Devolution Model Of Forest Management In Conservation Area

Transcription

1 Dvolution Modl Of Forst Managmnt In Consrvation Ara Andi Rosida, Amran Achmad, Daud Malamassam, Syamsu Alam Abstract: Dvolution of forst managmnt in Indonsia, which has bn applid to th forst consrvation, lad to tnurial problms of forst managmnt. This study aims to formulat a dscriptiv modl of dvolution of forst consrvation managmnt. Th study usd a qualitativ approach, th cas study is Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. Data wr collctd through fild obsrvation, in-dpth intrviws, and focus group discussion. Quantitativ dscriptiv analysis and stakholdr analysis conductd to achiv th rsarch objctivs. Th rsults found dvolution modl componnts consist of ara managmnt, goal managmnt, th systm of rights and rsponsibilitis, as wll as th actors involvd. Dvolution modls implmntd through two approachs, namly conomic dvlopmnt approach will b applid to spcific zons in Samangki villag and combinations of altrnativ livlihood approach and participatory planning approach will b applid to th traditional zon in Labuaja villag. Th application of th modl will allviat povrty in forst communitis, strngthning th status of th right of popl to manag forsts, and crating community partnrships to manag forst consrvation. Indx Trm: dvolution, managmnt, forst consrvation, tnur rights, partnrship. 1 INTRODUCTION Dvolution of forst managmnt is on of th fundamntal issus of dcntralization of forst managmnt in Indonsia. Th Ministry of Forstry has mad dvolution of forst managmnt as on of th stratgic programs to mpowr communitis to manag forsts. Th program consists of thr schms, namly Community Forst, Forst Villag, and Popl Forst Plantation (Supratman and Oka, 2009) [1]. Th imbalanc that occurs whn th xisting dvolution can only b applid to th forst production and forst protctd aras, whras in forst consrvation, no dvolution schm that can b applid. Th facts on th fild show th problms that occur in th forst managmnt of forsts production and forsts protctd also occur in forst consrvation (Sabar and Supratman, 2011)[2]. Th Govrnmnt has givn accss to th community to manag th forst konsrvationh ara through collaborativ managmnt policy (Kmntrian Khutanan, 2004)[3] or through spcial zon and traditional zon managmnt (Kmntrian Khutanan 2006)[4], howvr, both ths policis hav bn abl to rsolv conflicts of forst managmnt. Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park is on of forst consrvation in Indonsia, which has a high conflict scalation. Th conlict was causd by community accss to manag national park ara was rstrictd, in th mantim, th community has a vry high conomic dpndnc on th national park ara (Hasanuddin, 2011)[5]. Th accss rstriction is a forst tnur issus, which nd to find a solution through th dvolution of forst managmnt schm. This study aims to formulat a dscriptiv modl of dvolution of forst managmnt in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park ara. Th rsults of th study will b a rfrnc in th policy formulation on dvolution of forst managmnt in protctd aras, spcially in Indonsia. 2. RESEARCH METHODS 2.1 Approach Th study usd a qualitativ approach, with th cas study is Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park ara. 2.2 Mthods This study was conductd in th spcial zon in Samangki Villag and in traditional zon in Labuaja villag of Bantimurung-Bulusaraung national Park. Data wr collctd in Octobr 2013 to Fbruary 2014, using th tchniqu of fild obsrvation, in-dpth intrviws, and focus group discussion. 2.3 Data Analysis Quantitativ dscriptiv analysis and stakholdr analysis (Brack, t al, 2005)[6], conductd to dscrib th dscriptiv modl of dvolution of forst managmnt in th consrvation ara. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Dscription Modl of Managmnt Dvolution of National Park Andi Rosida is currntly pursuing doctor dgr program in forst managmnt, Hasanuddin Univrsity,Indonsia, PH andirosida@gmail.com Amran Achmad, Dpt. of Forst Managmnt, Faculty of Forstry, Hasanuddin Univrsity, Indonsia Daud Malamassam, Dpt. of Forst Managmnt, Faculty of Forstry, Hasanuddin Univrsity, Indonsia Syamsu Alam, Dpt. of Forst Managmnt, Faculty of Forstry, Hasanuddin Univrsity, Indonsia Aral Manag Dvolution on aral manag is th transfr of authority on managmnt rights from th govrnmnt to local communitis, through th mchanism of claranc. Dvolution ara managmnt aims to crat crtainty managmnt rights ovr th land that has bn usd by popl who ar in th traditional zons and spcial zons of national parks. Mchanism dvolution of managmnt rights is as follows: Th community forst usrs apply for forst utilization prmission in spcific or traditional zon to th Ministr through th villag had. Forstry Ministr dlgat his dcision-making managmnt authority ovr th us of forst in th spcial and traditional zon to Had National Park Authority Th had of th villag to vrify corrctnss of th 381

2 rqustd ara and propos prmission to Had National Park Authority Th had of th National Park rprsnting th Ministr of Forstry to vrify and issu a us prmit of spcial and traditional zon aras Th had of th National Park with th District Govrnmnt to facilitat community who hav prmission to mak a Dd of formal titl to manag th traditional or spcial zon aras. Th had of th National Parks, District Govrnmnt, and Villag Hads facilitats community to prform ara boundary. Th had of th National Parks, District Govrnmnt, and Villag Hads facilitat communitis to dvlop institutional managmnt of th ara Th had of th National Park with th District Govrnmnt and othr stakholdrs to dvlop community capacity to manag forstry businss units for th purpos of consrvation and community conomic dvlopmnt Managmnt Objctivs Th main objctiv managmnt of spcial and traditional zons of national park is to provid accss to local communitis to manag forsts sustainably to improv thir wlfar whil prsrving th consrvation function of national parks. Dvolution of forst managmnt objctivs will shift th managmnt objctiv that mor concntratd to th consrvation goals into managmnt objctivs that balanc btwn consrvation goals with conomic goals. It would also shift th dominanc of govrnmnt in th dcision-making procss on managmnt objctiv to balanc of involvmnt of local popl Rights and Rsponsibilitis Systm Thr ar thr typs of community groups involvd in th conflict managmnt of national parks (Wwnang, 2013)[7] namly: Th first typ ar th primary usrs of forst rsourcs, which thy hung around th basic nds of th National Park forst. This group is a nativ and sttl prmanntly at th villag hrditary. Th scond typ is scondary usrs, that thy ar dpndnt only on or two of forst products from national park aras. This group is migrants and sttl prmanntly in th villag. Th third typ is a spcial usr, that thy control th land for th historical mmory of thir offspring. This group is a nativ of th villag but no longr living in th villag, but has a lgacy of land in th villag. Ths thr typs of communitis mntiond abov still gts to control th land in th national park, howvr, thy manag thir land rights ar vry wak. Dvolution of forst managmnt will dvlop th tnur rights of communitis to manag th national park ara, includs th us right, managmnt rights, transfr of rights, duration of rights, and xclusion right. Tabl 1. Matrix Community Tnur Rights Systm Dvlopmnt for Managing National Park ara Dvlopmnt Tnur Rights by Typ of Aspcts of Community Group Tnur Scond Dvlopmnt First Typ Third Typ Typ Us Right Collaborativ collaborativ Collaborati v Managmnt Right collaborativ Collaborativ Collaborati v Duration Right Unlimitd Unlimitd Limitd Transfr Right Limitd Limitd without rights Exclusion Right xclusiv xclusiv xclusiv Dvlopmnt us and managmnt rights "collaborativ" mans that th community rights should b dvlopd from individual managmnt right (slf-managmnt) to collaborativ managmnt right. In collaboration managmnt rights systm, a st of national park managmnt arrangmnt is formulatd by National Park authority with community. Ths sttings includ th tchnical cultivation sttings and social sttings (institutions and organizations) ar dirctd to th ongoing cological procsss and th stability of forst rsourcs, th incrasing productivity of forsts for th bnfit of th community, as wll as a fair distribution of forst products among communitis usrs, th National Park authority, and community gnrally. Duration rights "unlimitd" mans that th community has tnur right to manag th National Park ara throughout thir gnrations as long as xpand acrag and do dvlop managmnt pattrns that could potntially intrfr with consrvation objctiv managmnt of national parks. Whil th trm of th rights of "limitd" mans that th community has th right to manag a maximum of on production rotation of th long-trm of crops thy plantd prior to Aftr that, th right to manag should b rturnd to th national park authority for furthr managmnt. Popl who manag th ara with th right bas is lgacy, givn th right to inhrit ara that thy manag to th nxt gnration. By th tim thy had did th right tnur rturnd to th national park authority. Transfr rights ar "limitd" mans that th community rights is limitd to transfr land thy controlld only to th mmbrs of his family who had sttld in th villag prior to Community is prohibitd to transfr th managmnt rights to th popl from outsid th villag. Rights that ar " xclusiv" mans that all managmnt inputs rquird for th managmnt activity ar ncssarily born by community. Similarly, all output gnratd from managmnt activitis should b njoyd solly by community. It is spcially in crtain aras managd by communitis with high potntial to disrupt national park managmnt objctivs. In such aras, th rquird managmnt inputs can b drivd from th national parks authority and othr partis concrnd. Similarly, th output of th managmnt of such aras can b built sharing systm btwn communitis and national park authority and othr partis concrnd. Exclusivity rights that ar " xclusiv" also mans that all th risk managmnt will b shard by th partis concrnd, only by community. Dvlopmnt of community tnur rights systm as dscribd abov lads to th two stratgis, namly tnur rform and 382

3 land rform. Tnur rform stratgy is th chang in th rights to manag forst rsourcs in th ara of national park lgally by th govrnmnt togthr with th local community without changing th land holdrs. This stratgy is implmntd to first and scond typs of community groups. Land rform stratgy is rdistribution of tnur holdr. This stratgy is implmntd at third typs of community groups. Tnur systm dvlopmnt must also b balancd with th dvlopmnt of community rsponsibility in forst managmnt from individual rsponsibility into individual and social rsponsibilis. Individual rsponsibilitis associatd with rsponsibility of ach houshold managing th land for th purpos of fulfilling th conomic nds of th houshold, whil th social rsponsibility associatd with th sustainability of cological functions of th ara thy ar managing. To raliz th social rsponsibility, th managmnt of ach unit of land that is managd by an individual farmr housholds should b intgratd with th managmnt of a spcial or traditional zons of national park. Th managmnt intgration covrs all lmnts of forst managmnt has bn rgulatd in Forstry Law No. 41/1999 (Dphut, 1999)[8] namly: a managd ara boundaris, work plans, forst utilization, rhabilitation and protction of forsts, and forst consrvation Actors Involvd Th rsults of th stakholdr analysis known actors who should b involvd in th dvolution of forst managmnt in national park ara such ar prsntd in Tabl 2. No Tabl 2. Stakholdr Analysis Matrix Stakholdrs Powr Intrst Lgitimacy Mdiu m Sm all Mdi um Smal l Mdiu m National Park Authority Provinc Govrmnt Rgncy Govrmnt Villag Govrmnt Local Community Univrsity NGO Th matrix abov shows that th National Park authority has strngths, intrsts, and lgitimacy vry strong in park managmnt. This is bcaus th National Park authority is a rprsntativ govrnmnt that carry out dconsntration functions to manag th National Park ara (Kmntrian Khutanan, 2007)[9]. Location of th National Park ara straddling two rgncis lad th South Sulawsi Provincial Govrnmnt has attachd grat importanc bcaus managmnt of th National Park ara has th potntial to hav an impact across rgions, howvr, th provincial govrnmnt dos hav th powr and lgitimacy in th park managmnt dcisions. Maros rgncy govrnmnt also has a grat importanc for th managmnt of th National Park as it rlats to th sustainability of natural rsourc managmnt and public wlfar of Maros rgncy, howvr, Maros rgncy govrnmnt has rlativly littl powr and do hav a lgitimacy in th park managmnt dcisions. Maros rgncy govrnmnt has a gratr rol in facilitating th procss of rsolving conflicts btwn community and national park authority by forming an Intgratd Tam in 2008 (Pmrintah Kabupatn Maros, 2008)[10]. Howvr, th prformanc of th tam is rlativly low bcaus th Maros Rgncy Govrnmnt has no lgitimacy in park managmnt dcisions. Thus, th concpts of conflict rsolution offrd by Intgratd Tam can b implmntd in th fild bcaus Dscription:+++ / --- = vry strong, ++ / -- = modrat,+ / - = Low Small th rgncy govrnmnt dos hav th powr to ngag in th dcisions making procss on park managmnt. On th othr hand, th National Park authority also dos hav th powr to implmnt th concpts of conflict rsolution bcaus it dos hav th lgitimacy to tak managmnt policis prior to gtting approval from th govrnmnt. Villag Govrnmnt and local communitis hav a grat importanc for th managmnt of traditional and spcial zons in th National Park in trms of improvmnt of social wlfar and conomic dvlopmnt of rural uplift. Villag Govrnmnt and local communitis also hav th powr to organiz and mobiliz communitis to implmnt park managmnt policis st by th govrnmnt, howvr, both ths stakholdrs do hav th lgitimacy to participat in managmnt dcisions. Univrsity and Non Govrnmnt Organization (NGO) is a support organization that has a hug intrst in th sustainability of park managmnt. Both of ths stakholdrs also hav a strong lgitimacy in providing assistanc to mpowr communitis to manag forst rsourcs, act as a mdiator in th conflict rsolution procss, as wll as providing tchnical and scintific considrations in implmnting th park managmnt policy. Howvr, both of ths stakholdrs has a rlativly low strngth in th dcision making procss of park managmnt. Th rsults of th stakholdr analysis furthr groupd in th following Vnn diagram: 383

4 (5) (3) (2) (1) Park Authority (6) (7) Provinc Gov., Rgncy Gov., Villag Gov., Local Community (4) Univrsity, NGO unproductiv lands outsid th national park ara as an altrnativ to thir livlihood. This will rduc th community's dpndnc on th traditional zon ara. This approach will also intgrat traditional zon managmnt systm with a systm of land managmnt outsid th national park. Th managmnt intgration will b a managmnt modl on traditional zon managmnt as community conomic dvlopmnt zon. This modl will improv th wlfar of th community, to prvnt popl managd to xpand th ara of th buffr zon or cor zon, rinforcing th status of tnur rights of communitis to manag forsts, as wll as crating a partnrship btwn th national parks authority, Maros rgncy govrnmnt, and local communitis. Figur 1. Vnn Diagram of Powr, Intrst and Lgitimacy of National Park Managmnt Figur 1 shows that th govrnmnt has th powr, intrst, and lgitimacy which is vry strong in th park managmnt. This ld to th govrnmnt bing th dominant catgory (catgory 1) in th park managmnt dcisions. Provincial govrnmnt, rgncy govrnmnt, villag govrnmnt, and local community stakholdrs including marginal catgory (catgory 7) that stakholdr intrsts ar vry larg, but has a low powr and dos hav lgitimacy in th park managmnt dcisions. Univrsitis and NGO stakholdrs including vulnrabl catgory (catgory 4) that hav a strong intrst, lgitimacy, but its strngth is rlativly low. Th rsults of th stakholdr analysis illustrats th imbalanc btwn th intrsts, strngths, and lgitimacy of stakholdrs in th dcision making of park managmnt. Dvolution of forst managmnt will shift th dominanc of th rol of govrnmnt to strik a balanc btwn th intrsts, strngths, and lgitimacy of stakholdrs in th dcision making of park managmnt. 3.2 Approach in Implmnting Modl Thr ar two situations in implmnting dvolution modl of national park managmnt. First, th dtrmination of land usd by th public as a spcial zon of th national park can rsolv th problms of poor popl, bcaus thir accss is rstrictd. This situation is found in th villag of Samangki. Th approach will b applid to this situation is th conomic dvlopmnt approach (Edmun D; E. Wollnbrg; A.P [11]. This approach aims to incras th productivity and valu productivity of farming units that xistd at this tim, followd by th institutional and markt dvlopmnt. This approach can allviat povrty and prvnt th xpansion of ara manag by th popl. Scond, th situation whr th community nd for farm land mostly from th national park ara, howvr, thr ar altrnativ land outsid th park ara that can b managd by th community if thir accss in th national park ara is rstrictd or liminatd. This situation is found in th villag of Labuaja. Th approach will b applid to this situation is a combination of altrnativ livlihood approach to participatory planning approach (Edmun D; E. Wollnbrg; A.P )[11]. In this approach, th national parks authority build partnrships with Maros rgncy govrnmnt and local communitis to dvlop collaborativ managmnt modl in traditional zon ara. Maros rgncy govrnmnt facilitat th community to manag intnsivly th 4. CONCLUSION Dvolution modl of Bantimurung-Buliusaraung National Park ara consist of 4 componnts namly, ara managmnt, goal managmnt, th systm of rights and rsponsibilitis, as wll as th actors involvd. Dvolution modls implmntd through two approachs, namly conomic dvlopmnt approach will b applid to spcific zons in Samangki villag and combinations of altrnativ livlihood approach and participatory planning approach will b applid to th traditional zon in Labuaja villag. Th application of th modl will allviat povrty in forst communitis, strngthning th status of th right of popl to manag forsts, and crating community partnrships to manag forst consrvation. REFERENCES [1]. Supratman, N.P. Oka, Modl Pnglolaan Zona Khusus Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung di Sulawsi Slatan: dngan Rfrnsi Khusus Di Dsa Labuaja. Laporan Hasil Pnlitian, Fakultas Khutanan Univrsitas Hasanuddin. Makasssar. (in Indonsia) [2]. Sabar. A., Supratman, Stratgi Optimalisasi Kolaborasi Pnglolaan Zona Khusus Taman Nasional: Studi Kasus Taman Nasional Babul, Provinsi Sulawsi Slatan. Jurnal Ecoclbica. Vol. 7, Nomor 3. Juni (in Indonsia) [3]. Kmntrian Khutanan, Praturan Mntri Khutanan No. P.19/Mnhut-II/2004, 2004 tntang Manajmn Kolaborasi. (in Indonsia) [4]. Kmntrian Khutanan, Praturan Mntri Khutanan No. P.56/Mnhut-II/ 2006, tntang Pdoman Zonasi Taman Nasional. Jakarta. (in Indonsia) [5]. Hasanuddin, Modl Pnglolaan Hutan Kmitraan pada Aral Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung (Studi Kasus di Dsa Labuaja Kcamatan Cnrana Kabupatn Maros). Thsis. Pascasarjana Univrsitas Hasanuddin. Makassar. (in Indonsia) [6]. Brack, M.B.M., K.H. D Grf, And H.Hopstr Qualitativ Stakholdr Analysis For Th Dvlopmnt Of Sustainabl Monitoring Systms For Farm Animal Wlfar. Journal of Agricultural and Environmntal Ethics (2005) 18: Springr

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