Development of Functional Feed

Transcription

1 Development of Functional Feed Jacques Gaaudan DSM Nutritional products Bangkok, Thailand

2 Concept: Aquaculture functional feeds Functional feeds include specific (micro) ingredients targeting specific functions or product characteristics, thus ringing solutions to recurrent prolems in animal production cycles rather than only focusing on growth Product quality Reproduction Sustainaility Health Flesh/skin pigmentation Shelf life of flesh color (tuna) PUFA content Fertilization Emryo development Larval quality Fish oil replacement Fish meal replacement Feed cost control Stress mitigation Nutritional prophylaxis

3 Target: product quality Phase II Ranking criteria in purchasing dynamics Base: Total Phase II, n = 630 3

4 Functional feeds for product quality

5 Target: product quality ω-3 PUFAs, DHA and EPA, improve attention and may reduce ADHD in children Control Treatment Odds Ratio Duration of Supplementation (Days) % Days of illness During Supplementation Days of illness / Episode of illness ± ± Supplementation with DHA and EPA reduced the numer of days of asence from school due to illnesses

6 Functional feed with high EPA & DHA levels at the end of the production cycle Gilthead seaream. Seven-month feeding with high levels of vegetale oil followed y feeding FO Izquierdo 2005 Vegetale oils Fish oil

7 Target: reproduction Function Fecundity in gilthead seaream Fecundity in tilapia Fertilization Emryo development Micronutrients n-3 HUFA (1.6%) and vitamin E n-6 FA EPA, Arachidonic Acid, Vitamin C Antioxidants: E, C, astaxanthin Larval quality DHA, Vitamin E Izquierdo et al a % a a Viale eggs Fertilized eggs Larval survival 125/ /2.2 Dietary E/n-3 HUFA ppm/%d.w. Fernandez-Palacios et al. 2001

8 Broodstock feeds Traditionally: Fresh marine y-products Fresh marine y-products + formulated feeds Improved roodstock diets: Increased n-3 HUFA Increased Vitamin E Specific raw materials (squid meal) Disease propagation Environmental impact Nutrient levels inadequate Increased cost Species specific

9 Target: sustainaility Effect of SBM on intestinal epithelium of Atl. salmon Burrell et al Effect phytic acid on verteral structure of Atl. salmon Replacement of all or part of the fish meal with renewale plant protein raw materials Helland et al. 2006

10 Functional feeds for fish meal replacement 10 A D D AA ENZ Nuc Hydrolyze/inactivate

11 Dietary phytase degrades phytates / releases availale phosphorus P digestiility % c c a Dietary phytase g/mt

12 Dietary xylanase to degrade araino-xylans and release nutrients from plant cell walls Final ody weight (g) % +7% +8% +1% 80 FM10 FM5 FM5+WX200 FM5+WX100 Diaz and Verlhac 2011 FM10+WX100 FM10+WX weeks FM effect Enz. effect Interaction FBW (g) S S S FCR S S NS

13 Xylanase increases protein digestiility in Pangasius ADC Proteins % a a Xylanase FXU/kg Hung 2010

14 Dietary nucleotides maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelium Standard commercial diet Standard commercial diet supplemented with nucleotides Three weeks after eginning of feeding, mean fold height lateral ranching (BF) increased total gut surface

15 Functional lends or premixes contriute to a smooth switch from High fish meal diets to high plant meals diets AA ENZ Nuc Hydrolyze/inactivate

16 Target: resistance to infectious diseases Antiiotics in Norwegian Salmon farming Vaccinations Health controls Effluent treatment Feed improvement Functional feeds Directorate of Fisheries and Norwegian Food Safety Authority

17 Functional feeds at work in Norway EWOS oosterfeed /frontpage+ewos+uk_ewos/products/functional_feed/ Protec and Response Xtra diets Smart feed wprid/0a16bea26f a8!opendocument

18 Requirements and priorities of the immune system for nutrients Humphrey, Koustos and Klasing 2002 Immune system must otain necessary nutrients at right times in right amounts to comat infection Infection increases nutrient demand Functional feeds must e formulated to meet nutrient demand when immune system is challenged

19 Immune cells in the intestinal epithelium of fish Intraepithelial lymphocytes ( ) in distal intestine of carp. Uran et al Macrophages ( ) in intestinal epithelium of striped catfish Rodriguez et al. 2010

20 The defense mechanisms of fish Verlhac Trichet 2009 Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Phagocyte Time since infection

21 Functional (micro)ingredients for health Nutrients Non-nutritive immunostimulants Others Vitamins (C, E, D 3 ) Carotenoids Minerals (Se) Amino acids (Arginine) Fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) Nucleotides β-glucans Carageenans Chitosan Peptidoglycan Alginates Plant extracts Lactoferrin Preiotics (MOS, FOS) Proiotics Organic acids Essential oils

22 Vitamin C concentration affects functions of immune cells Pinocytosis Phagocytosis a Lymphocytes Phagocytes AA nmole/ 10^8 cells a Dietary Vit. C (ppm) Phagocyte Vit C nmoles/10 8 cells

23 Survival rate (%) FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Vitamin C enhances disease resistance in Tilapia fry Suwanmanee et al a a 7 day* 14 day** 21 day** Control 1 g/kg Duration of feeding the test diets a a Nile tilapia during the 21 day sex-reversal period IBW g Basal diet; commercial shrimp powder 40% CP Asc. ac. supplementation: 1, 2, 3 g/kg diet Feeding duration: 7, d Challenge y immersion with Streptococcus agalactiae for 7d Survival determined 7d post challenge

24 Vitamin E enhances phagocyte functions phagocytic index vit E 50 ppm vit E 150 ppm a vit E 600 ppm a vit E 50 ppm vit E 150 ppm vit E 600 ppm Neutral red (µg/2 x 10^6 cells) vit E 50 ppm vit E 150 ppm a vit E 600 ppm a vit E 50 ppm vit E 150 ppm vit E 600 ppm D i e t a r y V i t a m i n E

25 Vitamin E affects leukocyte apoptosis Apoptosis : capacity of cells to induce a death program when they are in ad condition or infected. 0.3 Apoptosis Index Stressor apoptosis indice DNA fragmentation Disrupted memrane Cell shrinking Apoptotic odies E 150 Lipid 14% E 150 Lipid 26% E 1200 Lipid 14% E 1200 Lipid 26%

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27 β-glucan: in vitro activation of macrophages Polysaccharides several types: origin, molecular weight Glucose molecules linked in β 1-3 and β 1-6 found in cell walls of yeasts and mycelial fungi β-glucan receptor on macrophage m Activate phagocyte fonctions RLU*10^ Activation of macrophages with graded doses of glucan Oxidative urst Dose in mg per 10^6 cells

28 Dietary nucleotides Dietary nucleotides Save energy since de novo synthesis requires high energy P groups (7-8) Lymphocyte proliferation Signaling through TLR Not in intestinal epithelium and immune cells Energy Metaolism HEALTH & Immune System PERFORMANCE

29 Toll like receptors (TLR) are present in fish and shrimp L. vannamei Yang et al., 2007 P. monodon Arts et al., 2007 F. chinensis Yang et al., 2008 P. japonicus Megata et al., 2008 D. rerio Jault et al., 2004 S. aurata Franch et al, P. olivaceus Takano et al., 2007 C. semilaevis Yu et al., 2009

30 Dietary nucleotides in fish Species Effects Reference Tilapia Growth, survival Ramadan & Atef, 1991 Tilapia A titer/vacc., lymphocyte prolif. Ramadan et al RBT Growth Adamek et al., 1996 RBT Survival [V. anguillarum challenge] Burrels et al. 2001a RBT Survival [ISA virus challenge] Burrels et al. 2001a Coho salmon Survival [P. salmonis challenge] Burrels et al. 2001a Atl. Salmon Sea lice infection Burrels et al. 2001a Atl. Salmon A titer/vacc., survival Burrels et al Atl. Salmon Intestinal fold Burrels et al Adapted from Li and Gatlin, 2006

31 Dietary nucleotides in fish Species Effects Reference Common carp RBT (all ) Phagocytosis, respiratory urst complement, lysozyme A. hydrophila infection B lymphocytes, resistance to IPN Plasma cortisol Sakai et al., 2001 Leonardi et al., 2003 Turot Altered immunogen expression Low et al., 2003 Hyrid stripped ass Common carp Neutrophil oxidative radical prod. Survival [S. iniae challenge] Survival [V. anguillarum challenge] Li et al., 2004 Huttenhuis et al., 2006 Grouper Growth, O 2- production ratio Lin et al., 2009 Partly adapted from Li and Gatlin, 2006

32 Dietary nucleotides in aquatic animals enhance: Survival Growth

33 Effect of dietary nucleotide on Tilapia immune response and resistance to a acterial challenge Shiau (unpulished) Leukocyte proliferation & survival after challenge with S. iniae Stimulation Index ConA Survival Survival % a a Exogenous nucleotides (ppm) 20

34 Effect of Nucleotides on tilapia survival after experimental infection - Survival Areechon et al Survival after challenged with S. agalactiae 10 6 CFU/ml 10 8 CFU/ml

35 Effects of dietary nucleotides on immune responses in L. vannamei Shi-Yen Shiau 2012 Respiratory urst (superoxide anion) a a Prophenoloxidase activity of hemocytes a a

36 Effects of dietary nucleotides on growth & immune response in L. vannamei S h i Y e n S h i a u A r e e c h o n Growth Feed efficiency Tot. hemocyte count (10 5 /ml) Hemi-granular cell count(10 5 /ml) Granular cell count(10 5 /ml) Respiratory urst (superoxide anion) Prophenoloxidase activity of hemocytes Growth Tot. hemocyte count (10 5 /ml) Phagocytic activity Superoxide dismutase Lysozyme activity Minimum NX dose for a significant enhancement 75 ppm 75 ppm 75 ppm 75 ppm 75 ppm ppm ppm ppm 150 ppm 75 ppm 150 ppm 300 ppm

37 Effects of nucleotides on disease resistance and immunity of L. vannamei Nontawith Areechon, 2012 Survival rate % Survival rate (%) during 14 d after challenge with V. harveyi Control 75 ppm 150 ppm 300 ppm Days 63.7% 63.3% 56.7% a 36.7% a

38 Dietary nucleotides in aquatic animals S t r e n g t h s All species No residues No resistance Very stale through feed processing/storage F u n c t i o n s Support cell proliferation Enhance innate & adaptive immune response Enhance resistance to diseases Reduce effects of stressors Enhance performance

39 Why we use functional feeds? Like any other animal fish is suject to stress. It can e due to environment (eg. temperature changes), handling (eg. grading, transport), diseases, etc. In these situations the immune system needs support to secure good growth. It is recommended to use ALLER VITAMAX feeds efore the predicted stress conditions appear to strengthen the immune system of the fish.

40 Conclusion Research and practice shows that functional feeds containing selected additives have well defined and strong effects on given physiological functions. The use of these feed must e part of a nutritional strategy contriuting to the sustainaility of aquaculture, higher productivity and enhanced resistance to infectious diseases Understanding the interactions of functional components in the feeds and the iochemical and physiological functions of the animal is key for the further development of functional feeds.

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