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1 Aim: What is the purpose and structure of the skeletal system? Hw complete worksheet distributed in class. 1. Correct hw. 2. Notes on Purpose and structure of skeletal system. 3. May 27 11:23 AM 1. Review: Go over worksheet. 2. The Locomotive system purpose: Allows organisms to escape from predators and find food. Skeletons protect organs and give shape to organisms. In vertebrates It is composed of an internal skeleton (bones), cartilage, Joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles. May 27 10:37 AM 1
2 Structure of Locomotive system in vertebrates: (pg ) 1. Bones are networks of cells and protein fibers surrounded by calcium salts. Within bones is bone marrow. Bone function: form the endoskeleton to support the body, protect internal organs, allow movement, store minerals and are the site for blood cell formation. Just so you know human body has 206 bones about 26 in each foot. About 639 skeletal muscles. The skeleton of a new born baby is made of cartilage. It does not contain blood vessels. (Seven months latter the process of ossification starts.) May 27 11:36 AM 2. Joints: Place where two bones meet. Classified as: Immovable (like the ones in the skull) Slightly movable (between vertebrae) Freely movable permit movement in one or more directions. (Wrist, ankle) May 20 8:33 AM 2
3 3. Ligaments: attach 2 adjacent bones. May 20 8:38 AM 4. Tendons: Tissue that attaches muscles to bones May 20 8:39 AM 3
4 5. Muscles: Tissue that contracts (due to elastic proteins in their cell membrane) There are three types of muscular tissue: Skeletal muscle: Striated fibers attached to bones by tendons. Pulls bones in opposite directions (flexor and extensor muscles) Smooth muscle involuntary contraction except the bladder (i.e. blood vessel, intestines,etc) Cardiac muscle found in the heart only. May 21 11:02 AM May 21 10:59 AM 4
5 Disorders of the Locomotive system and comparison of locomotion in different animals 1. Fractures: Or broken bones. Can be open fracture the bone sticks out of the skin or closed fracture the bone stays under the skin. 2. Sprains: Tearing or stretching of the ligament caused by a sudden pull or twist. Swelling might make motion of the joint painful and restricted. 3. Hernias: Bulging in the wall of a muscular organ due to weakness in the muscle. 4. Arthritis Inflammation of the joints making them stiff. Osteoarthritis caused by the wear an tear of the cartilage at the joints Rheumatoid arthritis Joints become so stiff that cause deformation of the normal position of the bones Cortisone is a medication used to treat it. 5. Tendonitis An inflammation of the tendon at the bone junction caused by extensive use. May 21 11:19 AM May 27 11:02 AM 5
6 Organism Organs /structures Type of locomotion Protozoans Unicellular animals Ameba (pseudopods) Paramecium (cillia) Euglena (flagellum) Cytoplasmic (amoeba) Swimming drifting (ciliated and flagelated) Hydra (cnidarians) Cells interacting with hydrostatic pressure. They are sessile, but contract and move tentacles to trap food. Round worms Insects Seatae, muscles see fig pg 697 Muscles controlled by nervous system interact with exoskeleton (chitin) See figure on pg 718 Muscles contract and expand, they interact with setae to burrow. Can fly or walk At each joint different muscles either flex (bend) or extend (straighten) the joint. May 23 9:22 AM May 20 8:16 AM 6
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