HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE ROLE OF COLLEGE TEACHERS

Transcription

1 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs Vol. 8 Issu 1, January 2018, ISSN: Impact Factor: Journal Hompag: Doubl-Blind Pr Rviwd Rfrd Opn Accss Intrnational Journal - Includd in th Intrnational Srial Dirctoris Indxd & Listd at: Ulrich's Priodicals Dirctory, U.S.A., Opn J-Gag as wll as in Cabll s Dirctoris of Publishing Opportunitis, U.S.A HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE ROLE OF COLLEGE TEACHERS DR.PARAMESHWARA NAIK * Abstract: Th formost issu that is talkd about whn w discuss about rural collg and rural collg tachrs and studnts, is that of lack of infrastructur and poor background of th studnts. Sinc th infrastructur is supposd to b poor and th studnts ar assumd to b lss quippd, th tachrs tnd to bliv that thy nd not larn and pass on th contmporary knowldg. It is thrfor a triangl, but th tachr is in th cntr. Assuring quality bings and nds with tachrs. W shall undrlind this issu, whil not forgtting that th othr two points of th triangl too nd to b addrssd Dgr granting Institutions (Univrsitis) 35,500- Affiliatd Collgs, 20 million-studnt Enrollmnt, Top-4 filds of study, 37 Arts, 19% Scinc, 18% Commrc and Managmnt, 16% Enginring and Tchnology, With 801 univrsitis and mor than 39,071 affiliatd collgs nrolling mor than 20 million studnts, Indian highr ducation is a larg and complx systm. Th structur of dgr ranting institutions is cumbrsom primarily du to "affiliation" and funding sourcs. Mor than 85% of studnts ar nrolld in bachlor's dgr programs with majority nrolling in thr-yar B.A., B.Com. or B.Sc. dgrs. On-sixth of all Indian studnts ar nrolld in Enginring and Tchnology dgrs. Kyword: UGC, Studnts, Highr ducation, Stat, Cntral, Dmd, Univrsitis. * ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & HOD,DEPT OF ECONOMICS,S.J.V.P.COLLEGE, AUTONOMOUS,HARIHAR.DAVANGERE (DIST), KARNATAKA, INDIA. 105 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

2 Introduction: Th highr ducation systm in India includs both privat and public univrsitis. Public univrsitis ar supportd by th Govrnmnt of India and th stat govrnmnts, whil privat univrsitis ar mostly supportd by various bodis and socitis. Univrsitis in India ar rcognizd by th Univrsity Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its powr from th Univrsity Grants Commission Act, [1] In addition, 15 Profssional Councils ar stablishd, controlling diffrnt aspcts of accrditation and coordination. [2] W hav ntrd a nw ra in th domain highr ducation. It looks mor pronouncd in th ara of tchnology and managmnt ducation. Howvr, th ntir gamut of highr ducation is alrady xprincing th post GATS mood. Education in gnral and Highr Education in particular, has bcom a tradabl srvic and it is bing rcognizd as a thr trillion dollar industry. No doubt, th pain of commrcialization of ducation will b a problm but th mor important issu would b that of profssionalism in highr ducation. With global playrs offring th sam mnu along with dnmstic supplirs, thr can not b any compromis on quality of highr ducation, whthr you oftn it in th rural or urban stting. W nd to dwll on today s thm with this clar undrstanding. Typs of Univrsitis and Collgs Provid of Highr Education in Rural Urban India: Cntral univrsitis, or Union univrsitis, ar stablishd by an Act of Parliamnt and ar undr th purviw of th Dpartmnt of Highr Education in th Union Human Rsourc Dvlopmnt Ministry. [3] as of 29 Jun 2017, th UGC lists 47 cntral univrsitis. [4] Stat univrsitis ar run by th stat govrnmnt of ach of th stats and trritoris of India, and ar usually stablishd by a local lgislativ assmbly act. As of 29 Jun 2017, th UGC lists 363 stat univrsitis. [5] Th oldst stablishmnt dat listd by th UGC is 1857, shard by th Univrsity of Mumbai, th Univrsity of Madras and th Univrsity of Calcutta. Not that most Stat Univrsitis ar "affiliating univrsitis" in that thy administr a larg numbr of "affiliatd collgs" (many locatd in vry small towns) that typically offr a rang of undrgraduat courss, but may also offr post-graduat courss. Mor stablishd collgs may vn offr PhD programs in som dpartmnts with th approval of th affiliating univrsity. 106 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

3 Dmd univrsity, or "Dmd to b Univrsity", is a status of autonomy grantd by th Dpartmnt of Highr Education on th advic of th UGC, undr Sction 3 of th UGC Act. [7] As of 9 Fbruary 2017, th UGC lists 121 dmd univrsitis. [8] According to this list, th first institut to b grantd dmd univrsity status was Indian Institut of Scinc, which was grantd this status on 12 May Not that in many cass, th sam listing by th UGC covrs svral instituts. For xampl, th listing for Homi Bhabha National Institut covrs th Institut of Mathmatical Scincs, th Indira Gandhi Cntr for Atomic Rsarch and othr instituts. [9] Privat univrsitis ar approvd by th UGC. Thy can grant dgrs but thy ar not allowd to hav offcampus affiliatd collgs. Th UGC list of privat univrsitis as on [10] 9th Fbruary, 2017 lists 269 [11] privat univrsitis. [12] Ths four typs of univrsitis total 801 univrsitis togthr. Thr ar univrsitis of som kind in ach of th 29 stats of India as wll as thr of th union trritoris: Chandigarh, Dlhi and Pondichrry. Th stat with th most univrsitis is Rajasthan with 75 univrsitis. Tamil Nadu is th stat with th most dmd univrsitis, numbring 28. [8] Gujarat and Uttar Pradsh hav th most stat univrsitis, 28 ach. [5] Rajasthan has by far th most privat univrsitis, 42 in numbr. [12] Uttar Pradsh has six cntral univrsitis and Dlhi has fiv Cntral Univrsitis, th largst numbr of all th stats and trritoris. [4] Apart from th abov univrsitis, othr institutions ar grantd th prmission to autonomously award dgrs. Howvr, thy do not affiliat collgs and ar not officially calld "univrsitis" but "autonomous organizations" or "autonomous instituts". Thy fall undr th administrativ control of th Dpartmnt of Highr Education. [13] Ths organizations includ th Indian Instituts of Information Tchnology, Indian Instituts of Tchnology, th National Instituts of Tchnology, th various branchs of th All India Institut of Mdical Scincs, th Indian Instituts of Scinc Education and Rsarch, th Indian Instituts of Managmnt (though ths award diplomas, not dgrs) [14] and othr autonomous instituts. Ths instituts ar not listd blow. 107 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

4 Also not listd ar instituts which ar undr th control of th profssional councils, without approval of th UGC,.g. Agricultural Univrsitis, which ar undr th control of th Agricultural Education Division of th Indian Council of Agricultural Rsarch (ICAR), on of th profssional councils. [15][16] As of 2017, India has a total of 23 IITs, 31 NITs, 23 IIITs, 7 IISERSs, AIIMSs, 7 NIPERSs, 3 SPAs and 25 othr Instituts of National Importanc which includs 5 Cntral univrsitis Tachr holds th ky: Th formost issu that is talkd about whn w discuss about Rol Collg, rural and urban collg tachrs and studnts, is that of lack of infrastructur and poor background of th studnts. Sinc th infrastructur is supposd to b poor and th studnts ar assumd to b lss quippd, th tachrs tnd to bliv that thy nd not larn and pass on th contmporary knowldg. It is thrfor a triangl, but th tachr is in th cntr. Assuring quality bings and nds with tachrs. W shall undrlind ths issu, whil not forgtting that th othr two points of th triangl too nd to b addrssd. Dvloping Infrastructur: Lt m bing with th problm of infrastructur. Whil talking about infrastructur w focus mainly on lack of building, library and facilitis such as computrs. Convntional undrstanding of infrastructur maks us point to ths problms. But w nd to know that w ar in th ra of virtual class rooms. A mr 15,000 rups and a tlvision can bring a virtual class room offring lcturs on almost all subjcts through EDUSAT. Is it diffrnt to acquir? Cybr tchnology is al th arms distanc and availabl at comptitiv cost. Intrnt srvic with on srvr can bring th worlds bst libraris to any rural collg. It is possibl to acquir computrs at a cost loss than that of th tlvision. All w nd to do is to prioriliz th infrastructur. W nd to think byond th physical infrastructurs lik buildings, chairs and tabls. No compromis on th quality of output: Highr ducation has its st objctivs and is dsignd to addrss spcific issus and impart spcific lvls of proficincy. It is impractical to diffrntiat btwn rural and non rural 108 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

5 collgs in this rgard. For instanc, if w talk about businss ducation, our gographical location such as rural collgs, rural studnts, non English mdium studnts tc, do not hold my watr. So long as you train studnts to ntr th businss or industrial sctor, skills rquird will hav to b of similar natur. Today, managmnt ducation, whrvr it is offrd. Catchrs to global nds. Thrfor, th output will hav to b globally comptitiv. Whn mass xposur to ducation was th mantra was ducational policy, th talk about urbonrural divid usd to th rlvant. Today, what you larn and how good you ar in your choss fild ar th ky issus. So whthr you ar rural or urban you as an institution will b rlvant only if you offr th bst. In fact, larning scond rat stuff from scond rat institutions and scond rat trainrs could b mor dangrous than not larning at all, for that would call for a lot of unlarning in th futur. Nw domains in Highr Education: Howvr, thr is nough scop for volving highr ducation domains in ach ara basd on th potntial of th larnrs and th capacity of th institution. Th markt is hug and vry singl cornr of th global markt throws up opportunity. Lt m illustrat this with an xampl. All institutions imparting businss ducation (commrc or managmnt) sm to focus on corporat orintation and thrfor, many nd up turning out popl not fully quippd to mt corporat nds. W forgt that thr xists a hug non profit, non corporat voluntary sctor, which nds big manpowr In a way rural studnts ar tailor mad to ntr this sctor. I would say, urban studnts ar ill quippd to ntr this sctor. If only w tap this opportunity, rural collgs could mak a mark in th fild of highr ducation. W all know that Businss procss outsourcing (BPO) is bcoming a hug ntwork mploymnt gnration in our country. BPOs ar not just in big citis lik Mumbai, Dlhi, Calcutta, Chnnai, Bangalor but thy ar actually ntring smallr towns It is xpctd that this sctor nds not lss than a million young graduats in th nxt fw yars. Irrspctiv of th cours studnt ar studying, if thy build up communication skills, analytical ability and numrical skills thy can ntr BPO sctor immdiatly aftr first dgr. Many BPO firms ar contmplating conducting of campus intrviws at th collgs. Ths and othr nw opportunitis will hav to b carfully 109 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

6 studid and courss ar to b taught kping th nds of ths nw avnus in mind. It is hr that th tachrs will hav to play th crucial rols. Tabl :1 Stat-wis Highr ducation institutions in India : Jun 2017 Stat Cntral univrsitis Stat univrsitis Dmd univrsitis Privat univrsitis Total Andhra Pradsh 25 (list) Arunachal Pradsh 09 (list) Assam (list) Bihar (list) Chandigarh (list) Chhattisgarh (list) Dlhi (list) Goa (list) Gujarat (list) Haryana (list) Himachal Pradsh (list) Jammu and 12 Kashmir (list) Jharkhand (list) Karnataka (list) Krala (list) Madhya Pradsh 49 (list) Maharashtra (list) Manipur (list) Mghalaya (list) Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

7 Mizoram (list) Nagaland (list) Odisha (list) Puduchrry (list) Punjab (list) Rajasthan (list) Sikkim (list) Tamil Nadu (list) Tlangana (list) Tripura (list) Uttar Pradsh (list) Uttarakhand (list) Wst Bngal (list) Total What should th Tachrs do? An ffctiv tachr will hav to b a prpctual studnt. Th day a tachr stops larning, h or sh would start bcoming lss and lss rlvant. No doubt institutions should support tachrs in this rgard. Thir larning procss nds to b supportd with adquat facilitis. But still, basically it is th willingnss of th tachr to larn mor, to spnd mor tim with studnts, and to giv nw things to th studnts which maks th hug diffrnc. To my mind th first thing th rural collgs nd is th bunch of tachrs who ar innovativ and rady to contribut. It is important that th rural collgs and tachrs of such collgs gt th bnfit of ntworking. Ntworking of tachrs will facilitat bttr larning through mutual xchang. Ntworking of institutions to xchang physical facilitis books, computrs and vr tachrs if ncssary could also b xplord. 111 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

8 TABLE NO:2 HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, STUDENTS AND TEACHERS IN INDIA TO ) Numbr of Univrsitis ) Numbr of Collgs 34, ,071 3) Numbr of Stand Alon Institutions 11, ,923 Total 46,651 47,757 49,021 51,534 51,793 4) Enrolmnt in Highr Education % 161,73, ,17, ,95, ,88, ,10, 135,35,12 148,40, 157,23, ,94, ,90, % 45% 46% 46% 46% All Catgoris SC Tota l ) Gross Enrolmnt Ratio (GER) Tota ST l Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

9 6) Gndr Parity Indx (GPI) 7) Enrolmnt in Univrsity & Constitunt Units All Catgori s SC ST Total Total 55,16,2 63,79,5 63,87,2 66,89,1 58,43, ,22,4 36,63,6 36,68,8 37,98,0 34,69, ,93,8 27,15,9 27,18,4 28,91,1 23,74, ,47,4 13,67,5 14,73,2 15,18,8 13,08, ,61,10 8,34,16 9,04,04 9,24,96 7,97, ,86,34 5,33,37 5,69,20 5,93,84 5,10, ,04,65 1,13,29 SC , , ,896 ST , , ,302 Profssor & Tota 1,02,73 1,25,33 1,36,96 1,46,02 1,20,156 Equivn l t 113 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

10 ,02,82 2 1,08, ,744 8) Numbr of Tachrs Radr & Associat Profssor Tota l 1,74,26 1,82,68 1,77,59 1,74,65 1,76, ,15,39 1,19,67 1,16,31 1,13,83 1,16, , ,827 Lcturr/ Assistant Profssor Tota l 8,52,89 4 5,12,14 2 3,40,75 2 8,77,556 5,26,755 3,50,801 9,12,17 8 5,48,75 2 3,63,42 6 9,85,08 5 5,99,59 3 3,85, ,09,1 96 6,12,61 5 3,96,58 1 Dmonstr ator/ Tutor Tota l , , ,288 Tmporar y Tachr tc. Tota l 1,01,94 1,12, , ,408 Rgular 9) Pupil Tachr Ratio (PTR) All Institutions & Distanc Mod 23 % 23 % 24 % 23 % 23 % 21 % 20 % 21 % 21 % 20 % 114 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

11 Rgular Mod 24 % 24 % 25 % 24 % 24 % Rgular & 21% 21% 21% 22% 21% Distanc Univrsity & Collgs Mod 42 % 41 % 41 % 37 % 37 % Rgular Mod 16 % 16 % 16 % 15 % 16 % Rgular & Distanc Mod Univrsity & Its Units Rgular Mod Total , ) Numbr of Forign Studnts M , l ,404 15,273 Anothr vry important sourc for th rural collgs, for that mattr any collg, is its alumni, Th collgs hav to stablish contact with old studnts who ar wll placd now and try to driv bnfits of thir position. It may b for funding, for facilitis for gtting mploymnts for th frs studnts passing out from th collg or for any such ns. Alumni ar considrd to b a vital input in institutional building in today s ducational stting. Highr ducation has transformd itslf from bing an nd to b a mans As a mans of scuring th bst in lif, ducation nd to b with assurd quality. Watch ths nw dvlopmnts and bring in attitudinal changs. Th rst will follow. Excuss hav no plac in th prsnt day world and so ar compromiss. Th bst in any fild finds nough opportunity. Lt this knowldg b th guiding forc to th rural collgs and rural tachrs. 115 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

12 Tabl :3 Highr Education Institutions (Univrsitis and Collgs) in India Typ of Institution Numbr E.g. Cntral Univrsitis (Public) 44 Univrsity of Dlhi Stat Univrsitis (Public) 363 Univrsity of Mumbai Stat Univrsitis (Privat) 269 Amity Univrsity Dmd Univrsitis (Privat or Public) 121 Tata Institut of Social Scincs Institution of National Importanc (Public) 124 Indian Institut of Tchnology Total Dgr-granting Institutions 801 Affiliatd Collgs (Public or Privat) Tabl :4 Enrollmnt of Indian Studnts by Lvl of Education ( to ) Lvl Numbr ('000) % of Total Graduat (Bachlor's) Post-Graduat (Mastr's) 2, Rsarch (Doctoral) Diploma/Crtificat Total Tabl :5 Enrollmnt of Indian Studnts by filds of study in rural and urban ara Fild Numbr ('000) % of Total Arts % Scinc % Commrc & Managmnt % Enginring & Tchnology % Education 733 4% 116 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

13 Mdicin 716 4% Law 373 2% Othrs 218 1% Agricultur 97 0% Vtrinary Scinc 28 0% Total 20, % Conclusion: Thr is nough scop for volving highr ducation domains in ach ara basd on th potntial of th larnrs and th capacity of th institution. Th markt is hug and vry singl cornr of th global markt throws up opportunity. Lt m illustrat this with an xampl. All institutions imparting businss ducation graduat and post graduat sm to focus on corporat orintation and thrfor, many nd up turning out popl not fully quippd to mt corporat nds. W forgt that thr xists a hug non profit, non corporat voluntary sctor, which nds big manpowr In a way rural and urban studnts ar tailor mad to ntr this sctor. I would say, urban studnts ar ill quippd to ntr this sctor. If only w tap this opportunity, rural collgs could mak a mark in th fild of highr ducation. W all know that Businss procss outsourcing (BPO) is bcoming a hug ntwork mploymnt gnration in our country. BPOs ar not just in big citis lik Mumbai, Dlhi, Calcutta, Chnnai, Bangalor but thy ar actually ntring smallr towns It is xpctd that this sctor nds not lss than a million young graduats in th nxt fw yars. Irrspctiv of th cours studnt ar studying, if thy build up communication skills, analytical ability and numrical skills thy can ntr BPO sctor immdiatly aftr first dgr. Many BPO firms ar contmplating conducting of campus intrviws at th collgs, institutions and agncis. Ths and othr nw opportunitis will hav to b carfully studid and courss ar to b taught kping th nds of ths nw avnus in mind. It is hr that th tachrs will hav to play th crucial rols. 117 Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

14 Rfrnc: 1. "Univrsity Grants Commission Act, 1956" fils/ugc_act.pdf) (PDF). Union Human Rsourc Dvlopmnt Ministry. Rtrivd 3 Sptmbr "::: Profssional Councils-Insid H E Univrsity Grants Commission :::" ugc.ac.in. Univrsity Grants Commission. Rtrivd 11 August "Cntral Univrsitis" ( mhrd.gov.in.union Human Rsourc Dvlopmnt Ministry. Archivd from th original ( on 3 March Rtrivd 13 March "List of Cntral Univrsitis as on " ( Univrsitis%20as%20on% pdf) (PDF). UGC. 29 Jun Rtrivd 1 July "List of Stat Univrsitis as on " ( as%20on% pdf) (PDF). Univrsity Grants Commission. 29 Jun Rtrivd 1 July "Stat Univrsitis in Karnataka" Univrsity Grants Commission. Rtrivd 12 July "Indian Institut of Spac Scinc and Tchnology (IISST) Thiruvanathapuram Dclard as Dmd to b Univrsity" (h ttp://pib.nic.in/rlas/rlas.asp?rlid=40292). Union Human Rsourc Dvlopmnt Ministry, Prss Information Burau. 14 July Rtrivd 3 Sptmbr ":::Dmd Univrsity Univrsity Grants Commission :::" gc.ac.in/insid/dmduniv.html). ugc.ac.in. Univrsity Grants Commission. 23 Jun Archivd from th original ( on 29 Novmbr Rtrivd 6 Jun Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs

15 9. "Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institut as dmd univrsity" ugc.ac.in. Univrsity Grants Commission. Rtrivd 13 Sptmbr ugc.ac.in 12. ":::Privat Univrsitis Univrsity Grants Commission :::" ( ugc.ac.in/insid/privatunivnotic.html). ugc.ac.in. Univrsity Grants Commission. 7 Jun Archivd from thoriginal ( on 12 Jun Rtrivd 12 Jun "Autonomous Bodis Highr Education" ( moussc.asp). ducation.nic.in. Union Human Rsourc Dvlopmnt Ministry. Archivd from th original ( tion.nic.in/autonomoussc.asp) on 17 Dcmbr Rtrivd 30 Jun Mathang Sshagiri (1 May 2011). "It's tim IIMs giv dgr, not diploma: Panl" ( s.com/ /india/ _1_iim-dirctors-iim-bindian-instituts). articls.timsofindia.indiatims.com. Tims of India. 15. "Agricultural Education Division Indian Council of Agricultural Rsarch" ( ation.htm). icar.org.in. Indian Council of Agricultural Rsarch. Rtrivd 11 August "Univrsitis Indian Council of Agricultural Rsarch" ( icar.org.in. Indian Council of Agricultural Rsarch. Rtrivd 11 August vrsitis%20as%20on% Intrnational Journal of Rsarch in Social Scincs