Nature Neuroscience: doi: /nn.4642
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2 Supplementary Figure 1 Recording sites and example waveform clustering, as well as electrophysiological recordings of auditory CS and shock processing following overtraining. (a) Recording sites in LC for experiments in which cells were held throughout fear conditioning and extinction. (b) Example waveforms and clusters from stereotrode recordings during pre-conditioning, fear learning and extinction experiments. (c) Experimental protocol. In overtraining experiments, all units (24 units) were optogenetically identified before CS, US, and CS-US presentations. (d,e) Perievent time histograms showing auditory CS (d) and shock US (e) evoked firing rate (y-axis) responses in example LC cells. Time is on x-axis with 0=CS or US onset time (CS period denoted by gray bar and US period denoted by orange bar). Bin size=500 ms (d), 200 ms (e). (f) Pie chart showing proportion of cells (n=24) auditory responsive (red, 45.8%), shock responsive cells (yellow inside, 79.2%) and those not exhibiting shock or auditory responding (black). 37.5% of cells responded to both CS and US, 8.3% responded to CS alone and 41.7% responded to US alone. (g) Heat plots showing auditory- (left) and shock-evoked (right) responses in all cells recorded aligned vertically by cell number. X-axis=time, 0 denotes tone CS or shock US onset, top gray bar shows tone CS duration and red bar shows US duration. Bin size=500 ms (left), 200 ms (right).
3 Supplementary Figure 2 Task-related changes in tonic firing rate and optogenetically identified cell characterization. (a) Tonic firing rate (20 sec prior to first stimulus in each session) changes across pre-cs, fear conditioning (FC), early and late extinction trials for all LC neurons held across all sessions (n=37) (one-way RM ANOVA, F 3, 111 = 0.90, P = 0.37). (b) Tonic firing rate changes for each auditory CS defined cell population during pre-cs, early and late extinction (two-way repeated RM ANOVA; interaction F 9,63 = 0.74, P = 0.67; effect of time F 3, 63 = 0.62, P = 0.60; effect of neuron type F 3, 21 = 0.21, P = 0.89). (c) Baseline firing rate (60 sec prior to first stimulus in each session) changes across pre-cs, fear conditioning (FC), early and late extinction trials for all LC neurons held across all sessions (n=37) (one-way RM ANOVA, F 3, 111 = 0.90, P = 0.37). (d) Baseline firing rate changes for each auditory CS defined cell population during pre-cs, early and late extinction (two-way repeated RM ANOVA; interaction F 9,63 = 0.87, P = 0.56; effect of time F 3, 63 = 1.06, P = 0.37; effect of neuron type F 3, 21 = 0.44, P = 0.73). (e) Schematic showing optogenetic identification and electrophysiological recording experimental approach. (f) Example perievent time histogram of cell showing laser inhibition of an LC neuron for optogenetic identification. (g) Pie chart showing proportion of optogenetically identified LC cells recorded across all tasks (n=10) which were classified as pre-cs (gray, 20%), Fear (red, 10%), Fear & Extinction (purple, 10%), Extinction (blue, 30%) or not responsive (black, 30%). Yellow inside chart shows proportion of shock responsive cells in each cell classification. (h) Population averaged auditory CS-evoked responses (y-axis) at pre-cs, early and late extinction for each cell type showing a similar trend to that seen when analyzing all LC cells recorded (see Fig. 2g for comparison). Data represent the mean ± SEM.
4 Supplementary Figure 3 Identification of high-firing-rate neurons using optogenetic ID of LC noradrenaline neurons in a TH-Cre rat. (a-d) Representative waveform (a), cluster (b), interspike interval (c), and autocorrelogram (d) of high frequency firing cell. (e) Example of perievent time histogram of optogenetic inhibition in high frequency firing cell. Bin size = 100 ms. (f) Distribution of spontaneous firing rate of all optogenetically identified units in overtraining experiment. 6/24 (data from 5 rats: rat 1=6 cells, rat 2=8 cells, rat 3=7 cells, rat 4=2 cells, rat 5=1 cell) cells are defined as high firing rate based on baseline firing rates of >10 Hz. Optogenetically identified, high firing rate cells were also apparent before any behavioral manipulation (2/10 optogenetically identified cells, data from 4 rats: rat 1=1 cell, rat 2=3 cells, rat 3=4 cells, rat 4=1 cell). (g) Perievent time histograms showing shock US evoked firing rate (y-axis) responses in example LC cell. Time is on x-axis with 0=CS or US onset time (US period denoted by bar). Bin size=200 ms. (h) Pie chart showing proportion of high-frequency firing rate cells (n=6) which were identified as auditory responsive (red, 50.0%), shock responsive (yellow inside, 83.3%) or non-responsive to shocks or auditory stimuli (black). 33.3% of cells responded to both CS and US, 16.6% responded to CS alone and 50.0% responded to US alone.
5 Supplementary Figure 4 Quantitative differences in LC neuronal responses to aversive shocks vs. sensory predictive cues. (a) Shock evoked responses do not differ between fear ( Fear and Fear+Extinction cells) and Extinction neurons (t 18 = 0.66, P = 0.52, unpaired t-test). Data represent the mean ± SEM. (b) Shock USs activate a significantly larger proportion of LC neurons 2 compared with tone CSs presented during pre-cs, early and late extinction (Cochran s Q test (3) =37.17, P<0.0001, followed by Wilcoxon sign tests for individual comparisons ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001, *P<0.05). (c) Shocks evoke a significantly larger response compared with auditory CS-evoked responses in LC neurons (t 36 = 4.50, * P < ).
6 Supplementary Figure 5 Retrograde tracer labeling. (a) Example of different populations of LA/B- (green) and IL- (blue) projecting LC neurons following injection of retrograde tracer (CTb- 647) into IL and RVG-GFP into LA/B (n=3 animals). (b) Same as a except LA/B projecting cells are green (from retrograde CAV2-cre- GFP injections) and IL projecting cells are labeled red (CAV2-DsRed into IL) (n=3 animals). TH is pseudocolored in blue. (c) Example of control experiment in which green and red retrobeads were coinjected into IL resulting in a high degree of overlap in LC neurons (green+red/green=80.1%, green+red/red=81.5%) (n=3 animals). Yellow triangles denote double labeled cells. (d) Example of similar non-overlapping noradrenaline populations in mouse LC. Green and red retrobeads were injected into IL and LA/B respectively. In mice, 9.9% of LA/B projecting neurons overlapped with IL projecting, 4.9% overlap of IL projecting cells with LA/B projecting (n=3 animals). TH is pseudocolored blue. All scale bars=20 μm.
7 Supplementary Figure 6 Freezing responses in c-fos experiments. (a) Paired CS-US group showed high freezing level while unpaired control group showed low freezing to CSs during 5CS retrieval. (b) Paired, but not unpaired, CS-US group extinguished fear memory during extinction session. Data represent the mean ± SEM.
8 Supplementary Figure 7 Rabies virus expression in the LC. (a,b) RVG-eArchT3.0-EGFP injected in LA/B (a) or IL (b) resulted in expression of earcht3.0-egfp (green cells) in LC-noradrenaline (immunostaining for TH, red) cells. Quantification of double labeled TH+&EGFP+ LC cells/total number of EGFP+ cells in LA/B- and ILprojecting cells. Data represent the mean ± SEM.
9 Supplementary Figure 8 Effect of inactivation of LA/B- or IL-projecting LC neurons on expression of extinction memories. (a,b) Inactivation of LA/B (a) or IL (b) projecting LC neurons had no effect on the expression of extinction memories when light illumination occurred during the retrieval test after extinction training. (unpaired students t-tests comparing GFP to Arch groups during at the Retrieval tests in A, t 16 = 0.77, P = 0.45 and B, t 13 = 0.62, P = 0.54). Data represent the mean ± SEM, and the numbers in parentheses represent the number of samples.
10 Supplementary Figure 9 Efferent mapping of LA/B- and IL-projecting terminal fields. (a) Quantification of the pixel density of axon terminal labeling in each area (pixel count in each region/pixel count in total region) for LA/B (red) and IL (green) projecting cells. (b) Density of innervation of LA/B, IL, ACx1 and ACx2 from TH+, LA/B projecting and IL projecting LC neurons. For a and b, parentheses show number of animals used in each group. (c) Confocal images showing examples of synaptophysin-mcherry labeling of axon terminals in IL, LA/B and ACx from TH-cre expressing, LA/B projecting and IL projecting cell populations. PL, prelimbic; ACC, anterior cingulate; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; ACx, auditory cortex; CeA/MeA, central and medial nuclei of the amygdala; IC, insula; PRh, perirhinal; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; dhip/vhip, dorsal/ventral hippocampus; Hpt, hypothalamus; MT, medial thalamus; VPM/L, ventroposterior medial/lateral thalamus; MgM, medial geniculate thalamus; VTA, ventral tegmental area; SN, substantia nigra; v/dpag, ventral/dorsal periaqueductal gray. For a&b, individual data-points are represented as black dots. Data represent the mean ± SEM, and the numbers in parentheses represent the number of samples. Scale bar=20 μm.
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