The mounting number of patients awaiting liver. Improvement of Rat Liver Graft Quality by Pifithrin- Mediated Inhibition of Hepatocyte Necrapoptosis

Transcription

1 Improvement of Rat Liver Graft Quality by Pifithrin- Mediated Inhibition of Hepatocyte Necrapoptosis Amr M. El-Gibaly, 1 Claudia Scheuer, 1 Michael D. Menger, 1 and Brigitte Vollmar 2 Early graft dysfunction due to ischemia reperfusion injury remains a major clinical challenge in liver transplantation. Because apoptosis may contribute to graft dysfunction, we studied whether transient inhibition of p53 is capable of improving graft quality by reducing apoptotic cell death. Rat livers were harvested and stored for 24 hours or 48 hours in a 4 C solution containing either pifithrin- (PFT- ), a specific p53-inhibitor, or the vehicle dimethyl-sulfoxide. Storage was followed by 2-hour reperfusion with 37 C Krebs-Henseleit buffer in an isolated liver perfusion system. Besides caspase-3 activation, apoptosis was quantified using fluorescence microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin histology. Trypan blue allowed for assessment of cell membrane damage, indicating both secondary apoptosis and primary necrosis. Bile flow, oxygen consumption, K -excretion and enzyme release served as indicators of overall graft quality. Upon 2-hour reperfusion, livers developed procaspase activation as well as a mixture of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, representing necrapoptosis. In livers that had been stored for 48 hours, necrapoptotic injury was more pronounced compared with that after 24-hour storage. PFT- effectively attenuated caspase activation as well as hepatocellular apoptosis and necrosis. Attenuation of both modes of cell death by PFT- was associated with improved liver function, metabolism, and integrity. Experiments with the caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk confirmed that apoptosis is one mode of cell death in cold ischemia reperfusion. In conclusion, inhibition of p53-dependent apoptosis by PFT- reduces hepatic preservation-reperfusion injury and improves primary organ function and metabolism. Fortification of the preservation solution with PFT- may represent a promising and easily applicable approach to mitigate reperfusion injury in liver transplants. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39: ) The mounting number of patients awaiting liver transplantation and the still-limited pool of donor organs underline the expanding necessity of using all available organs for transplantation. However, cold storage at 4 C as a standard technique for organ preservation is quite limited, with irreversible injury occuring after prolonged periods beyond 16 hours to 24 Abbreviations: PFT-, pifithrin- ; HTK, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; KHB, Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate; PAS, periodic acid Schiff; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. From the 1 Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and the 2 Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. Received January 15, 2003; accepted February 8, A.M.El-G. is supported by a grant of the Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt. The study is supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn- Bad Godesberg, Germany (Me 900/1-3 und 1-4). Address reprint requests to: Brigitte Vollmar, M.D., Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. brigitte.vollmar@med.uni-rostock.de; fax: ; Copyright 2004 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Published online in Wiley InterScience ( DOI /hep hours. Hence current principles of organ preservation chiefly strive to both confer optimal primary graft function and prolong organ ischemic tolerance. Preservation injury is mainly due to cold ischemia reperfusion injury and represents the major cause of primary graft nonfunction following liver transplantation. 1 The cellular compartments in liver preservation injury include Kupffer cells, which become primed and activated 2,3 ; endothelial lining cells, which become rounded and detached 4 ; and hepatocytes, which although minimally affected by hypothermia 4,5 encounter necrotic cell death upon reperfusion. 6 A growing body of literature suggests that besides hepatocellular necrosis, apoptosis may occur, significantly contributing to organ damage caused by ischemia reperfusion and transplantation. 7 9 As a morphologically distinct form of cell death, apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and rounding up, nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and DNA cleavage. Apoptosis can be induced by different initiating mechanisms such as oxidative stress, physical injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and various 1553

2 1554 EL-GIBALY ET AL. HEPATOLOGY, June 2004 ligand/receptor interactions (Fas, Fas-ligand, TRAIL, TNFRp55) Because the genes for these membrane death receptors are, at least in part, under the transcriptional control of the p53 tumor suppressor and have been shown to be upregulated under conditions of stress in a p53-dependent manner, 13,14 it is tempting to speculate that pifithrin- (PFT- ), a p53-blocking agent, 15 may protect against apoptotic cell death upon cold ischemia reperfusion and thus ameliorate graft injury. We therefore procured livers with PFT- supplemented histidinetryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution and studied hepatocellular apoptosis and necrosis, proapoptotic protein expression, and liver dysfunction during poststorage reperfusion. Materials and Methods Animals. Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex weighing g were used. Animals were housed one per cage at 22 C 24 C with a 12-hour dark light cycle, and were kept on water and standard chow ad libitum. After approval by the local animal care committee, the experiments were conducted according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH publication 86-23, revised 1985). Liver Procurement. Pentobarbital-anesthetized animals (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) were placed in the supine position and tracheotomized to facilitate spontaneous respiration. A polyethylene catheter in the left carotid artery allowed for injection of the fluorescent dye bisbenzimide (H33342, 2 mol/kg; Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) and blood sampling. After transverse laparotomy and cannulation of the common bile duct, bile was collected for 20 minutes to assess baseline values. Livers were then flushed via the abdominal aorta with 100 ml of 4 C HTK solution (Köhler Chemie, Alsbach-Hähnlein, Germany) by gravity of 100 cm H 2 O. Livers were immediately excised, weighed, and stored in 4 C HTK solution. Isolated Liver Reperfusion. After 24- or 48-hour storage, livers were flushed with 40 ml of 37 C Ringer s lactate. Aliquots of the effluent flush were sampled for analysis of electrolyte concentrations, ph, and alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities. Livers were then reperfused for 2 hours through the portal vein in a nonrecirculating fashion with freshly prepared Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate (KHB) buffer saturated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide at a flow rate of 2 ml/min g liver tissue using a pulsatile perfusion pump (beta/4, ProMinent, Heidelberg, Germany). Portal venous pressure was assessed continuously throughout the reperfusion period. Portal venous resistance was calculated from portal venous pressure and flow rate and expressed in mm Hg min/ml. 16 To assess liver excretory function and tissue integrity, bile flow was collected at 30-minute intervals. Aliquots of effluent fluid were collected for liver enzyme analysis. Moreover, perfusate samples were simultaneously withdrawn from the portal inflow and the venous outflow after 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for direct analysis of po 2, pco 2, and ph, as well as for electrolyte concentrations. Liver oxygen consumption was calculated by: oxygen consumption ( mol/min g liver tissue) (po 2 inflow po 2 outflow ) (mm Hg) ( mol/ml mm Hg)/ flow rate (ml/min g liver tissue). 17 Fluorescence Microscopy. Using a modified fluorescence microscope (Axiotech, Zeiss, Jena, Germany) attached to an ultraviolet filter system ( / 415 nm), the microscopic images were recorded by a chargecoupled device video camera and stored on videotape for off-line analysis. 18 Using a water immersion objective (W63x/0.90, Zeiss), hepatocellular apoptosis was assessed during the isolated perfusion procedure by visualizing bisbenzimide-stained hepatocytes. 19 Quantitative analysis was performed in 10 fields per liver by counting the number of cells showing apoptosis-associated condensation, fragmentation, and/or crescent-shaped formation of nuclear chromatin, and is given in percent of all cells visible. 19 Trypan Blue Uptake. Parenchymal cell membrane damage was assessed by trypan blue perfusion. 20 After 2-hour reperfusion, trypan blue (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to the circuit at a concentration of 200 M and was perfused via the portal vein for additional 10 minutes. After flushing with KHB buffer to remove excess dye, whole livers were fixed by flushing with 1% paraformaldehyde, stored in 10% formalin for 2 3 days, embedded in paraffin and processed for light microscopy. Within 20 fields per section, trypan blue positive tissue areas were planimetrically assessed (CapImage, Zeintl, Heidelberg, Germany) and given in percent of the total area of observation. Sampling and Assays. Bile samples were weighed and standardized per gram of liver wet-weight ( L/min g liver tissue), assuming a specific weight of 1g/mL. 21 ALT and AST activities were analyzed in perfusate samples by means of standard spectrophotometric techniques. At the end of both cold preservation and 2-hour reperfusion, liver tissue was sampled for histology and Western blot analysis. Histology. Liver tissue was fixed for 2 3 days in 4% formalin and embedded in paraffin. From paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, 5- m sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for analysis of hepatocellular ap-

3 HEPATOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2004 EL-GIBALY ET AL optosis and vacuolation as well as venular endothelial detachment. Apoptotic cells were morphologically identified through cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, chromatin fragmentation, and apoptotic bodies; they were then counted and expressed in percent of all cells within 15 consecutive high-power fields. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes was scored in 20 highpower fields from 0 to 4 according to Calabrese et al., 22 where none 0; minimal ( 10% hepatocytes) 1; mild (10% 40% hepatocytes) 2; moderate (40% 70% hepatocytes) 3; and severe ( 70% hepatocytes) 4. Endothelial detachment was assessed as the number of postsinusoidal venules showing detachment in percent of the total number of vessels analyzed. Sections were further stained for glycogen content using the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method. Semiquantitative assessment of PAS-positive tissue was performed as follows: 1 30% hepatocytes; 2 30% 70% hepatocytes; and 3 70% hepatocytes. 22 Cleaved Caspase-3 Immunohistochemistry. To study active caspase-3 using immunohistochemistry, 5- m sections of paraffin-embedded liver specimens were incubated overnight at room temperature with a rabbit polyclonal anticleaved caspase-3 antibody (1:50, Cell Signaling Technology, Frankfurt, Germany). This antibody detects endogenous levels of the large fragment (17/19 kda) of activated caspase-3, but not full length caspase-3. A biotinylated anti mouse/rabbit Ig antibody was used as a secondary antibody for streptavidine-biotin complex peroxidase staining (Link, LSAB-HRP, Dako- Cytomotion, Hamburg, Germany). 3,3 diaminobenzidine was used as the chromogen. The sections were counterstained with hemalaun. Western Blot Analysis. For whole protein extracts and Western blot analysis of caspase-3, liver tissue was homogenized in lysis buffer (10 mm Tris, ph 7.5, 10 mm NaCl, 0.1 mm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.5% Triton-X 100, 0.02% NaN 3, 0.2 mm phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride), incubated for 30 minutes on ice, and centrifuged for 30 minutes at 16,000g. The supernatant was saved as whole protein fraction. Prior to use, the buffer received a protease inhibitor cocktail (1:100 v/v, Sigma). Protein concentrations were determined using the Lowry assay with bovine serum as the standard. 23 Equal amounts of protein per lane (60 g of whole liver lysate) were separated discontinuously on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and transferred to a polyvinyldifluoride membrane (BioRad, Munich, Germany). After blockade of nonspecific binding sites, membranes were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with a rabbit polyclonal anticleaved caspase-3 antibody (1:800, Cell Signaling Technology) followed by a secondary peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti rabbit Ig antibody (1:5,000, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). Equal protein loading was proven by Coomassie blue staining of the gels and by Ponceau S staining of the immunoblot membranes. Protein expression was visualized using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence and exposure of membrane to blue light sensitive autoradiography film (Hyperfilm ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Signals were assessed densitometrically. Experimental Protocol. Livers were subjected to four groups (n 6 livers each) according to the perfusion solution and the cold storage time. The reversible p53 inhibitor PFT- (Alexis, Grünberg, Germany) was added to the HTK solution at a concentration of 20 M 15 dissolved in 99.5% dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma). Control livers were perfused with HTK solution containing an equivalent volume of the vehicle DMSO. Cold preservation of livers was performed for either 24 hours or 48 hours. In an additional set of experiments, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk (Alexis) 11 was added to the HTK solution at a concentration of 50 M dissolved in saline. Cold preservation of livers was performed for either 24 hours (n 3) or 48 hours (n 4). Because of inactivation of z-vad-fmk within periods of more than 24 hours, z-vad-fmk (50 M) was added a second time at 24 hours in the 48-hour cold-stored livers. Livers that were harvested as described above but immediately reperfused with an ischemic period of less than 1 hour served as sham-operated controls (n 5). Statistical Analysis. All data are expressed as mean SEM. After testing for normal distribution using the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, differences between the PFT- and the control groups were assessed using the Student s t test. Pearson product moment correlation was performed to evaluate significant correlations between the parameters studied. Overall statistical significance was set at P.05. Results Isolated Liver Reperfusion. Over the 2-hour period of reperfusion, portal venous pressure and portal venous resistance progressively decreased from mm Hg and mm Hg min/ml to 6 mm Hg and 0.25 mm Hg min/ml without significant differences between PFT- and control groups (Tables 1 and 2). O 2 consumption and K excretion did not differ between the groups after 24-hour storage (see Table 1). However, after 48-hour storage, O 2 consumption was markedly higher in

4 1556 EL-GIBALY ET AL. HEPATOLOGY, June 2004 Table 1. Hemodynamic and Metabolic Parameters During Reperfusion of Livers With KHB Buffer for a Total of 2 Hours 5 Minutes 30 Minutes 60 Minutes 90 Minutes 120 Minutes Portal venous pressure (mm Hg) DMSO PFT Portal venous resistance (mm Hg min/ml) DMSO PFT O 2 consumption ( mol/min g liver tissue) DMSO PFT K efflux (mmol/l) DMSO PFT NOTE. Livers were preserved for 24 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (control) or PFT-. Data are given as mean SEM. PFT- treated livers throughout the 2-hour reperfusion period (see Table 2). In parallel, PFT- treated livers showed less K excretion upon flushing ( mmol/l vs. DMSO: mmol/l; P.05) as well as during the first 5 minutes of reperfusion (see Table 2). Sham-operated controls revealed a portal venous pressure between 4.8 and 3.6 mm Hg, an oxygen consumption constantly above 1 mol/min g of liver tissue, and low K excretion upon flushing ( mmol/l). Fluorescence Microscopy. Cold storage of DMSOtreated livers for 24 hours showed 7% apoptotic cells. Subsequent reperfusion caused a progressive increase of the number of apoptotic cells with 17% at 120 minutes of reperfusion (Fig. 1A). Storage for 48 hours resulted in 10% apoptotic cell death, while additional 2-hour reperfusion induced a dramatic increase to almost 60% (Figs. 1B and 2). PFT- treatment afforded a significant reduction of apoptotic cell injury after both preservation and reperfusion. At 120 minutes of reperfusion, the number of apoptotic cells decreased by 54% and 67% after 24- and 48-hour storage, respectively (see Fig. 1). Sham-operated control livers revealed less than 2% of apoptotic hepatocytes throughout the 2-hour reperfusion. Storage of livers with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad-fmk markedly reduced apoptotic cell death. After 24-hour storage, numbers of apoptotic hepatocytes as assessed by fluorescence microscopy (0 hours, %; 1 hour, %; 2 hours, %) were comparable to those in livers preserved with PFT- substituted HTK solution; after 48-hour storage, z-vad-fmk proved to be slightly less effective in reducing apoptotic cell death ( %, %, %) when compared with PFT-. Bile Flow and Liver Enzyme Activities. Upon reperfusion after 24-hour storage, bile flow in DMSOtreated livers ranged between 0.14 and 0.18 L/min g liver tissue. Hepatocellular excretory function was found better maintained by PFT- preservation, as indicated by a 1.5- to 2-fold higher bile flow (Fig. 3A). After 48-hour storage, bile flow was markedly lower ( 0.08 L/min g liver tissue) compared to that after 24-hour storage and did not differ significantly between the two groups (Fig. Table 2. Hemodynamic and Metabolic Parameters During Reperfusion of Livers With KHB Buffer for a Total of 2 Hours 5 Minutes 30 Minutes 60 Minutes 90 Minutes 120 Minutes Portal venous pressure (mm Hg) DMSO PFT Portal venous resistance (mm Hg min/ml) DMSO PFT O 2 consumption ( mol/min g liver tissue) DMSO PFT * * * K efflux (mmol/l) DMSO PFT * NOTE. Livers were preserved for 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (control) or PFT-. Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO.

5 HEPATOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2004 EL-GIBALY ET AL Fig 1. Apoptotic cell death, as determined by fluorescence microscopy, in cold-stored livers during reperfusion with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer for a total of 2 hours. Livers were preserved for (A) 24 hours or (B) 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. 3B). Throughout reperfusion, average bile flow of shamoperated livers was L/min g liver tissue. Analysis of AST and ALT activities in the flushing solution revealed higher levels after 48 hours than after 24 hours (Fig. 4). PFT- caused a significant reduction of enzyme activities after both 24- and 48-hour cold preservation (see Fig. 4). After 2-hour reperfusion following either 24- or 48-hour storage, no significant differences between PFT- and DMSO-preserved livers could be observed (data not shown). In sham-operated control livers, activities of AST and ALT in the perfusate remained below detection limit. Liver Histology and Immunohistochemistry. To confirm apoptotic cell death after liver cold storage and reperfusion, active caspase-3 was studied using immunohistochemistry. These experiments showed positive staining of a considerable number of individual hepatocytes. Interestingly, cells with positive active caspase-3 staining Fig 3. Bile flow in cold-stored livers during reperfusion with KHB buffer for a total of 2 hours. Livers were preserved for (A) 24 hours or (B) 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. did not necessarily show cell shrinkage but typically showed nuclear condensation, fragmentation, and margination, as well as plasma membrane blebbing (Fig. 5). Quantitative analysis of hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections confirmed the PFT- mediated protection against preservation-reperfusion injury (Fig. 6). After both 24- and 48-hour preservation, apoptotic cell death was found significantly reduced in PFT- treated livers when compared with DMSO-treated controls. This difference was detected directly after cold storage, but in particular after the 2-hour reperfusion period (see Fig. 6). Although cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes was minimal after storage, it became evident after reperfusion with preferential localization in the pericentral segment of hepatic lobules. In DMSO-treated livers, score values ranged between 3.4 (24-hour storage) and 4.0 (48-hour storage), while vacuolation was less pronounced in PFT- treated livers with a score of approximately 3.3 after 48-hour storage (Table 3; Fig. 7). PFT- conferred protection of endothelial cells as well as hepatocytes as indicated by the amelioration of endothelial cell detachment (see Table 3). Fig 2. Fluorescence microscopic images of liver tissue (A) at the end of 48 hours of cold storage and (B) after an additional 2 hours of reperfusion, displaying bisbenzimide-stained hepatocytes with condensation (arrow) as well as fragmentation and margination of nuclear chromatin (arrowheads). Note the marked increased of hepatocytes exhibiting apoptotic signs upon 2 hours of reperfusion (ultraviolet epiillumination; original magnification 800). Fig 4. Liver enzymes (A) AST and (B) ALT in flushing effluent after 24- and 48-hour cold preservation in HTK solution substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

6 1558 EL-GIBALY ET AL. HEPATOLOGY, June 2004 Fig 6. Apoptotic cell death, as determined by analysis of hematoxylineosin stained tissue specimens, in cold-stored livers after reperfusion with KHB buffer for a total of 2 hours. Livers were preserved for (A) 24 hours or (B) 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. Fig 5. Representative immunohistochemistry of active caspase-3 staining in single hepatocytes of liver specimens, which underwent 24-hour cold storage and 2-hour reperfusion. The cleaved caspase-3 rabbit monoclonal antibody detects endogenous levels of the large fragment (17/19 kda) of activated caspase-3, but not full length caspase-3. (A) Individual contiguous cells were stained rather than groups of cells. Interestingly, cells with positive active caspase-3-staining did not necessarily show nuclear condensation and cell shrinkage, but frequently showed (B, E) typical nuclear fragmentation, (C, F) nuclear margination, and (D, G) plasma membrane blebbing without cell shrinkage. (Original magnification 500.) PAS scores were reduced at 2-hour reperfusion compared with corresponding values at 24-hour storage, denoting use of glycogen as a substrate for energy production upon reperfusion. This reduction was more pronounced in PFT- treated livers (Fig. 8A). After 48- hour storage and reperfusion, however, PAS scores did not significantly change in either of the groups, implying hampered ability of liver tissue to use glycogen (Fig. 8B). Trypan Blue Uptake. After cold storage and reperfusion, trypan blue positive cells were mainly located in the midzonal and periportal segments of hepatic lobules. With prolongation of cold storage from 24- to 48-hours, trypan blue positive areas increased from 28% to 61% in DMSO-treated livers, while PFT- treated livers exhibited significantly smaller areas of injury (5% and 24%; see Table 3). Caspase-3 Protein Levels. Marked activation of caspase-3 was shown by Western blot analysis of cleaved products of caspase-3 in whole liver lysates after 24-hour storage and 2-hour reperfusion (14 3 optical density mm 2 ), while caspase activation was lower in lysates sampled directly after the 24-hour storage period (9 2 optical density mm 2 ). PFT- was effective to significantly inhibit cold ischemia-induced caspase activation as indicated by a 55% and 33% reduction of cleaved caspase-3 in 24- and 48-hour stored organs (Fig. 9). After 2-hour reperfusion, cleaved products of caspase-3 were only slightly reduced by PFT- (see Fig. 9). Correlation Analysis. Release of both K and AST in the flushing solution, indicating parenchymal cell disintegration, correlated positively with the parameters of subsequent hepatocellular injury at 2-hour reperfusion as determined by apoptosis, cellular vacuolation, endothelial cell detachment, and trypan blue uptake (Table 4). Noteably, both methods of detecting apoptosis (histomorphol- Fig 7. Hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections of cold-stored livers after reperfusion with KHB buffer for a total of 2 hours. Livers were preserved for 24 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either (A) DMSO or (B) PFT-. Note the markedly better preserved liver morphology in the PFT- treated liver. (Original magnification 200.)

7 HEPATOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2004 EL-GIBALY ET AL Table 3. The Effects of PFT- on Liver Histology After Preservation for Either 24 Hours or 48 Hours and Reperfusion for a Total of 2 Hours With KHB Buffer Cytoplasmic Vacuolation Endothelial Cell Detachment (%) Trypan Blue Uptake (%) 0h 2h 0h 2h 2h 24 h DMSO PFT * * * 48 h DMSO PFT * * * NOTE. For detailed information of quantitative assessment of liver histology, see Materials and Methods. Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. ogy and fluorescence microscopy) correlated well with each other (r 0.81, P.0001), but also with trypan blue uptake (r 0.86, P.0001; r 0.72, P.005). Discussion The p53 protein plays a key role in the control of the cell response to various kinds of stress, with the activation of p53 resulting in the arrest of cell proliferation and/or apoptosis. 13 PFT-, a small molecule that reversibly blocks p53-dependent transcriptional activation and apoptosis, has been shown to protect mice from side effects of cancer therapy 15 and neurons from death induced by ischemic and excitotoxic insults. 24 Herein we report that PFT- reduces procaspase-3 activation and both hepatocellular apoptosis and necrosis after cold storage and reperfusion, ensuing better liver function, metabolism, and tissue integrity. Hepatic Cold Preservation Injury. Although their compositions markedly differ, both University of Wisconsin and HTK solution are used for cold preservation of liver allografts. In the present study, liver preservation was accomplished with HTK solution. Although originally developed as a cardioplegic solution, the use of HTK solution has been extended and covers other organs in addition to the liver. 25 HTK solution is thought to be equally as appropriate as University of Wisconsin solution for liver transplantation, even if cold ischemia extends to 15 hours. 25 HTK solution imparts certain advantages, in particular the ability of histidine to enter the cells, afford- Fig 8. Intensity of hepatocellular PAS staining, as assessed by a semiquantitative scoring index, in cold-stored livers during reperfusion with KHB buffer for a total of 2 hours. Livers were preserved for (A) 24 hours or (B) 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. Abbreviation: PAS, periodic acid Schiff. Fig 9. Densitometric analysis of cleaved caspase-3 in cold-stored livers after reperfusion with KHB buffer for a total of 2 hours as assessed by Western blot analysis. Densitometric units of cleaved caspase-3 products in the DMSO group were set as 100%. Livers were preserved for (A) 24 hours or (B) 48 hours with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO (open bars) or PFT- (filled bars). Data are given as mean SEM. *P.05 vs. DMSO. The upper panel shows a representative blot of cleaved caspase-3 at 0 hours and 2 hours of reperfusion in livers, which were preserved for 24 hours (left) and 48 hours (right) with 4 C HTK solution, substituted with either DMSO or PFT-. Caspase cleavage was not detectable in the sham-operated control liver. -Actin was used to verify equal loading of lanes. Abbreviations: DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PFT-, pifithrin-.

8 1560 EL-GIBALY ET AL. HEPATOLOGY, June 2004 Table 4. Correlation Between Parameters of Liver Morphology at 2 Hours of Reperfusion With K and AST Efflux in Flushing Solution Regression Coefficient* Apoptosis (bisbenzimide) 0.55 (P.01) 0.87 (P.0001) Apoptosis (hematoxylin-eosin) 0.83 (P.0001) 0.50 (P.057) Cytoplasmic vacuolation 0.48 (P.05) 0.50 (P.05) Endothelial cell detachment 0.46 (P.05) 0.71 (P.005) Trypan blue uptake 0.77 (P.0005) 0.52 (P.05) *Pearson product moment correlation. ing effective intracellular buffering and preventing detrimental ph fall. Hydrogen ion and lactate accumulation from ATP breakdown and anaerobic glycolysis are known to suppress glycolytic enzymes, preventing ATP regeneration. 26 Due to continuous removal of acidic products, HTK solution promotes anaerobic glycolysis and ATP preservation. 25 Our aim was to investigate the effect of transient inhibition of p53 in reperfusion injury of cold ischemic livers. Ideally, such a study should be performed in a transplantation model, but too many confounding factors are present to conclusively identify specific mechanisms. Therefore, we used an ex vivo isolated liver perfusion model with a blood cell free perfusate. Being aware that leukocytes and platelets play an enormous role in mediating reperfusion injury, 27 it was our intent to simplify the model to exclusively study the individual p53-dependent pathway of hepatocellular apoptosis. Flushing of livers before reperfusion allowed to collect effluent fluid for determination of K levels and transaminase activities. In parallel with other studies, 28,29 these measures portrayed a valuable tool of predicting organ damage, as indicated by significant correlations with morphological characteristics of final tissue injury. AST levels were approximately eightfold higher than corresponding values of ALT, indicating mitochondrial injury as a probable incentive for postischemic liver dysfunction. The analysis of apoptotic cell injury in our model is primarily based on fluorescence microscopic assessment of nuclear morphology. In a previous study, we could demonstrate that condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin, as visualized by fluorescence microscopy, indeed indicates apoptosis, corresponding with established criteria of apoptosis as assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 30 The fact that z-vad-fmk was capable of reducing the number of cells that we identified as apoptotic cells because of their characteristic changes in nuclear chromatin morphology underlines our finding that apoptosis is one mode of cell death after cold storage and reperfusion. K AST In contrast to most confirmed apoptosis models in which z-vad-fmk completely abolished apoptotic cell death, the inhibitor was only partially effective in our preservation-reperfusion model. This may be due to the fact that z-vad-fmk was given in the preservation solution during 4 C ischemia. Although there is no information on z-vad-fmk action in 4 C liver storage, experiments analyzing apoptosis in cryopreserved hepatocytes using z-vad-fmk in the cryopreservation solution also demonstrated an only partial reduction of apoptosis as indicated by a 30% diminution of caspase-3-like protease activity. 31 There is an ongoing discussion not only on the predominant mode of cell death (i.e., apoptosis vs. necrosis), but also on the extent of apoptosis in postischemic hepatic reperfusion. In contrast to a recent study demonstrating quantitatively irrelevant numbers of apoptotic cells after partial no-flow warm ischemia reperfusion, 32 we herein show 7% apoptotic cells after 24-hour storage and 17% after an additional 2 hours of reperfusion. This supports the view that (1) apoptosis occurs already during cold preservation, as also shown by Rauen et al. 33 in in vitro systems, and (2) reperfusion represents its own pathogenic entity, enhancing preservation-induced damage either by aggravating or by unmasking the injury implicated during cold ischemia. In the present model, reperfusion of cold-stored livers was accomplished through machine perfusion forcing oxygenated perfusate into the liver, which to some extent differs from the in vivo situation in which no reflow, vasoconstriction, and plugging of sinusoids might have more impact on cellular ATP depletion, thus favoring necrotic instead of apoptotic cell death. The amount of apoptotic cell death is nicely mirrored by the procaspase-3 activation, being 1.5- to 2-fold higher at the end vs. the beginning of reperfusion. Moreover, there is a marked increase of caspase-3 processing compared with sham-operated controls. The impact of caspase-mediated apoptosis has been emphasized in studies in which liver injury after ischemia reperfusion was prevented by application of caspase inhibitors, 8,34,35 similarly as in the present study. In parallel to apoptotic cell death, cell membrane damage, as assessed by trypan blue uptake, occurred in dependency to storage time, ranging between 20% and 60%. Thus, in contrast to warm hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, which is thought to preferentially occur through oncotic necrosis, 32 both modes of cell death seem to substantially contribute to liver damage upon cold ischemia reperfusion. This is in line with the view of others, indicating that by inducing mitochondrial permeability transition, ischemia reperfusion causes both apoptosis and necrosis. 36 In fact, apopto-

9 HEPATOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 6, 2004 EL-GIBALY ET AL sis and necrosis may not be unrelated as initially thought, but rather may share common events, resulting in necrapoptosis or aponecrosis. 37,38 In necrapoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition initiates a chain reaction that culminates in either apoptosis or necrosis, possibly depending on ATP supply. 36 Rapid and complete cellular ATP depletion may direct cells toward necrosis, while apoptotic signaling may proceed if ATP depletion is delayed (cold ischemia) or restored (reperfusion). According to the definition of Lemasters, 37 the mixture of apoptotic and necrotic cell death after cold preservation and reperfusion may represent a typical necrapoptotic response. In addition, it should be kept in mind that cell membrane damage is characteristic not only of primary necrotic cell death, but also of secondary apoptosis. In this case, a considerable number of trypan blue positive cells may have undergone apoptosis, which is supported by our result that apoptotic cell death, as determined by fluorescence microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin histomorphology, significantly correlated with trypan blue uptake. The observation that the majority of trypan blue uptake was located periportally might be due to the fact that ischemia reperfusion induced sinusoidal perfusion failure is known to occur preferentially in periportal and midzonal segments, 39 resulting in rapid ATP depletion and thus more pronounced cell death. PFT- and Hepatic Cold Preservation Injury. In the present study, the 20- M dose of PFT- was chosen because it has demonstrated selective inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity and thus prevention of DNA damage induced apoptosis. 15 We further supplemented the preservation solution with PFT- because this avoids special pretreatment of organ donors and can easily be done by the transplant surgeon, thus representing an attractive tool in clinical practice. A variety of in vivo studies have shown that PFT- mediates antiapoptotic properties, 24,40 42 disproving the concern that the herein observed effect of PFT- is specific for a buffer-perfused isolated tissue. Being aware that the mechanisms of hepatic cold ischemia reperfusion injury are multifactorial, 43 characteristic triggers (e.g., ATP depletion, hypoxia, acidosis, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines) are known to cause p53 activation with execution of p53-dependent cell apoptosis. 44 Because apoptotic cell death may precede necrosis 6 and aggravate the inflammatory response, 45 targeting the apoptotic pathway using PFT- in the preservation solution may constitute a valid strategy against cold storage induced organ injury. This view may also explain why PFT- treated livers exhibited reductions in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, finally resulting in improved hepatocellular metabolism and excretory function. Others have shown that PFT- does not alter phosphorylation or sequence-specific DNA binding of p53, but slightly lowers the levels of nuclear and not cytoplasmic p In line with this, we could recently confirm that PFT- affects the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, thereby promoting antiapoptotic signals with proliferation and enhancement of wound healing. 41 Assuming that this is not the only mechanism of PFT- action, reduced activation of procaspase-3 in PFT- treated livers implies that antiapoptotic properties of PFT- include the downstream caspase cascade. However, the connection between p53 and the caspase cascade is only beginning to be understood 44 and is beyond the scope of this study. In conclusion, we show that reduction of hepatocellular apoptosis and necrosis by targeting p53 using PFT- causes a favorable effect on overall graft quality, as indicated by lower enzyme and K release as well as higher O 2 consumption and bile flow upon reperfusion. Thus p53- targeting agents such as PFT- may serve as a novel therapeutic adjuvant to improve liver preservation in hepatic transplantation. References 1. Clavien P-A, Harvey PRC, Strasberg SM. Preservation and reperfusion injuries in liver allografts: an overview and synthesis of current studies. Transplantation 1992;53: Caldwell-Kenkel JC, Currin RT, Tanaka Y, Thurman RG, Lemasters JJ. Kupffer cell activation and endothelial cell damage after storage of rat livers: effects of reperfusion. HEPATOLOGY 1991;13: Post S, Palma P, Rentsch M, Gonzalez AP, Menger MD. Differential impact of Carolina rinse and University of Wisconsin solutions on microcirculation, leukocyte adhesion, Kupffer cell activity and biliary excretion after liver transplantation. HEPATOLOGY 1993;18: McKeown CMB, Edwards V, Phillips MJ, Harvey PRC, Petrunka CN, Strasberg SM. Sinusoidal lining cell damage: the critical injury in cold preservation of liver allografts in the rat. Transplantation 1988;46: Caldwell-Kenkel JC, Thurman RG, Lemasters JJ. Selective loss of nonparenchymal cell viability after cold ischemic storage of rat livers. Transplantation 1988;45: Thurman RG, Marzi I, Seitz G, Thies J, Lemasters JJ, Zimmerman F. Hepatic reperfusion injury following orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1988;46: Sasaki H, Matsuno T, Ishikawa T, Ishine N, Sadamori H, Yagi T, et al. Activation of apoptosis during early phase of reperfusion after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997;29: Cursio R, Gugenheim J, Ricci JE, Crenesse D, Rostagno P, Maulon L, et al. A caspase inhibitor fully protects rats against lethal normothermic liver ischemia by inhibition of liver apoptosis. FASEB J 1999;13: Kohli V, Selzner M, Madden JF, Bentley RC, Clavien P-A. Endothelial cell and hepatocyte deaths occur by apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Transplantation 1999;67: Yin XM, Wang K, Gross A, Zhao Y, Zinkel S, Klocke B, et al. Bid-deficient mice are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Nature 1999; 400: Wanner GA, Mica L, Wanner-Schmid E, Kolb SA, Hentze H, Trentz O, et al. Inhibition of caspase activity prevents CD95-mediated hepatic mi-

10 1562 EL-GIBALY ET AL. HEPATOLOGY, June 2004 crovascular perfusion failure and restores Kupffer cell clearance capacity. FASEB J 1999;13: Jo M, Kim TH, Seol DW, Esplen JE, Dorko K, Billiar TR, et al. Apoptosis induced in normal human hepatocytes by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Nature 2000;6: Sheikh MS, Fornace AJ. Role of p53 family members in apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2000;182: Bates S, Vousden KH. Mechanisms of p53-mediated apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999;55: Komarov PG, Komarova EA, Kondratov RV, Christov-Tselkov K, Coon JS, Chernov MV, et al. A chemical inhibitor of p53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy. Science 1999;285: Hardison WGM, Greene EA, Norman JC. The viability and effect of flow upon function of the ex vivo perfused pig liver. J Lab Clin Med 1967;69: Suehiro T, Yanaga K, Itasaka H, Kishikawa K, Shirabe K, Sugomachi K. Beneficial effect of thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor on cold-stored rat liver. Transplantation 1994;59: Westermann S, Vollmar B, Thorlacius H, Menger MD. Surface cooling inhibits tumor necrosis factor- -induced microvascular perfusion failure, leukocyte adhesion, and apoptosis in the striated muscle. Surgery 1999; 126: Menger MD, Vollmar B. Role of microcirculation in transplantation. Microcirculation 2000;7: Belinsky SA, Popp JA, Kaufmann FC, Thurman RG. Trypan blue uptake as a new method to investigate hepatotoxicity in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule: studies with allyl alcohol in the perfused liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984;230: Sumimoto K, Inagaki K, Yamada K, Kawasaki T, Dohi K. Reliable indices for the determination of viability of grafted liver immediately after orthotopic transplantation. Bile flow rate and cellular adenosine triphosphate level. Transplantation 1988;46: Calabrese F, Valente M, Pettenazzo E, Ferraresso M, Burra P, Cadrobbi R, et al. The protective effects of L-arginine after liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in a pig model. J Pathol 1997;183: Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193: Culmsee C, Zhu X, Yu QS, Chan SL, Camandola S, Guo Z, et al. A synthetic inhibitor of p53 protects neurons against death induced by ischemic and excitotoxic insults, and amyloid beta-peptide. J Neurochem 2001;77: Erhard J, Lange R, Scherer R, Kox WJ, Bretschneider HJ, Gebhard MM, et al. Comparison of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution versus University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for organ preservation in human liver transplantation. A prospective, randomized study. Transpl Int 1994;7: Wilkie DR. Generation of protons by metabolic processes in heart cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979;9: Sindram D, Porte RJ, Hoffman MR, Bentley RC, Clavien PA. Synergism between platelets and leukocytes in inducing endothelial apoptosis in the cold ischemic rat liver: a Kupffer cell mediated injury. FASEB J 2001;15: Devlin J, Dunne B, Sherwood RA, Chambers SM, Tan KC, Peters TJ, et al. Relationship between early liver graft viability and enzyme activities in effluent preservation solution. Transplantation 1995;60: Smreková R, Vajdová K, Kukan M, Ulicná O, Lutterová M, Wsólová, L, Horecký J. A rapid, simple, and reliable cost-effective method for screening liver preservation solutions in the rat. Transplantation 2000;70: Katsen AD, Vollmar B, Mestres-Ventura P, Menger MD. Cell surface and nuclear changes during TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in WEHI 164 murine fibrosarcoma cells. A correlative light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopical study. Virchows Arch 1998;433: Yagi T, Hardin JA, Valenzuela YM, Miyoshi H, Gores GJ, Nyberg SL. Caspase inhibition reduces apoptotic death of cryopreserved porcine hepatocytes. HEPATOLOGY 2001;33: Gujral JS, Bucci TJ, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Mechanism of cell death during warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats: apoptosis or necrosis? HEPATOLOGY 2001;33: Rauen U, Polzar B, Stephan H, Mannherz HG, de Groot H. Cold-induced apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells: mediation by reactive oxygen species. FASEB J 1999;13: Natori S, Selzner M, Valentino KL, Fritz LC, Srinivasan A, Clavien PA, et al. Apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells occurs during liver preservation injury by a caspase-dependent mechanism. Transplantation 1999;68: Cursio R, Gugenheim J, Ricci JE, Crenesse D, Rostagno P, Maulon L, et al. Caspase inhibition protects from liver injury following ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Transplant Int 2000;13:S568 S Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ. Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gastroenterology 2003;125: Lemasters JJ. V. Necrapoptosis and the mitochondrial permeability transition: shared pathways to necrosis and apoptosis. Am J Physiol 1999;276: G1 G Formigli L, Papucci L, Tani A, Schiavone N, Tempestini A, Orlandini GE, et al. Aponecrosis: morphological and biochemical exploration of a syncretic process of cell death sharing apoptosis and necrosis. J Cell Physiol 2000;182: Vollmar B, Glasz J, Leiderer R, Post S, Menger MD. Hepatic microcirculatory perfusion failure is a determinant of liver dysfunction in warm ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Pathol 1994;145: Schafer T, Scheuer C, Roemer K, Menger MD, Vollmar B. Inhibition of p53 protects liver tissue against endotoxin-induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death. FASEB J 2003;17: Vollmar B, El-Gibaly AM, Scheuer C, Strik MW, Bruch H-P, Menger MD. Acceleration of cutaneous wound healing by transient p53 inhibition. Lab Invest 2002;82: Kelly KJ, Plotkin Z, Vulgamott SL, Dagher PC. P53 mediates the apoptotic response to GTP depletion after renal ischemia-reperfusion: protective role of a p53 inhibitor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14: Menger MD, Richter S, Yamauchi J, Vollmar B. Role of microcirculation in hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1999; 46: Burns TF, El-Deiry WS. The p53 pathway and apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 1999;181: Lawson JA, Fisher MA, Simmons CA, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Parenchymal cell apoptosis as a signal for sinusoidal sequestration and transendothelial migration of neutrophils in murine models of endotoxin and Fasantibody-induced liver injury. HEPATOLOGY 1998;28: