REPRODUCTION the of new or Cells to form new HEREDITY the of from cells to cells

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1 Biochemistry NOTES What is Biology? The of WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE? (7 TOTAL) MADE UP OF CELLS What is a cell? The smallest of cell exhibits the characteristics of life Very and Unicellular = Multicellular = REPRODUCTION the of new or Cells to form new HEREDITY the of from cells to cells DNA Stands for GROWTH increasing in or All organisms have a or pattern of throughout their lifetime Development when an organism s cells and METABOLISM - all the reactions that occur in the that or materials to sustain and are needed to grow, develop, and reproduce. RESPONSIVENESS an ability to and to an stimulus. What do organism s respond to? HOMEOSTASIS the process of a internal environment What needs to be maintained? Organisms must to changes in the external environment by the environment. If homeostasis is, the organism cannot.

2 WATER NOTES DID YOU KNOW THAT Earth is the planet because of the earth is covered in. Water is the single most compound in things. Water is one of the few compounds that is at the temperature s found on Earth s Water when it freezes, therefore, floats because it is less. o This enables to exist in frozen ponds and lakes during. POLARITY Shared are more to one atom than the other ( in water) like Uneven causes polar molecules have on ends or poles SOLUBILITY Water is the which means it can more substances than any other solvent. Water can dissolve compounds like and molecules like sugar because of the that they carry. Na + Cl - Solvent a liquid that is used to a (Examples ) Solute the dissolved in a (Examples ) Solution what you get when you dissolve a in a o mixed OR homogeneous o (Examples ) every can dissolve every. o Polar solvents dissolve solutes. o Nonpolar solvents dissolve solutes. Why do oil and water not mix? o Water is ; oil is

3 Hydrophilic to molecules Hydrophobic molecules HYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen has a charge when bonded to:,, & This is a very strong not a true. Hydrogen bonds are important in many that make up our. o Hold the of together and help give their shapes PROPERTIES OF WATER Very heat capacity = water and lots of (energy) without much change in Cohesion o Helps moderate Earth s o Helps maintain a constant internal (or ) Cohesion = water molecules to Adhesion = water molecules to other Adhesion Cohesion and adhesion cause action which allows water molecules to move through the of a plant. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS/MACROMOLECULES/BIOMOLECULES BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS Organic Compounds that contain Macromolecules, complex molecules that make up the parts of a and are used in processes Biomolecules necessary for Monomer small (or building ) that make up

4 CARBOHYDRATES (AKA ) Monomers ( sugar ) Elements,, and Usually in a ratio ( ) Functions of Carbs o Major source of o support o Cell Carbohydrate Examples Monosaccharides ( sugar) Disaccharides ( sugars) Polysaccharides ( sugars) LIPIDS (AKA ) Lipids are or water so lipids water Monomers Elements mostly and with a little Functions of Lipids o Long-term o water-proof Examples,,,, and PROTEINS (AKA ) Monomers o different amino acids in o The of the amino acids determines the protein s which determines its in the

5 Elements,,,, and sometimes Functions of Proteins and Examples o Build and provides support ( and ) o Are messages ( ) o Move through the cell ( ) o Help carry out important ( ) o Help the body ( ) NUCLEIC ACIDS (AKA ) Elements,,,, and Monomers Functions of Nucleic Acids o and the information for an Examples and ENZYME NOTES Chemical Reactions that happens in a is the result of a. Chemical Reaction a in the arrangement of or, yielding different Reactants what the reaction Products the of the reaction Homeostasis Most of these reactions must occur very quickly and require large amounts of energy to get started. Enzymes help organisms maintain by the reactions and the amount of required.

6 Catalyst Catalyst a substance that the rate of a chemical reaction without being by the o Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions in o Without enzymes, chemical reactions would occur or would occur to to sustain. How do Enzymes Work? Enzymes fit with like a fits a. o Enzymes are very and can only complete chemical reaction with specific substrates. Enzymes can be over and over. Substrate a that with the Active Site the where the substrate(s) with the enzyme The enzyme-substrate complex forms when the enzyme and the substrate(s) are together during the Product the of the chemical reaction (what the enzyme) Enzymatic Reaction Inhibitor anything that the from binding with the

7 How do Enzymes Speed up Reactions? Enzymes lower the of the reaction by the substrates and in the correct. Activation Energy the amount of energy to a chemical What affects an enzymes activity? Temperature o Enzymes only within certain temperature ranges. ph causes enzymes to change o The ph scale runs from (acids) (bases). The of substrate o The enzyme must have something to react with! Important Enzymes Enzyme names usually end with ATP synthase makes (the cell s ) Lipase breaks down DNA polymerase copies molecules Amalyase breaks down into molecules Enzyme Deficiencies The to make some enzymes causes and even.