Contents. Section 1: Life s Building Blocks. Section 2: The Human Framework. Section 3: The Senses and the Respiratory System

Transcription

1 Contents Section 1: Life s Building Blocks 1. Cell Structure Cell Functions Cell Teamwork Quiz Section 2: The Human Framework 5. Skeletal System Muscular System Integumentary System The Nervous System Quiz Section 3: The Senses and the Respiratory System 10. The Senses: Sight and Hearing The Senses: Smell, Taste, and Touch The Nose The Throat and Windpipe The Lungs Self Check LightUnit Test

2 Skeletal System Vocabulary Words cartilage (kär tə lij): a strong, smooth, flexible material that covers the ends of bones and makes movement easier ligament (li gə mənt): a strong fiber that binds bones together marrow (mer ō): the soft center of bones where blood cells are made Pronounce these words to someone. Your skeleton is made of 206 bones. Some bones are fused together while others are connected by cartilage and ligaments. Study the diagram of the human skeleton. Your cranium or skull protects your brain, eyes, and sinuses. Your rib cage, made of 24 ribs, keeps your heart from getting damaged. It also protects your lungs from injury. Your backbone forms a protective armor around your spinal cord. Your hip or pelvic bones protect organs such as intestines, kidneys, and the liver. Bones not only protect your body, they also store minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and sodium. When your body needs them, these minerals are released into the bloodstream so they can be carried where they are needed. God has so marvelously created your body that it knows exactly when to do what! Red bone marrow, in the center of certain bones, works like a factory. It manufactures red and white blood cells constantly. As old blood cells die, the bone marrow produces new cells to help keep you healthy and energetic. Bone marrow produces around 200 billion red blood cells per day! If that many cells were lined up side-by-side, they would stretch from Washington D. C. to St. Louis, Missouri. vertebra sternum (breastbone) humerus (upper arm bone) sacrum carpals (wrist bones) femur (thighbone) fibula metatarsals phalanges (toe bones) The Skeletal System cranium (skull) mandible (jawbone) clavicle (collarbone) scapula (shoulder blade) ribs pelvis (hip bone) ulna radius metacarpals phalanges (finger bones) patella (kneecap) tibia tarsals (ankle bones) colematt/istock/getty images Plus 13

3 Types of Joints Ball and Socket joint (hip) Hinge joint (knee) Pivot joint (neck) hip femur atlas femur tibia fibula axis Joints A joint is where two or more bones meet or connect. There are two main types of joints, movable and immovable. Your elbow is an example of a movable joint because you are able to move and use it in many ways. The joints in your skull are examples of immovable joints. These immovable joints are formed when the bones in your skull grow together. When babies are born, the bones in their skulls are not all connected. As they grow from children into adults, these bones grow together to form one solid piece. Many of your joints work like door hinges, allowing a back and forth movement. Your fingers, knees, and elbows are hinge joints. Your shoulders and hips are ball-and-socket joints. You can swing your arm in a complete circle. That freedom of movement is because the top of your humerus (upper arm bone) is shaped like a ball and it fits into a hollowed-out socket in your shoulder. The joints of your neck are pivot joints. These allow you to turn your head back and forth or up and down. layer of cartilage at the joints of your bones protects them from scraping together. It also lubricates the joints and makes it easier for you to move around. Your bones are attached to each other by ligaments. A ligament is a tough, strong strap that fastens bones together, yet still allows them to move freely. cartilage Knee Joint 14 Cartilage and Ligaments Cartilage is the smooth, flexible tissue found on the inside of your nose and ears. A layer of cartilage also covers the ends of bones. This ligaments

4 Study Exercises Use the diagram of the skeleton on page 13 to complete the exercise. 1. Write the formal name for each bone. a. thighbone: b. breastbone: c. jawbone: d. finger bones: e. skull: f. collarbone: g. shoulder blade: h. upper arm bone: i. kneecap: j. hip bone: Match the terms and their descriptions. 2. stored in bones 3. protects the brain 4. consists of 206 bones 5. protects the spinal cord 6. protects lungs and heart 7. produces new blood cells 8. protects intestines, kidneys, and liver a. backbone b. bone marrow c. hip or pelvic bones d. ligaments e. minerals f. rib cage g. skeleton h. skull 9. tough bands that attach bones together Write true if the statement is true and false if is is false. Correct any false statements. 10. The rib cage is made of 48 ribs. 11. A place where two bones connect is a(n) joint. 12. The neck is a hinge joint. 13. The strong, flexible padding on the ends of bones is cartilage. 15

5 Complete the statements. 14. The two main types of joints are and. 15. Three kinds of movable joints are joints, joints, and joints. 16. Three examples of hinge joints are the, and. 17. Ball-and-socket joints are found in the and. Answer the questions. Use information from page 12 as needed. 18. How much of your body weight do bones and muscle make up? 19. How are a baby s skull and an adult s skull different? 20. Why is cartilage important? Looking Back Match the terms and their descriptions. 21. supports the body 22. makes the body move 23. carries messages 24. removes wastes 25. protects the body 26. provides oxygen 27. produces special chemicals 28. breaks down food a. circulatory system b. covering system c. digestive system d. excretory system e. gland system f. muscular system g. nervous system h. respiratory system i. skeletal system 29. carries blood through the body 16

6 Circle the letter of the answer. 30. What forms a tissue? a. several organs working together b. two or more tissues working together c. group of cells doing a special job together 31. What forms an organ? a. a tissue doing several jobs b. a group of cells doing the same job c. two or more tissues working together 32. What forms a system? a. a group of cells working together b. several organs working together c. several tissues doing the same job 33. What part of the body never works alone? a. cell b. tissue c. organ d. system 34. What are the heart, brain, and liver known as? a. important cells b. important tissues c. life-sustaining organs d. life-sustaining systems Did You Know? Bones are as strong as steel but as light as aluminum. The word skeleton comes from a Greek word that means dry. There are 26 bones in each of your feet and 27 bones in each hand. The bones in the arm are the most commonly broken bones in the body. The femur, or thighbone, is the longest and strongest bone in the body. 17