Research Article Some Immunohormonal Changes in Experimentally Pregnant Toxemic Goats

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1 SAGE-Hindwi Access to Reserch Veterinry Medicine Interntionl Volume 2010, Article ID , 5 pges doi: /2010/ Reserch Article Some Immunohormonl Chnges in Experimentlly Pregnnt Toxemic Gots Ad-Elghny Hefnwy, 1 Sehm Youssef, 2 nd Sd Shoush 3 1 Deprtment of Internl Medicine, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Benh University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Phrmcology, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Benh University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt 3 Deprtment of Physiology, Fculty of Veterinry Medicine, Benh University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt Correspondence should e ddressed to Ad-Elghny Hefnwy, delghni72@yhoo.com Received 15 Mrch 2010; Revised 12 My 2010; Accepted 18 My 2010 Acdemic Editor: Ingo Nolte Copyright 2010 Ad-Elghny Hefnwy et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Pregnncy toxemi ws induced in nine pregnnt got does with twins y the stress of fsting with ccess to wter in lte pregnncy to investigte the effect of pregnncy toxemi on immunogloulins (IgA, IgM, nd IgG), cortisol, insulin, thyroid, nd growth hormones nd their correltions with the plsm levels of glucose nd β-hydroxyutyrte. Plsm smples were collected t 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, nd 72 hours fter induction of pregnncy toxemi. The result reveled tht experimentl nimls developed neurologicl findings with convulsions nd cetone odor from the mouth with recumency fter 72 hours. Lortory findings showed significnt increse in β-hydroxyutyrte, cortisol, nd insulin while there were significnt decreses in glucose, thyroid, nd immunogloulins (IgA, IgM, nd IgG). Plsm glucose concentrtions hd significnt negtive correltions with β-hydroxyutyrte, cortisol, nd insulin while the correltions were significntly positive with immunogloulins nd thyroid hormone. Plsm β-hydroxyutyrte concentrtion ws significntly positively correlted with cortisol nd negtively correlted with immunogloulins, insulin, nd thyroid hormone. From this study we cn conclude tht pregnncy toxemi might ffect humorl immune responses s well s insulin, cortisol, nd thyroid hormones. Moreover, insulin might hve compenstory role to increse suppressive effect on ketogenesis in experimentlly pregnnt toxemic gots. 1. Introduction Pregnncy represents one of the most nolic periods of the femle life cycle, nd pregnncy toxemi is disese cused y negtive energy lnce in lte gesttion nd seen commonly in ewes, guine pigs, rits, nd occsionlly in cows, ferrets, sows, nd mny other species. Predisposing cuses include stress nd food deprivtion or negtive energy lnce in lte pregnncy [1 5]. Pregnncy toxemi frequently develops during the lst 4 to 6 weeks of gesttion in sheep nd got, primrily in pregnncies with more thn onefetus.aout60%offetlgrowthtkesplceinthis lst gesttion period [6], nd during this time pproximtely 33% 36% of the circulting glucose is directed into fetoplcentl unit to stisfy its energetic demnds [7]. The endocrine system especilly the pncres proly is intimtely involved in the development of ruminnt ketosis [8]. Insulin inhiits ketogenesis when free ftty cids levels re high [9], s well s growth hormone secretions inhiited y cortisol nd free ftty cids [10]. Insulin lso ppers to e importnt in regulting the utiliztion of ketone odies s the uptke of β-hydroxyutyrte nd cette y sheep hind lims is impired during lloxn dietes nd restored y insulin [11]. Mjor chnges in lood re ssocited with development of clinicl ketosis [12, 13]. The principl lood chnges in pregnncy toxemi re increse in plsm β-hydroxyl utyrte nd decrese in plsm glucose [14]. Ketosis is interrelted with severl infectious diseses of diry cttle [15, 16]. These reports provide justifiction for studying possile interctions etween immunogloulins nd vrious metolites tht re chrcteristic of pregnncy toxemi in gots s well s its effect on some hormones. The purpose of this study ws to elucidte the effect of experimentl pregnncy toxemi on some immunologicl nd hormonl prmeters in gots.

2 2 Veterinry Medicine Interntionl 2. Mteril nd Methods Nine pregnnt got does with twins of 3-4 yers old, Kg ody weight, nd dys of gesttion were used for induction of pregnncy toxemi y fsting for 72 hours until the symptoms of pregnncy toxemi ppered. All investigted nimls were fed on 250 grms corn/hed/dy, concentrtes, nd erseem d li for two weeks efore the eginning of the experiment, nd NIH guidelines for the cre nd use of nimls hve een followed. Serum smples were collected t 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, nd 72 hours from the eginning of the induction of pregnncy toxemi nd stored t +4 C( 48 h) until ssy of β-hydroxyutyrte [17] nd glucose concentrtions or t 20 C until insulin, T4, T3, cortisol, nd growth hormone concentrtions were determined y rdioimmunossy (RIA) nd immunogloulins levels ccording to the method descried in [18]. 3. Sttisticl Anlysis For presenttion of results, the mens nd their stndrd errors (SEM) were clculted. The results were sujected to student s t-test. Person correltion coefficient y generl liner model nd regression nlyses ws performed using the Sttisticl Anlysis System softwre [19]. Results were considered sttisticlly significnt when P< Results Clinicl exmintion of the nimls reveled tht the clinicl symptoms of pregnncy toxemi ppered fter 72 hours in the form of dullness, ruminl stsis, grinding on the teeth, nd norml psture s listening ttitude, strgzing position, nd lterl recumence with cetone odor of the mouth, urine nd generl wekness with ple mucous memrne. In this study, there were significnt (P <.01) decreses in IgA, IgM, nd IgG of pregnnt toxemic got does t 24 h, 12 h, nd 24 h, respectively, fter induction of pregnncy toxemi (Figure 1). There were significnt (P <.01) increse in oth cortisol nd insulin in pregnncy toxemic nimls t 24 h nd 36 h, respectively, fter induction of pregnncy toxemi (Figure 2). There ws significnt (P <.01) decrese in T 4 in pregnncy toxemic nimls t 24 h fter induction of pregnncy toxemi, while there were no significnt chnges in oth growth hormone nd T 3 long the time of experiment (Figures 2 nd 3). The concentrtion of β-hydroxyutyrte ws significntly (P <.01) incresed t 36 h of induction of pregnncy toxemi while glucose concentrtion ws significntly (P <.01) decresed t 24 h of induction of pregnncy toxemi (Figure 4). There were significnt negtive reltionships etween glucose concentrtions nd cortisol, insulin nd β- hydroxyutyrte, while the reltionships were significntly positive with IgA, IgM, IgG, growth hormone, T 3,nd T 4. The reltionships etween β-hydroxyutyrte concentrtion nd IgA, IgM, IgA, T 4, nd insulin were significntly negtive, while the reltionship with cortisol ws significntly positive. (Tle 1). Immunogluulins (mg/dl) Time of fsting (hours) IgA IgM IgG Figure 1: Concentrtion of immunogloulins (IgA, IgM, nd IgG) mg/dl in experimentlly pregnnt toxemic gots. Differences in the letters indicte eginning of the significnt differences. Hormones concentrtions Time of fsting (hours) Cortisol Insulin Growth hormone c c d Figure 2: Concentrtion of Cortisol (μg/dl), Insulin hormone (μiu/ml) nd Growth hormone in experimentlly pregnncy toxemic gots. Differences in the letters indicte eginning of the significnt differences. 5. Discussion The present study imed to evlute the effect of experimentl pregnncy toxemi induced y short fsting tretment for 72 hours on immunogloulins nd some hormones in gots. The present study clrified significnt decrese in IgA, IgM, nd IgG levels with significnt positive correltions etween glucose concentrtion nd immunogloulins. Also there were mrked negtive correltions etween β- hydroxyutyrte nd immunogloulins in pregnncy toxemic gots. These dt were in contrst with previous studies in [14] which indicted tht effects of ketone nd cette concentrtions ssocited with ovine ketosis did not lter IgM secretion in vivo [20] nd did not detect ny significnt reltionships etween plsm indictors of metolic condition (plsm glucose nd cetocette) nd

3 Veterinry Medicine Interntionl 3 Concentrtion of T3 nd T4 (ng/ml) Time of fsting (hours) 3T 4T Figure 3: Concentrtion of T3 nd T4 (ng/ml) in experimentlly pregnnt toxemic gots. Differences in the letters indicte eginning of the significnt differences Time of fsting (hours) BHBA Glucose Figure 4: Concentrtion of β-hba nd glucose (mg/dl) in experimentlly pregnncy toxemic gots. Differences in the letters indicte eginning of the significnt differences. immune functions (serum nd milk IgG, totl numer of peripherl leukocytes) in diry cows. Ketone inhiits ovine leukocyte functions in vitro, nd these results suggested tht this effect might ffect the in vivo immune response negtively [21, 22]. Ketone odies t pthologicl concentrtions re reported to reduce ovine T-lymphocytes lstogenesis [23]. Therefore, the immunosuppressive sttus of ketotic nimls my e result of ltertion of specific nd/or nonspecific immunity imputle to ketone odies themselves [24]. ketone odies in prticulr β-hydroxyutyrte re le to depress in vitro two steps of phgocytic process t concentrtion similr to tht oserved during ketosis in sheep [25]ndffect IgG [26]. The significnt increse in cortisol nd presence of significnt negtive correltion etween plsm glucose concentrtion nd cortisol level nd the significnt positive reltionship with β-hydroxyutyrte my e due to incresed Tle 1: The correltions of glucose nd β-hba concentrtions with immunogloulins, cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, nd thyroid hormones in pregnncy toxemic gots. Glucose β-hba IgA IgM IgG Cortisol Insulin Growth hormone 0.97 NS T NS T Glucose 0.80 P <.5 P <.01 P <.001. drenl output or to impired ility of the ftty liver, which ws consistent finding in pregnncy toxemi (unpulished dt), to moilize nd excrete the hormone [27]. It is indicted tht the concentrtion of glucose in plsm ws elow nd β-hydroxyutyrte (the mjor ketone ody of ruminnts) ws ove the norml rnge during pregnncy toxemi, nd there ws significnt negtive correltion etween ketone odies nd glucose [28].Also,itisrecorded tht, there ws significnt positive correltion etween β-hydroxyutyrte nd cortisol in suclinicl pregnncy toxemic got does [29]. The significnt decrese in T 4 in pregnncy toxemic gots my e ttriuted to excessive secretion of cortisol s there is negtive correltion etween free T 4 nd cortisol s concludedin[30]. The response to fsting (negtive energy lnce) incorportes hormonl signls which initite energy preservtion. Insulin, T 4,ndT 3 re importnt hormones in the regultion of energy homeostsis. The decreses in T 4 in experimentl pregnncy toxemic gots in the present study were similr to tht recorded in ewes [5]ndferret[31]with pregnncy toxemi. It is well known tht insulin lters ftty cid relese nd lso lters ketogenesis. Furthermore, insulin ppers to suppress ketogenesis independent of ny effect of free ftty cids concentrtions [32]. Insulin ppers to e importnt in regulting the utiliztion of ketone odies, nd the uptke of β-hydroxyutyrte nd cette y sheep hind lims is impired during lloxn dietes nd is restored y insulin [11]. Insulin incresed the rte of removl of ketone odies from lood, nd during insulin deficiency mximl utiliztion of ketone odies ws impired [33]. Moreover, insulin deficiency incresed lipolysis nd incresed production of ketone odies [10]. The significnt increse of insulin concentrtion in our study my e considered s compenstory role for incresing the suppressive effect of insulin on the ketogenesis nd impirs production of ketone odies. These results re in contrry to those in [5, 32] tht pregnncy toxemi ssocited with hypoinsulinemi. From this study we cn conclude tht pregnncy toxemi hs immunosuppressive effect in vivo s well s it lters concentrtions of insulin, cortisol, nd thyroid hormone

4 4 Veterinry Medicine Interntionl tht correlted with the levels of plsm glucose nd β- hydroxyutyrte, nd insulin my ply metolic dptive role to suppress ketogenesis nd decrese ketone odies production in experimentlly pregnnt toxemic gots. References [1] J. A. Bell, Periprturient nd neontl diseses, in Ferrets, Rits, nd Rodents,E.V.HillyerndK.E.Quesenerry,Eds., pp , WB Sunders, Phildelphi, P, USA, [2] M. A. Btchelder, J. A. Bell, S. E. Erdmn, R. P. Mrini, J. C. Murphy, nd J. G. Fox, Pregnncy toxemi in the Europen ferret (Mustel putorius furo), Lortory Animl Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp , [3] J. S. Rook, Pregnncy toxemi of ewes, does, nd eef cows, The Veterinry Clinics of North Americ. Food Animl Prctice, vol. 16, no. 2, pp , [4] R. J. Vn Sun, Pregnncy toxemi in flock of sheep, Journl of the Americn Veterinry Medicl Assocition, vol. 217, no. 10, pp , [5] M. Kulcsár, G. Dnkó, C. 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