SCIENCE Student Book. 5th Grade Unit 8

Transcription

1 SCIENCE Studnt Book 5th Grad Unit 8

2 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY SCIENCE 508 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Introduction 3 1. Th Structur of th Earth...5 Faturs of th Earth 7 Layrs of th Earth 13 Rocks on th Earth s Surfac 18 Slf Tst Changs in th Earth Surfac Forcs 35 Forcs from undr th Surfac 42 Rsults of Forcs 50 Slf Tst 2 56 LIFEPAC Tst Pull-out 1

3 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 Author: Barry G. Burrus, M.Div, M.A., B.S. Editor: Brian Ring Illustrations: Brian Ring Mdia Crdits: Pag 3: Xavir Fargas, istock, Thinkstock; 3, 13: bubaon, istock, Thinkstock; 5: 1xprt, istock, Thinkstock; 8: Trifonnko, istock, Thinkstock; 18: donvictorio, istock, Thinkstock; 22: sittipong_srikanya, istock, Thinkstock; 23: sonsam, istock, Thinkstock; nuinuii, istock, Thinkstock; Hmra Tchnologis, PhotoObjcts.nt, Thinkstock; 26: Andry Burmakin, istock, Thinkstock; 33: MartinM303, istock, Thinkstock; 37: JohannaUngr, istock, Thinkstock; 40: Jupitrimags, Photos.com, Thinkstock; 42: Dorling Kindrsly, Thinkstock; 46: lukavs, istock, Thinkstock; 48: anton_novik, istock, Thinkstock; 53: PtrGintr, Digital Vision, Thinkstock. All maps in this book Imag Rsourcs, unlss othrwis statd. 804 N. 2nd Av. E. Rock Rapids, IA MM by Alpha Omga Publications, Inc. All rights rsrvd. LIFEPAC is a rgistrd tradmark of Alpha Omga Publications, Inc. All tradmarks and/or srvic marks rfrncd in this matrial ar th proprty of thir rspctiv ownrs. Alpha Omga Publications, Inc. maks no claim of ownrship to any tradmarks and/or srvic marks othr than thir own and thir affiliats, and maks no claim of affiliation to any companis whos tradmarks may b listd in this matrial, othr than thir own. 2

4 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Th arth is th hom that God has cratd for us. It is a wondrful hom. Th arth has thr main parts that w can normally s: th air around th arth, th watrs upon th surfac of th arth, and th solid part of th arth. This third part of th arth consists mainly of rock. It is vry intrsting to study. As you larnd in th prvious LIFEPAC, fossils ar found in th rocks of th arth. By studying th fossils found in th arth, w can larn much about God s cration and th physical rcord that H has givn to us. Howvr, thr ar many othr things about th solid part of th arth bsids fossils that ar intrsting to study. For xampl, th rocks thmslvs ar intrsting. Thy com in many typs, sizs, shaps, and colors. Thy can b fun to obsrv and collct. Thy can also hlp us larn mor about God s cration and about th history of th arth. In this LIFEPAC, you will larn mor about th solid part of th arth. You will larn not only about th surfac parts of th arth, but also about parts that li dp within th arth. You will also larn about forcs that chang th solid parts of th arth and how th arth changs ovr tim. 3

5 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 Objctivs Rad ths objctivs. Th objctivs tll you what you will b abl to do whn you hav succssfully compltd this LIFEPAC. Each sction will list according to th numbrs blow what objctivs will b mt in that sction. Whn you hav finishd this LIFEPAC, you should b abl to: 1. Dscrib th arth s surfac faturs. 2. Idntify th main parts of th arth. 3. Dscrib th typs of rock in th arth. 4. Dscrib th forcs that chang th arth s surfac. 5. Tll how th surfac of th arth is changing. 4

6 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY 1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH Th arth is a vry intrsting part of God s cration to study. Th study of th arth is calld gology, and scintists who study th arth ar calld gologists. On of th things that gologists study is th structur of th arth. For xampl, thy ar intrstd in th siz and shap of th arth. Thy also want to know mor about th surfac of th arth and what causs diffrncs in th faturs of th arth s surfac. Thy ar also intrstd in what lis blow th surfac of th arth. All of ths aras dal with th structur of th arth. In this sction of th LIFEPAC, you will larn mor about th main faturs of th arth: its siz, shap, and surfac contours. You will also larn about th diffrnt layrs of th arth and what lis blow th surfac of th arth. Finally, you will larn mor about th kinds of rocks that ar part of th surfac of th arth and how to idntify ths rocks. Objctivs Rviw ths objctivs. Whn you hav compltd this sction, you should b abl to: 1. Dscrib th arth s surfac faturs. 2. Idntify th main parts of th arth. 3. Dscrib th typs of rock in th arth. Sction 1 5

7 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 Vocabulary Study ths nw words. Larning th manings of ths words is a good study habit and will improv your undrstanding of this LIFEPAC. aggrgats (ăg rĭ-gĭts). A clustrd mass of individual particls hld togthr. Rocks ar aggrgats of minrals. clavag (klē vj). Th way in which somthing splits apart. conglomrat (k n glom r t). Somthing mad up of svral diffrnt matrials, such as a rock mad up of diffrnt kinds of pbbls. cor (kôr). Th cntral part of somthing. Th part that is locatd at th cntr. crust (krust). Th outsid rock layr that covrs th arth. dns (dns). Thickly or tightly packd togthr. lmnt (l m nt). A basic substanc mad of atoms that ar chmically alik. quator (i kwā t r). An imaginary circl around th arth xactly halfway btwn th pols of th arth. gology (jē ol j). Th study of th arth, both its physical parts and its history granit (gran it). A vry hard rock mad of small particls of ignous rocks. ignous (ig nē s). Formd by grat hat or actions of volcanos. landforms (land formz). Th physical faturs of th arth. Mountains, vallys, and hills ar landforms. lustr (lus t r). Dgr of brightnss of shin on a surfac. magma (mag m ). Mltd matrial usually found dp insid th arth. It is mad up of minrals. mantl (man tl). Th arth layr just blow th crust. mtamorphic (mt môr fik). Dscription of somthing that has changd form. A rock that has changd from on form to anothr. minrals (mĭn r- ls). Th common solid matrials found on Earth that mak up rock. Thir atoms ar usually arrangd in a rgular pattrn and form crystals. prssur (prsh r). Th forc of wight pushing against or squzing somthing. sdimntary (sd mn t r ē). Formd as matrials sttld to th bottom of a liquid. silt (silt). Vry fin minral particls. Not: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appar in boldfac print th first tim thy ar usd. If you ar unsur of th maning whn you ar rading, study th dfinitions givn. Pronunciation Ky: hat, āg, cãr, fär; lt, ēqual, tėrm; it, īc; hot, ōpn, ôrdr; oil; out; cup, pu t, rül; child; long; thin; /ŦH/ for thn; /zh/ for masur; /u/ or / / rprsnts /a/ in about, // in takn, /i/ in pncil, /o/ in lmon, and /u/ in circus. 6 Sction 1

8 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Faturs of th Earth Viwd from spac, th arth appars as a larg sphr (ball). It has vast patchs of whit clouds, blu ocans, and brown and grn land aras. At th top of th arth is th North Pol, and th South Pol is nar th bottom of th arth. Th whit aras surrounding th pols ar larg ic-covrd landmasss. This viw of th arth from spac, showing its ovrall structur, is truly bautiful. Lt s considr som dtails about th ovrall structur of th arth. In th sam way, th distanc around th arth is shortr at th pols than at th quator. At th pols, th arth is 24,860 mils (40,008 kilomtrs) around. At th quator, it is slightly gratr: 24,902 mils (40,075 kilomtrs) around. Howvr, th quator is not actually th fattst part of th arth. Th distanc around th arth is gratst along a circl slightly south of th quator. Thrfor, th arth s shap is a littl lik a par, which has its fattst part just blow its middl. But this bulg in th arth s shap is so small that th arth still looks lik a prfctly round sphr whn viwd from spac. 7,926 mils North Pol 7,900 mils Siz and shap. Th arth is shapd lik a larg sphr. Howvr, th arth is not prfctly round. It is slightly flattnd at th pols. This mans that th diamtr of th arth masurd from th North Pol to th South Pol is slightly lss that th diamtr across th middl of th arth at th quator. From pol to pol, th diamtr of th arth is about 7,900 mils (12,714 kilomtrs). At th quator, th diamtr of th arth is about 7,926 mils (12,756 kilomtrs). Thrfor, th distanc from pol to pol is 26 mils (42 kilomtrs) lss than th diamtr of th arth at th quator. This is why th arth is actually slightly flattnd at th pols, although it may look prfctly round whn viwd from far away in spac. EQUATOR South Pol Th Siz and Shap of th Earth Vary Slightly. Th fattst part of th arth from north to south is 24,860 mils around, and from ast to wst is 24,902. Sction 1 7

9 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 It is intrsting that long ago, som popl thought that th world was flat. Unlik popl today, thy had no way to gt abov th surfac of th arth to s it from afar. Furthrmor, no on had travld around th arth at that tim to tll of its shap. Popl had no instrumnt to xamin th shap of th arth. On th surfac, th arth lookd prtty flat, so it was asy to bliv that th arth was flat. As tim wnt on, popl bgan to think of th arth as ball-shapd. Thy bgan to gain nough information to show that th Today, an airplan can fly around th world in lss than two days. arth was round. Finally, from 1519 to 1522, on of th fiv ships and crw that wr in an xpdition to th spic islands of South East Asia startd by th xplorr Frdinand Magllan saild compltly around th world, proving th arth was round. Aftr that, popl bgan to think of th arth with nw undrstanding. Th grat siz of th arth surprisd most popl. Most popl wr not awar of all th land aras of th world. Thy wr also surprisd by th larg siz of th ocans of th world, spcially th Pacific Ocan. Popl thought th arth was smallr than it rally was. Evn Christophr Columbus blivd th arth was smallr. Whn h rachd Amrica, h thought h had landd in India. Today, it is common to think of a round arth. In fact, you hav probably sn globs of th arth showing that th arth is a round sphr. You hav probably also sn many picturs of th arth from spac, showing that th arth is round. Most of th arth s surfac has bn xplord today. All of this vidnc maks it asy for us to accpt that th arth is round. In som ways today, popl ar bginning to think of th arth as smallr. Evn though th physical siz of th arth is th sam, it taks far lss tim to travl around th arth today. Magllan s original voyag around th arth took almost thr yars. Today, a jt airplan can travl around th world in lss than two days. And astronauts can circl our arth in spac in about 90 minuts! Furthrmor, our modrn communications allow us to b instantly in touch with popl and vnts around th arth. For all of ths rasons, w think of th arth as smallr today than it was a cntury or two ago. 8 Sction 1

10 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Writ tru or fals. 1.1 Viwd from spac, th arth looks lik a larg sphr. 1.2 Th arth is slightly flattnd at th pols. 1.3 Th distanc around th arth is th sam at th pols and at th quator. 1.4 Th diamtr of th arth at th quator is about 7,926 mils. 1.5 Popl long ago knw that th arth was round. 1.6 A ship of Christophr Columbus was th first to sail around th arth. 1.7 In som rspcts, popl today viw th arth as smallr than it was a cntury ago. Landforms. Whn w viw th arth nar its surfac, w s that th surfac of th arth has many landforms. Hills, vallys, mountains, rivrs, and plains ar xampls of diffrnt landforms. Othr landforms includ ocans, msas, volcanos, and gorgs. Prhaps you hav bn on a mountain or sn an ocan. It is likly that you liv nar a lak or rivr. You liv on and nar various kinds of landforms. Popl who climb mountains ar oftn amazd by th grat hight of th paks. Dp ocan floors ar mor than thr and a half mils blow th surfac, with th dpst point th Challngr Dp southwst of Guam bing almost svn mils down. It sms that th surfac of th arth is not smooth at all. Landforms, such as th tallst mountains and th dpst parts of th ocan, can b vry larg whn viwd clos-up. Globs ar smooth. Picturs takn from outr spac do not show grat diffrncs on th arth s surfac. How can this b? Th landforms ar tiny whn compard to th total arth surfac. A pic of dust on a glob might compar to th highst mountain. A drop of watr would b dpr than th dpst ocan. Th arth is actually a smooth plant. Humans ar so much smallr than landforms that small diffrncs appar grat to us. Although th basic siz and shap of th arth rmain th sam, th arth s landforms ar constantly changing. Som changs happn slowly and othrs occur vry suddnly. Th changs in th arth s surfac ar important to us bcaus thy affct our livs and giv us clus about th history of th arth. Sction 1 9

11 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit A COMPARE AN ORANGE AND THE EARTH You will viw an orang at a distanc and thn clos-up. Thn you will compar what you s with landforms of th arth. Viw 508 COMPARE AN ORANGE AND THE EARTH: Grad 5 Scinc xprimnts vido Ths supplis ar ndd: orang magnifying glass Follow ths dirctions carfully. Put a chck in th box aftr ach stp is compltd Plac th orang on a tabl about 10 ft (3 mtrs) from you. Sktch what you s in Figur 1. (Do not us th magnifying glass in this stp.) Bring th orang to your dsk. Obsrv it with th magnifying glass. 5. Sktch what you s in Figur 2. Figur 1 Figur 2 Tachr chck: Initials Dat 10 Sction 1

12 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Answr ths qustions. 1.8 List som liknsss in your obsrvations. 1.9 List som diffrncs in your obsrvations Why wr thr diffrncs in th two obsrvations? 1.11 Compar this obsrvation with th arth and its landforms. Complt this activity. Many landforms hav nams. For xampl, th Atlantic Ocan is a larg body of watr off th ast coast of th Unitd Stats. Writ th nams of famous landforms aftr th clus. You may us an atlas, othr books, or th Intrnt to hlp in this activity High, rocky rang in Colorado Dp rivr vally in northrn Arizona Larg lvl ara in cntral Unitd Stats Larg body of watr on th wstrn bordr of Orgon Long, wid rivr vally from Minnsota through Louisiana Body of watr bordring Txas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida Honolulu is locatd on on of ths landforms Low mountains raching from Gorgia to Pnnsylvania. Sction 1 11

13 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 Us th Bibl. Landforms ar mntiond many tims in th Bibl. Somtims th way thy wr formd is xplaind. Som vrss compar crtain landforms to somthing or somon ls. Complt th following activitis with a frind. Frind s nam 1.20 Rad Psalm 125:1 2. Discuss it togthr. How did th author us landforms to xplain his idas? 1.21 Rad Dutronomy 11: What landforms did th nw land hav? 1.22 In Matthw 5:14, Christ usd a landform to xplain somthing important. What was H tlling about? 1.23 Find anothr Bibl passag whr a landform is usd to hlp xplain idas. Passag: Tll how th landform hlpd xplain th ida. 12 Sction 1

14 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit 8 SELF TEST 1 Match ths itms (ach answr, 3 points) a larg sphr 1.02 Magllan 1.03 diamtr at pols 1.04 landforms 1.05 mantl 1.06 cor 1.07 minrals a. hills, vallys, rivrs, plains b. layr blow crust c. at arth s cntr d. arth viwd from spac. commandd first ship to sail around arth f. about 3,000 typs g. a common sdimntary rock h. discovrd Amrica i. 7,900 mils j. 24,902 mils Answr tru or fals (ach answr, 2 points) Popl long ago thought th arth was flat Th arth is prfctly round at th pols You would hav to travl som distanc to s a landform Granit is part of th crust layr of th arth Th matrials of th crust hav lss mass than matrials dpr in th arth Th outr layr of th arth s cor is about 1,400 mils Sand is an xampl of a minral. 30 Sction 1

15 Unit 8 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Draw this diagram (this answr, 5 points) Draw a diagram of th arth. Labl th main parts using ths trms: innr cor, outr cor, mantl, crust. Writ th corrct answr on ach lin (ach answr, 3 points) is a vry common sdimntary rock mad of tiny grains of clay. a. Limston b. Slat c. Shal d. Granit Many sdimntary rocks wr probably formd at th tim of. a. Earth s cration b. th Flood c. Adam d. Abraham Marbl rock was onc. a. shal b. limston c. granit d. wood On physical tst for rocks is to chck thir. a. siz b. wight c. color d. flatnss Mltd rock from a volcano is calld. a. lava b. magma c. strngth d. faulting Th arth s landforms ar. a. always th sam b. constantly changing c. vry rar d. mainly mountains Sction 1 31

16 RECORDS IN ROCK: GEOLOGY Unit hav spcial forms and hav flat sids calld facs. a. Landforms b. Crystals c. Aggrgats d. Elmnts Complt ths activitis (ach answr, 3 points) Nam thr landforms. a. b. c List fiv physical tsts for idntifying rocks. a. b. c. d.. Answr ths qustions (ach answr, 5 points) How ar ignous rocks formd? How ar mtamorphic rocks formd? How ar sdimntary rocks formd? Tachr chck: Initials Scor Dat Sction 1

17 SCI_Gr3-5 SCI0508 Jan 16 Printing 804 N. 2nd Av. E. Rock Rapids, IA ISBN