. Accessory Structures 13. Skeletal system 1. Functions 2. Histology 1. Composition of osseous tissue 1. Cell types 2. Intercellular matrix 2. Types of bony tissue 1. Compact bone (haversian system) 2. Cancellous (spongy) bone 3. Gross anatomy of bones 1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones

4 4. Irregular bones 5. Wormian (sutural) bones 6. Sesamoid bones 3. Ossification 1. Sequence of events 2. Intramembranous 3. Endochondral (intracartilagenous) 4. Bone growth 1. Epiphyseal plate 2. Epiphyseal line 3. Growth in diameter 4. Homeostasis 1. Remodeling 2. Hormones 3. Vitamins 5. Fractures 1. Types 2. Healing 3. Remodeling 6. Axial skeleton 1. Skull 2. Hyoid bone 3. Vertebral column 1. Curvatures 2. Disorders 4. Thorax 7. Appendicular skeleton 1. Pectoral girdle 2. Upper extremity 3. Pelvic girdle 4. Lower extremity 14. Articulations 1. Classification by movement 1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis 2. Classification by structure 1. Fibrous 1. Sutures 2. Synostosis 3. Syndesmosis 4. Gomphosis 2. Cartilaginous 1. Synchondrosis 2. Symphysis 3. Synovial 1. Structure 2. Types 1. Ball and socket (spheroid) 2. Condyloid (ellipsoidal) 3. Hinge (ginglymus) 4. Pivot (trochoid) 5. Saddle (sellaris)

5 6. Gliding (arthrodia) 3. Movements permitted 15. Muscular system 3. Types 4. Anatomy of skeletal muscle 1. Connective tissue 2. Blood and nerve supply 3. Histology 1. Cell structure 2. Myofilaments 3. Sarcomere 1. A band 2. I band 5. Physiology of muscle contraction 1. Sliding filament theory 2. Structure and function of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) 3. Motor unit 4. Steps in muscle contraction 1. Resting potential 2. Impulse in motor neuron 3. Events at NMJ 4. Action potential 5. Repolarization 5. Energy for muscle contraction 6. "All or none" 7. Kinds of muscle contraction 1. Twitch 2. Tetany 3. Isotonic 4. Isometric 8. Tonus 9. Atrophy/hypertrophy 10. Agonist, antagonist, synergist 16. Nervous system 1. Organization 1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 2. Histology 1. Neuroglia 1. Functions 2. Types 2. Neurons 1. Structure 1. Axons 2. Dendrites 3. Cell body 2. Classification 1. Structure 2. Function 3. Physiology 1. Nerve impulse

6 1. Resting potential 2. Action potential 3. Repolarization 4. Refractory period 5. Saltatory transmission 6. Speed of transmission 2. Conduction across a synapse 1. Role of the neurotransmitter 2. Synaptic delay 3. Excitatory transmissions 4. Inhibitory transmissions 4. Spinal cord 1. Meninges 2. Surface anatomy 3. Cross section 1. Gray matter 2. White matter 4. Spinal tracts 1. Ascending tracts 2. Descending tracts 5. Spinal cord as a reflex center 1. Anatomic arrangement of spinal nerves 2. Components of the reflex arc 3. Types of reflexes 4. Clinical significance 6. Spinal nerves 1. Coverings 2. Names 3. Branches 4. Plexi 5. Brain 1. Meninges 2. Cerebrospinal fluid 1. Ventricles 2. Formation 3. Absorption 4. Composition 3. Blood supply 4. Brain stem 1. Medulla oblongata 2. Pons varolii 3. Midbrain 5. Diencephalon 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 6. Cerebrum (telencephalon) 1. Cortex 2. Hemispheres 3. White matter 4. Cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia) 5. Limbic system 1. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex sensory areas 2. Motor areas

7 3. Association areas 6. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 7. Cerebellum 8. Neurotransmitters 9. Cranial nerves 6. Motor, sensory, and integrative functions 1. Sensory functions 1. Receptors 2. Levels of sensations 3. Somatosensory area of the brain 4. Sensory pathways 2. Motor functions 1. Components of motor pathways 2. Pyramidal pathways 3. Extrapyramidal pathways 3. Integrative functions 1. Association areas 2. Integrative areas: taste and smell 4. Taste buds and nerve pathways 5. Olfactory receptors and nerve pathways 7. Vision 1. Anatomy of the eye 1. Accessory structures 2. Fibrous tunic 3. Vascular tunic 4. Nervous tunic 5. Lens 6. Cavities and chambers 7. Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles 8. Aqueous and vitreous humor 2. Physiology of vision 1. Refraction 2. Accommodation 3. Constriction and dilation of the pupil 4. Convergence 5. Stimulation of the photoreceptors 1. Rods 2. Cones 6. Visual pathway 7. Visual field 8. Disorders of the eye 8. Hearing and equilibrium 1. Anatomy of the ear 1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Inner ear 1. Bony labyrinth 2. Membranous labyrinth 2. Physiology of hearing 1. Stimulation of the receptors 2. Nerve pathway 3. Pitch versus frequency 4. Hearing disorders

8 3. Physiology of equilibrium 1. Static equilibrium 1. Definition 2. Stimulation of the receptors 3. Nerve pathways 2. Dynamic equilibrium 1. Definition 2. Stimulation of the receptors 3. Nerve pathways 4. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 5. General features 1. Visceral motor impulses compared to somatic motor impulses 2. Two neuron system 1. Preganglionic neuron 2. Postganglionic neuron 3. Divisions 1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic 6. Sympathetic division 1. Preganglionic neurons 2. Sympathetic ganglia 3. Possible synapses 4. Neurotransmitters 5. Receptors 7. Parasympathetic division 1. Preganglionic neurons 2. Parasympathetic ganglia 3. Neurotransmitters 4. Receptors 8. Visceral autonomic reflexes 9. Integration and control of the ANS 17. Endocrine system 1. General features 1. Functions 2. Definitions 3. Endocrine versus nervous system 4. Regulation of hormonal secretion 5. Hormone transport and metabolism 6. Mechanisms of hormonal action 1. Second messenger 2. Gene activation 7. Types of Hormones 2. Hypothalamus 1. Anatomy 2. Regulating hormones 3. Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei 3. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) 1. Embryological origin 2. Anatomic and physiologic relation to the hypothalamus 3. Hypophyseal portal system 4. Hormones secreted

9 3. Control of secretion 4. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) 1. Embryological origin 2. Anatomic and physiologic relation to the hypothalamus 3. Hypophyseal tract 4. Hormones secreted 3. Control of secretion 5. Thyroid gland 1. Structure and location 2. Histology 3. Hormones secreted 3. Control of secretion 6. Parathyroid gland 1. Structure and location 2. Parathormone 1. Function 2. Control of secretion 7. Adrenal cortex 1. Histology 2. Hormones secreted 3. Control of secretion 8. Adrenal medulla 1. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine 2. Effects of the hormones 9. Pancreas 1. Histology 2. Hormones secreted 3. Control of secretion 10. Pineal gland 1. Structure and location 2. Melatonin 1. Effects 2. Control 11. Thymus gland 1. Structure and location 2. Relationship between age and structure 3. Functions of the hormones secreted 12. Other endocrine tissue - kidney, gastrointenstinal (GI) tract, etc.