Histology of a Freshwater Mussel. Andrew McElwain Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Oswego
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1 Histology of a Freshwater Mussel Andrew McElwain Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Oswego
2 Outline Shell morphology Gross morphology of soft tissues Processing tissue for histology Histology of major tissues
3 posterior Shell morphology of Villosa nebulosa lateral teeth dorsal ventral pseudocardinal teeth umbo 10 mm anterior
4 Processing Tissue for Histology Transport mussels to the lab in aerated cooler or in wet towels with freezer packs, do not use store-bought ice Cut adductors or prop shell open or anesthetize Fix whole mussels in 10% formalin for at least 48 hr After 48 hr in formalin, shell will start to dissolve forming a precipitate Immerse tissues or whole mussels in a graded ethanol series Can leave mussels in 70% ethanol indefinitely Process whole mussels for paraffin embedding Cut 4 μm sections from each block Stain slides with hematoxylin and eosin
5 Gross Morphology of Mussel Tissues anterior adductor posterior adductor foot outer gill inner gill mantle
6 Villosa nebulosa Brooding Mussels Fusconaia cerina outer gill Mussels brood using: 1) Part of one gill, 2) The entire outer gill or 3) The entire outer and inner gills 10 mm
7 anterior adductor Gross Morphology of Mussel Tissues mantle isthmus posterior adductor visceral mass foot labial palp inner gill mantle edge middle mantle
8 Histology of a Whole Mussel
9 1 mm Histology of a Whole Mussel
10 Most Significant Organs and Tissues 1. Mantle edge 2. Middle mantle 3. Mantle isthmus 4. Gills 5. Marsupium (gill) 6. Foot 7. Labial palps 8. Adductor 9. Pedal protractor/retractor 10. Esophagus 11. Digestive gland 12. Stomach 13. Crystalline style sac and intestine 14. Statocysts 15. Nerves 16. Ganglia 17. Heart 18. Blood vessels 19. Hemolymph 20. Pericardial gland 21. Nephridium 22. Ovaries and testes
11 Types of tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Introduction to animal Histology
12 Animal Histology: Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue lines or covers bodily surfaces, secretes chemical substances Tissue types: 1. Squamous epithelium (flat cells) 2. Cuboidal epithelium (cubed shaped cells) 3. Columnar epithelium (columnshaped cells) Epithelial tissue further classified as either a simple or stratified epithelium Simple epithelium has only one cell layer Stratified epithelium has more than one cell layer Squamous (cornea) Cuboidal (kidney) Columnar (intestine)
13 Apical domain of epithelial cells Microvilli (intestine) Cilia (trachea) Microvilli (fish skin) Cilia (mollusk mantle) Microvilli are shorter than cilia and may not show up as well with light microscopy
14 Animal Histology: Connective tissue Connective tissue provides structural or physiological support Tissue types: 1. Connective tissue proper (fibrous) 2. Special connective tissue (adipose tissue, blood, bone, cartilage) Connective tissue proper includes dermis layer of skin, tendons, ligaments, elastic tissue, mesentery Connective tissue (dermis) CTP mostly consists of fibroblasts and different types of collagen fibers Connective tissue (tendon)
15 Connective tissue proper Collagen fibers Collagen fibers Fibroblast Fibroblast Dermis Note the irregular arrangement of collagen fibers Tendon Note the parallel arrangement of collagen fibers
16 Animal Histology: Connective tissue Special connective tissue include adipose tissue (fat), blood, bone, cartilage Adipose tissue Bone (non-decalcified bone) Blood Cartilage
17 Animal Histology: Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is contractile and muscular contractions are based on the sliding filament mechanism Tissue types: 1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle contractions based on conscious control Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle contractions generally occur automatically Cardiac muscle Muscle fibers may be organized into bundles in different orientations (longitudinal, transverse, oblique Smooth muscle
18 Animal Histology: Nervous tissue Nervous tissue consists of neurons that generate or conduct nerve impulses, and glial cells (supporting cells) Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord Peripheral system generally consists of nervous tissue throughout the rest of the body Neurons (spinal cord) Difficult to distinguish nervous system cell types mainly because of complex composition of nervous and other tissues Nerve
19 Mantle Edge outer lobe shell middle lobe mantle cavity inner lobe
20 Mantle Edge conchiolin plication basal bulb
21 Middle Mantle Shell outer epithelium connective tissue and hemolymph inner epithelium Mantle cavity
22 Gill water tube ostium pore filaments
23 Gill empty water tube membrane interbranchial septum glochidium empty filled marsupial gill gill of of V. V. nebulosa
24 Adductor fascicle myofibers capillary posterior adductor of F. cerina
25 Foot subepithelial glands furrows muscle
26 adhesion glands or mucus glands? Foot adhesion glands or mucus glands? cilia
27 Digestive tract stomach digestive gland intestine From: Gutheil, (1912)
28 Anterior end of the visceral mass stomach digestive gland foot
29 Digestive gland vesicular cells basophilic cells digestive tubule esophagus
30 Digestive gland primary tubules have plicae and cilia secondary tubules have microvilli, vesicles cilia microvilli vesicles digestive tubule 1 digestive tubule 2
31 Stomach ventral dorsal gastric shield (mucus?) cilia mucus stomach stomach
32 Crystalline style sac (first limb of the intestine) rotation of style may pull food matter into intestine forming a bolus midgut style sac style rotates
33 Crystalline style sac stiff cilia wispy cilia goblet cell wispy cilia
34 Digestive tract stomach digestive gland intestine Gutheil, (1912)
35 Intestine plicae intestinal limbs 2, 3 (loops through visceral mass)
36 Intestine goblet cells cilia intestinal limbs 2, 3 intestinal limbs 2, 3
37 Intestine dorsal typhlosole plicae ventral fourth intestinal limb (along the hinge)
38 Intestine cilia cilia typhlosole ventral epithelium
39 Pedal Ganglia cortex medulla
40 neuron cell bodies Pedal Ganglia glial cell or neuron cell body? axons cortex medulla
41 heart
42 Heart ventricle pericardial cavity AV valve Auricle (atrium)
43 Heart cardiac muscle myofibers hemocyte ventricle auriculoventricular valve
44 Nephridium (kidney) dorsal limb ventral limb
45 Nephridium intracellular granules cuboidal epithelium hemolymph vessel nephridial lumen
46 sperm morula Testes spermatozoa spermatocytes spermatids testicular acinus during the winter testicular acini during the summer
47 Ovaries vitelline mature ovum cell body ovum ovarian acini during the winter ovarian acinus during the summer
48 References McElwain, A., and S. A. Bullard Histological atlas of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae): Villosa nebulosa (Ambleminae, Lampsilini), Fusconaia cerina (Ambleminae: Pleurobemini), and Strophitus connasaugaensis (Unioninae: Anodontini). Malacologia 57:
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