1.1.c Movement analysis

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1 1.1.c Movement analysis Learning objectves To understand the 3 diferent lever class systems To be able to describe the components of each lever system. To be able to explain the mechanical advantage of each of the lever and related movements. To understand the diferent planes of the body To understand the movement possible at each of the bodies planes and axes.

2 Lever systems Watch m e How does the body use levers to bring about movement?

3 Levers The joints of our skeleton not only allow movement, they also act as LEVERS. The functon of levers are to increase the speed at which a body can move.

4 Levers The human body is a system of levers and pulleys which enables us to move. The joint itself is the fulcrum (Pivot). This fulcrum 'takes the strain' of pulling one near, or away from another bone.

5 Levers The levers rotate around a series of joints. The force is provided by the muscles atached to the bone (think of the muscles actng as pulleys). The resistance comes from body weight and any implement used for sport (e.g. a bat or racquet).

6 Levers Levers consist of three components: 1. Fulcrum (F) - the fxed point or pivot 2. Efort (E) point where the force/efort is applied 3. Load (L) - point where the weight/resistance is coming from

7 Class of lever Levers can be classifed as: First class Second class Third class

8 Class of lever First Class This is a lever where the Fulcrum (pivot) occurs between the efort and load. Efort Load Lever Arm Fulcrum

9 Class of lever First Class The head is a good example of the acton of a frst-order lever in the body when the head and neck are being fexed and extended, as in nodding. Muscles in neck contractng Weight of head Neck joint First class levers can increase both efects of efort and the speed of a body.

10 Class of lever Second Class This lever occurs when the load is between the efort and the fulcrum. Load Lever Arm Efort Fulcrum

11 Class of lever Second Class When you raise up on to your toes you are using a second order lever. Weight of body and gravity Muscle working Ankle joint Second class levers tend to increase the efect of the efort force.

12 Class of lever Third Class This lever occurs when the efort lies between the fulcrum and load. This is very common in human movement Load Lever Arm Fulcrum Efort

13 Class of lever Third Class In terms of applying force this is a very inefcient lever, but it allows speed and range of movement. An example within the body is a bicep curl during fexion. The weight Arm Elbow Bicep muscle Third class levers can be used to increase the speed of a body.

14 Mechanical Advantage The relatve efciency of each of the lever systems is called the mechanical advantage. Use the following equipment to explore how high you can propel the eraser. Efort Load Lever Arm Fulcrum How can the 1st class lever below be adjusted to increase or change how high the load can be propelled?

15 Mechanical Advantage The body s levers can be made even more efectve by using rackets, oars, paddles, stcks and bats.

16 Mechanical Advantage These pieces of equipment increase the length of the resistance arm of the lever. This in turn increases the speed at the end of the lever.

17 Efects of a lever on the human body The extent to which a lever can increase speed depends upon the relatve lengths of the resistance arm (RA) and efort arm (EA). Efort Load Lever Arm RA - Part of the lever between the fulcrum & the load Fulcrum Resistance Arm (RA) Efort Arm (EA) EA - Part of the lever between the fulcrum & the efort

18 Resistance arm The resistance arm (RA) is the part of the lever between the fulcrum and the resistance. The longer the resistance arm, the greater speed can be generated. Efort Load Lever Arm Fulcrum Resistance Arm (RA)

19 Efort arm The efort arm (EA) is the distance between the fulcrum and the efort; the longer the efort arm Sportng implements are ofen used such as rackets or bats to increase the length of the efort arm which will increase the force that an object such as a ball is struck. Efort Load Lever Arm Fulcrum Efort Arm (EA)

20 Efort arm However the optmal length of an implement should be determined by the strength of the person handling. e.g. junior tennis rackets have been designed for this purpose.

21 Mechanical Disadvantage Most levers in the body are third class levers where the resistance arm is always greater than the efort arm (mechanical disadvantage). The longer the resistance arm of the lever, the greater the speed at the end of it. So when bowling or passing a ball the performers arm should be fully extended to generate the most force and with the greatest speed.

22 Planes and axes of movement Watch m e Movement paterns and the bodies planes and axes

23 Planes and axes of movement To help explain movement, the body can be viewed as having a series of imaginary slices/glass panes running through it. These are referred to as planes of movement

24 Planes 1. The sagital plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and lef sides.

25 Planes 2. The frontal plane is also a vertcal plane but this divides the body into front and back.

26 Planes 3. The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.

27 Axes of the body Axes are like invisible skewers running through the body. All movements rotate around one of the axes. Longitudinal axis Transverse axis Frontal axis

28 Axes of the body Longitudinal axis runs through the body vertcally from the top to botom.

29 Axes of the body Transverse axis runs through the body horizontally from the lef to right.

30 Axes of the body Frontal axis runs through the body horizontally from the back to front.

31 Planes & Axes of the body combined Movement in the sagital plane about the transverse axis allows for front somersaults/forward roll. TRANSVERSE AXIS SAGITTAL PLANE

32 Planes & Axes of the body combined Movement in the frontal plane about the frontal axis allows for cartwheels. FRONTAL AXIS FRONTAL PLANE

33 Planes & Axes of the body combined Movement in the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis allows for a 360 degree twist. LONGITUDINAL AXIS TRANSVERSE PLANE

34 Apply it! What has stuck with you?

35 Apply it! What has stuck with you?

36 Practce it! Exam questons 1.Which one of the following describes a second class lever system? A B C D (1) The load is at the right-hand end of the lever The fulcrum is in the middle of the lever The load is in the middle of the lever The load and the fulcrum are at the same point on the lever 2. Label the lever system below (4) Lever class =

37 Practce it! Exam questons 3. Which one of these shows how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever? (1) A B C D Efort arm x weight (resistance) arm Efort arm weight (resistance) arm Efort arm + weight (resistance) arm Efort arm - weight (resistance) arm

38 Practce it! Exam questons 4. Analyse how the following parts of the lever system allow the weight trainer in Figure 5 to lif the weight. (i) Fulcrum (2) (ii) Efort (2)

39 Practce it! Exam questons 5. Figure 4 shows a basketball player jumping to execute a shot. Draw the lever system which operates at the ankle joint in the space below. Label the fulcrum, efort and load. (1)

40 Practce it! Marks Scheme: Load Efort Fulcrum C i) Third class lever B One mark for linking bone or muscle to component of lever system and one mark for linking this to its use in the biceps curl to lif the weight. For example: Fulcrum elbow is the fulcrum (1) which allows the arm to bend/fex (1) Efort biceps muscle provide the efort (1) which allows the weight lifer to lif the weight (1)

41 Practce it! Marks Scheme: 5. Award one mark for labelling the efort, load / resistance and fulcrum in the correct order.

42 Practce it! Exam questons 1. Figure 1 shows one plane and one axis of the human body. The plane is represented by the square. The axis is represented by the doted line. (1) Identfy the plane and axis shown in Figure 1. A B C D Sagital plane and transverse axis Frontal plane and longitudinal axis Transverse plane and transverse axis Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

43 Practce it! Exam questons 2. Which one of the following statements is false? (1) (A)The movement at the elbow joint during a biceps curl is an example of fexion and extension. (B) The deltoid at the shoulder joint during a biceps curl is an example of a fxator. (C) Most of the lever systems that provide movement in sport are examples of third class levers. (D) An example of a second class lever is a tennis player using their elbow joint during a forehand shot.

44 Practce it! Exam questons 3. The dancer in the picture below has performed a movement that has passed through the frontal plane. (1) Is this statement true or false?

45 Practce it! Marks Scheme: 1. D 2. (D) An example of a second class lever is a tennis player using their elbow joint during a forehand shot 3. False

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