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Name: Class Period: Due Date: Spring Final Exam Review 2015 Sources of Information: Use your notes, ppts and review material on teacher s website, and online resources. Cells 1.

1 Name: Class Period: Due Date: Spring Final Exam Review 2015 Sources of Information: Use your notes, ppts and review material on teacher s website, and online resources. Cells 1. What are the 3 components of the cell theory? All living things are composed of one or more cells The cell is the most basic unit of life All cells arise from pre- existing, living cells 2. What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest? Cells tissue organs organ system - organism 3. In a plant cell, how does turgor pressure work? In a plant cells, the cell membrane gets pushed out when the large vacuole fills with water. The cell membrane pushes againt the cell wall and provides structure (rigidity) for the plant. Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall. Genetics and Types of Reproduction 1. The new plant offspring are the result of asexual reproduction. True or False? 2. F The offspring receives the best genes from each parent 3. F The offspring receives all the genes of both parents 4. F The offspring receives all of the genes from the strongest parent 5. T The offspring receives a mix of genes from both parents Define: 6. Heredity The passing of traits from parents to offspring. 7. Trait - A physical characteristic 8. Gene - Give an example A segment of DNA, found on a chromosome, that determines the inheritance of a particular trait 1

2 Example: eye color, fur color 9. DNA - Where is it found? DNA is genetic material that carries information about an organism. It is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus 10. Allele - Give an example. They are the different forms/versions of a gene. Example: Eye color - may be brown, blue, green 11. Phenotype - Give an example. The physical or visible traits of an organism. Examples; blonde hair, blue eyes, curly hair 12. Genotype - Give an example. The genetic makeup of an organism. Examples: TT, Tt, tt 13. Probability - What role does probability play in genetics? The chance that something may occur. The genes that we inherit are all based on probability 14. Dominant alleles - Use letters to explain. Genes that are stronger and mask other genes. If a dominant allele is present that trait will always show up. Dominant alleles are represented by a capital letter (TT, Tt) 15. Recessive alleles - Use letters to explain. Recessive alleles are hidden whenever a dominant allele is present. Recessive alleles are represented by lower case letters (tt) 16. Purebred - UsingT (tall) and t (short) and give an example of the meaning of purebred An organism with identical alleles for a trait TT, tt 17. Hybrid - UsingT (tall) and t (short) and give an example of the meaning of hybrid. An organism with two different alleles for a trait - Tt 18. Punnett Squares - They are used to show all the possible combinations/outcome of alleles that can result from a genetic cross 19. Asexual reproduction: a process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from a single parent cell 20. Sexual reproduction: a process of cell division that produces offspring from two different cells, offspring are genetically different from either parent, each parent contributes half the material in the DNA of the offspring 21. Fill in the following chart using the letter e. Homozygous or Purebred Homozygous or Heterozygous or Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Dominant Purebred recessive Hybrid E e EE ee Ee 22. Fill in the parents genotypes: T T t t 23. In purple people eaters, purple skin is dominant (P) and yellow skin is recessive (p). 2

3 What happens when you cross a homozygous dominant parent with a heterozygous parent? What are the parent genotypes? PP x Pp P P P p PP Pp PP Pp Offspring Genotypes = PP, PP, Pp, Pp Offspring Phenotypes = purple % of offspring that are Purple = 100% purple % of offspring that are yellow = 0% 24. How many chromosomes do human body cells have? How many chromosomes do human sex cells have? 46 body cells 23- sex cells 25. What is the main function of chromosomes? Chromosomes carry the genetic information that controls inherited characteristics such as eye color and hair color. 26. Compare and contrast the results of offspring from asexual and sexual reproduction using the following parameters: Parameters Asexual Sexual Genetic material Offspring receives all its genetic material from one parent Offspring receives half from each parent Genetic diversity Genetic traits No genetic diversity, same as parent Identical to parent Varied genetic diversity, large number of genetic combinations Combination of characteristics from each parent Natural Selection and Dichotomous Keys 1. The diagram shows the variation in beaks. Which factor most contributes to beak formation? Type of food 2. Drought conditions result in tough, big seeds which favor large beaks. 3

4 3. Wet conditions result in softer, smaller seeds which favor small beaks. Define these terms: 4. Natural selection - The process by which individuals that are better adapted to the environment survive and reproduce more successfully than other members of their species 5. Variation Any difference between individuals of the same species 6. Mutation - Any change that occurs in a gene or chromosome, could be harmful or helpful 7. Selective breeding/artificial selection - is the process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic trait Answer these questions: 8. What are some traits plants may have to increase their survival? Protection against animals: Spines, bitter taste, poisonous leaves, Water absorption/retention: thick leaves, waxy covering, longer roots 9. What is the difference between natural selection and adaptations? Adaptation is the process in which organisms evolve to be better suited to an environment. Natural selection is when the better suited organisms survive and reproduce while the opposing organism does not. Natural selection can be a cause of adaptations. 10. Use the Dichotomous Key to identify the leaf. List the steps by number that you follow. Leaf Sample A Leaf Sample B Leaf sample A would be correctly classified as White Pine. Steps: 1, 2, 4 4

5 Adaptations and Tropism 1. A tomato plant is grown outdoors in a container on the patio. A strong wind knocks the plant over. Draw an illustration of what happens to the roots and the stem over the next few days in response to being knocked over. (7.7C) Draw the forces the plant is responding to. Explain your drawing. What forces are involved and how is the plant is responding to these forces? Answer: The plant is responding to the stimuli of the force of gravity. The stem of the plant grows in the opposite direction of the force of gravity and the roots grow in the same direction as the force of gravity. 1. Forces act on a seed coat when a seedling emerges (germinates) from the seed. (7.7C) Complete steps A,B,C,D: A. Draw a seedling just before it emerges from the seed. B. Draw the forces acting on the seed coat. C. Label the forces you drew. D. What causes this force to occur? 2. A. Make a drawing of seed B. Forces acting on seed coat turgor pressure from inside of seed against the outer surface of seed C. Show arrow pushing against seed wall D. The build- up of turgor pressure caused by the moisture inside seed 3.Explain how turgor pressure helps a seed to open. A plant seed sprouts when it is placed in a moist environment. Water enters the seed and increases pressure, forcing the seed to split and allowing the plant to grow 4.When a plant wilts pores, called stomata, on the plant leaves close. Transpiration, or water loss, occurs through these pores. How does wilting help the plant to maintain homeostasis? Be sure to explain both the stimulus and response involved. (7.13B) Homeostasis = a state of balance in spite of changes Wilting occurs when there is a lack of water and turgor pressure in the cells decreases. Lack of water (stimulus) causes wilting (response). 5

Stomata close up as the plant (leaf) wilts and rate of transpiration (water loss) decreases, so

(If the stomata remain open, even more water will leave the cells.) 5.

Tropism Stimulus Response Illustration Gravitropism gravity Root grows downwards Phototropism

Plant responds to touch, climbs up a fence 6. Explain how a tropism is beneficial for a plant?

light positively (phototropism) so it can make its food through the process of photosynthesis.

6 Stomata close up as the plant (leaf) wilts and rate of transpiration (water loss) decreases, so plants try to maintain homeostasis. (If the stomata remain open, even more water will leave the cells.) 5.Explain each type of tropism and draw a picture illustrating each process. Tropism Stimulus Response Illustration Gravitropism gravity Root grows downwards Phototropism light Plant grows towards light Hydrotropism water Root grows toward water Thigmotropism touch Plant responds to touch, climbs up a fence 6. Explain how a tropism is beneficial for a plant? (7.13A) Tropism helps a plant get what it needs for survival, for example a plant responds to light positively (phototropism) so it can make its food through the process of photosynthesis. 7. A student wants to observe the effects of external stimuli on the growth of the roots of a seedling. He designs an investigation. Predict how the roots of the seedling will grow and explain why. (7.13A) 6

7 The roots of the seedling will grow downwards in response to gravity, obtains water and Seedling minerals from the soil. 8. Ecologists observing wolves in the wild have to be careful about getting too close to the wolves. The ecologists do not want to disturb the wolves or their habitat. Another reason they need to be careful is for their own safety. The wolves may run away from the ecologists or they could attack instead. Explain how the wolves are responding to external stimuli. (7.13A) Stimulus = ecologists Response = run away, or attack ecologists if wolves feel threatened Wolves are seeking their own survival 9. Plants that do not get sufficient water will lose turgor pressure and become limp. A plant in this condition is likely to have difficulty A. taking in water B. avoiding predators C. absorbing sunlight D. exchanging gases 10. When a plant s vacuole is full of water, the turgor pressure keeps the plant A. wilted B. rigid C. coiled D. limp 11. Define external stimulus and give an example. A signal that originates from outside an organism, for example, sunlight 12. What is an external response, give an example. The reaction of an organism to a stimulus, for example bending towards sunlight Human Body Systems List the functions of each of the body systems. Body System Muscular System Skeletal System Digestive System Circulatory System Function Provides movement for the body Provides shape and support for the body Breaks down food into useable parts Transports materials 7

8 Respiratory System Excretory System Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide Collects wastes produced by cells and removes them from the body Immune System Nervous System Protects against diseases Directs body functions Types of Muscles Voluntary or Muscle Type Involuntary Where is it located Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Heart Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Involuntary voluntary Organs Attached to our bones 1. Describe how skeletal muscles work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its original length 2. Explain how the skeletal and muscular systems work together. The skeletal system provides attachment for the muscles. 3. How does the skin help maintain body temperature when we sweat and when we shiver? Our skin maintains body temperature by either sweating or shivering. When we sweat our blood vessels enlarge and our pores open up to enable excess heat to escape. When we shiver our blood vessels shrink and prohibit heat from escaping. The sweat glands are the structures responsible for maintaining body temperature. 4. Complete the four examples of how our bodies maintain homeostasis Stimulus Bacterial infection Eat bad food Hunger Cold Body temperature rises Lack of oxygen Response Fever Vomit Eat Shiver Sweating Breathe faster 5. What minerals are stored in bones? Phosphorus and Calcium 8

9 The Digestive System 1. What are the three main functions of the digestive system? 1. food is broken down into molecules the body can use 2. molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body 3. wastes are eliminated from the body 2. Describe the two kinds of digestion? Mechanical food is physically broken down into smaller pieces Chemical food is broken down by chemical reactions into smaller molecules 3. What is peristalsis? Muscular waves of contraction that occur along the digestive tract moving food along. These are Involuntary muscles 4. Where does most mechanical digestion take place? In the stomach 5. Where does most chemical digestion take place? In the small intestine 6. Why are villi so important in the digestive process? Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine this greatly increased surface enables digested food to be absorbed faster by capillaries than if the walls of the small intestine were smooth 7. Complete the table below: Organ Function Type of digestion (Mech.(Phys.)/Chem. Mouth: Teeth Breaks food into smaller pieces Mechanical Saliva Esophagus Stomach: Stomach muscles gastric juices (HCl, pepsin, mucus) Begins digestion of starch into sugars Muscle walls contract and relax pushing food down to stomach Churn and liquefy food into chyme Pepsin breaks down protein into amino acids (HCl kills bacteria, mucus protects the stomach lining from the acid) Chemical Mechanical Mechanical Chemical Liver: bile Breaks (emulsifies) fats into smaller globules Mechanical Pancreas: pancreatic juices Break down food into smaller molecules Chemical 9

10 Small intestine: intestinal juices Break down food into smaller molecules Chemical Large intestine Reabsorbs water, waste is pushed through as muscles of large intestine contract and relax Mechanical The Circulatory System 1. Identify the three types of blood vessels with their functions: Artery carry blood away from the heart Capillaries Veins tiny vessels where substances are exchanged carry blood back to the heart 2. Why does our heart rate change? It changes when our bodies need more, or less oxygen. Fill in the missing information in the chart below: Part Blood Flow or Function A Aorta Oxygen rich blood flows into the aorta from the left ventricle. It then flows out to the body. B Left Atrium Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs. It then flows into the left ventricle. C Valve Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards. D Left Ventricle Oxygen rich blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta. E Septum The septum separates the oxygen poor blood from the oxygen rich blood. F Right Ventricle Oxygen poor blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs. G Right Atrium Oxygen poor blood returns from the body. It then flows into the right ventricle. 10

11 Fill in the missing information: Part Function A Red Blood Cells carry needed materials like oxygen and glucose B White Blood Cells fight disease C Platelets involved in blood clotting 3. Why are red blood cells shaped like round discs? This shape is important because the disc increases the surface- area- to- volume ratio for faster exchange of gases. Structure determining function The Respiratory System 1. In the Respiratory System what two gases are exchanged and where does this exchange occur? Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Exchange occurs in the aveoli in the lungs Part Function A Pharynx Air moves from the nose downward into the pharynx. Also known as your throat. B Larynx Plays a role in producing your voice. Also known as your voice box. C Trachea Leads from the pharynx to the lungs D Lungs Air moves through smaller and smaller bronchi until it reaches the alveoli E Diaphragm Dome shaped muscle that helps expand and contract the chest cavity F Bronchi Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchus. 11

12 Excretory System Part Function A Kidneys filter blood - they eliminate urea, excess water, and some other waste materials B Ureters Urine flows from the kidneys through these two narrow tubes to the urinary bladder C Urinary Bladder Stores urine. D Urethra Urine exits the body through this small tube 1. What 3 main substances are eliminated by the excretory system? Salt, water and urea 2. Explain the role that kidneys play in water balance (homeostasis). If your body is dehydrated (needs water), most of the water in your tube will be reabsorbed. However, if your body doesn t need this water, the excess water will flow into the bladder and be eliminated. The Nervous System Identify the following: Neuron Sensory neuron Motor neuron Impulse Dendrite Axon A bundle of nerve fibers Type of nerve cell, picks up internal and external stimuli and converts them into a nerve impulse Type of neuron, takes response to muscle or gland Message a neuron carries Part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body. Part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. 12

Endocrine and Integumentary Systems Fill out this chart for each gland shown: Gland Location Function Throat/surrounds trachea Controls rate at which the body produces Thyroid Gland energy from

13 Endocrine and Integumentary Systems Fill out this chart for each gland shown: Gland Location Function Throat/surrounds trachea Controls rate at which the body produces Thyroid Gland energy from nutrients - metabolism. Adrenal Glands Pancreas Above each kidney Intestines Helps to react to danger - fight or flight response - Regulates body s response to: - Stress - Blood sugar levels - Cardiovascular function - Gastrointestinal function Lowers blood glucose levels after meals, using the hormone insulin Pituitary Gland Brain - Stimulates specific glands and tissues in the body - Master gland - Stimulates growth/repair of cells 1. Label the layers of skin: Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Hypodermis 4. Hair from hair follicle 5. Sweat Gland 6. Oil gland 7. Nerve 8. Blood Vessels 13

14 2. Where are the nerves that are part of the somatosensory system located? In the dermis layer 14

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Name: Class Period: Due Date: Spring Final Exam Review 2015

Name: Class Period: Due Date: Spring Final Exam Review 2015 Sources of Information: Use your notes, ppts and review material on teacher s website, and online resources. Cells 1. What are the 3 components