CHAPTER 5 TISSUES. 3. The function ofepithelial tissue is to a. support body parts. b. cover body surfaces. LEARNING OUTCOMES

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 5 TISSUES OVERVIEW This chapter deals with the simplest level of organizatron of cells-tissues and membranes. It explains the types of tissues and membranes found in the human body, the general functions of each of these tissues, the organs in which they are found, and the location of the four type of membranes (Leaming Outcomes 1*1 1). The characteristics of a tissue remain the same regardless of where it occurs in the body. Knowledge of these characteristics is basic to understanding how a specific tissue contributes to the function of an organ. LEARNING OUTCOMES A{ter you have studied this chapter, you should be able to: 5.1 lntroduction(p.taa) 1. Describe a tissue, and explain the intercellularjunctions found in tissues. 2. List the four major tissue types in the body. 5.2 Epithelial Tissues (p. 14a) 3. Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. 4. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found. 5. Explain how glands are classified. 5.3 Connective Tissues (p. 152) 6. Describe the general characteristics ofconnective tissue. 7. Compare and contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers, and extraceilular matrix (where applicable) in each type ofconnective tissue. 8. Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue. 5.4 Types of Membranes (p. 163) 9. Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes. 5.5 Muscle Tissues (p. 163) 10. Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue. 5.6 Nervous Tissues (p. i6a) I L Describe the general characteristics and functions ofnervous tissue. FOCUS QUESTION How is tissue related to the organization ofthe body? MASTERY TEST Now take the mastery test. Do not guess. Some questions may have more than one correct answer. As soon as you complete the test, correct it. Note your successes and failures so that you can read the chapter to meet your iearning needs. I. In complex organisms, cells of similar structure and function are organized into groups called ; the study ofthe structure is 2. List the four major tissue types found in the human body 3. The function ofepithelial tissue is to a. support body parts. b. cover body surfaces. c. bind body parts together. d. form the framework of organs. 39

2 4. Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is/are true? a. Epithelial tissue has no blood vessels. b. Epithelial ce11s reproduce slowly. 5. The blood-brain barrier shields brain cells from toxins by a. stimulation ofbrain cells to secrete a special lipid to coat the ce1l membranes. b. modifications of the walls of capillaries in the brain. 6. Epithelial cells are classified by and number of 7. List the types ofintercellularjunctions found in the body. 8. Match the following types of epithelial cells with their correct location. 1. simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium 3. simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5. stratified squamous epithelium 6. stratified cuboidal epithelium stratified columnar epithelium 8. transitional epithelium glandularepithelium 9. Glands that secrete their products into ducts are called glands. 10. Glands that lose small porlions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion are a. merocrine glands. b. apocrine glands. I 1. The function ofconnective tissue is a. support. b. protection. 12. Two general categories ofconnective tissue cells are c. Epithelial cells are nourished by substances dilfusing lrom connectir e tissue. d. Injuries to epithelial tissue bleed profusely. c. increasing the protein in the celi membranes of capillaries and brain ce1ls. d. create a fatty matrix in which brain cells are embedded. a. within columnar or cuboidal epithelium b. lining ofthe ducts ofsalivary glands c. lining ofrespiratory passages d. epidermis of skin e. air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries f. lining ofdigestive tract g. lining ofurinary tract h. lining ofdeveloping ovarian follicle i. conjunctiva ofthe eye 13. The most common kind of ce1l in connective tissue is the 14. A connective tissue cell that can become detached and move about is the 15. Most cells secrete and 16. An important characteristic of collagenous fibers is their a. white color. c. tensile strength. b. rigidity. d. inability to reproduce rapidly. 17. Elastic fibers have (more/1ess) strength than collagenous fibers. 18. Which of the following statements is/are true about adipose tissue? a. It is a specialized form ofloose connective tissue. b. It occurs around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, and around variousjoints. c. lt serves as a conserver ofbody heat. d. It serves as a storehouse ofenergy for the body. 19. Which of the following statements is/are true of connective tissue? a. Dense connective tissue has many collagen c. Elastin is stronger than collagen fibers. b. It contains both elastic and collasenous fibersc. alveolar glands. d. holocrine glands. c. covering. d. fat storage. cel1s and d. It has a rich blood supply. ce1ls. 40

3 20. Sprains heal slowly because dense regular connective tissue has a relatively poor blood supply. a. True b. False 21. The chondromucoprotein is part ofthe intercellular substance of a. muscle. b. bone. c. cartilage. d. nerves. 22. Blood supply to cartilage cells is via the 23. The mechanism used to supply nutrients to cartilage cells is 24. The model for the developing bones of a fetus is a. hyaline cartilage b. elastic cartilage c. fibro cartilage 25. The most rigid connective tissue is 26. The intercellular material of vascular tissue is 27. The three types of muscle tissue are and 28. The membrane that lines body cavities open to the outside of the body is a a. setous membrane. b. mucous membrane. c. cutaneous membrane. 29. The coordination and reguiation ofbody functions are the functions of tissue 30. The cells that bind nerve cells and support nervous tissue are cells STUDY ACTIVITIES Definition of Word Parts (p. 143) Define the following word parts used in this chapter. adip- -cyt -glia chondr- epi- hist- hyal- inter- 41

4 neul- os- phag- pseud- squam- strat- stria- 5.1 Introduction (p. 144) A. List the four major tissue types found in the body. B. Describe and locate the following intercellular junctions. tightjunction desmosome gap junctions C. Describe the blood-brain barrier. 5.2 Epithelial Tissues (p. 14a) A. Describe the general characteristics ofepithelial tissue. B. 1. Where in the body is epitheiial tissue present? 2. Epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by the this membrane affect the spread of cancer cells?. How does 3. How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients? C. List the functions of epithelial tissue. D. Answer the following conceming simple squamous epithelium 1. Describe the structure of simple squamous epithelium. 2. Simple squamous epithelium is found where and take place. 42

5 E. Answer the following concerning simple cuboidal epithelium. 1. Describe the structwe of simple cuboidal epithelium. 2. Where is this type of tissue found? 3. The function of simple cuboidai epithelium is and F. Answer the following conceming simple columnar epithelium. 1. Describe the shucture of simple columnar epithelium. 2. Where does this tissue occur? 3. What is its function? G. Answer the following conceming pseudostratified columnar epithelium 1. Microscopic, hairlike projections called are a characteristic ofpseudostrati fied columnar epithelium. 2. Where is this tissue found? 3. What is its function? H. Answer the following conceming stratified squamous epithelium. 1. Describe the structure and function of stratified squamous epithelium 2. Where is this tissue found? I. Answer these questions concerning stratified cuboidal epithelium. 1. Where is this tissue located? 2. What are its functions? 43

6 J. Answer these questions conceming stratified columnar epithelium. i. What is the structure of this tissue? 2. Where is this tissue located? K. Answer these questions concerning transitional epithelium. 1. Where is this tissue located? 2. What are its functions? L. Describe the location and function of glandular epithelium. M. Answer these questions conceming glandular epithelium. 1. Epithelial cells specialized to secrete substances into ducts are 2. In what type oftissue are such cells usually located? 3. Fill in the following chart Types of Exocrine Glands Type Characteristics Example Unicellular glands Multicellular glands Simple glands 1. Simple tubular gland 2. Simple coiled tubular gland 3. Simple branched tubular gland 4. Simple branched alveolar gland Compound glands l. Compound tubular gland 2. Compound alveolar gland 44

7 4. Answer the following questions about glandular secretions. a. Describe the characteristics ofthe secretions ofmerocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands. b. Differentiate between serous cells and mucous ceils. 5.3 Connective Tissues (p.i52) A. What are the functions of connective tissue? B. Fill in the followins chart. Components of Connective Tissue Component Characteristics Function Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cells Collagenous fibers (white hbers) Elastic fibers (yellow fibers) Reticular fibers C. How does a disturbance in the ability to synthesize collagen affect the body? Give examples. D. Describe the structure and function of loose connective tissue. E. Where is adipose connective tissue found, and what is its function? F. Describe the structure and function of reticular connective tissue. 45

8 G. Answer these questions conceming dense connective tissue. 1. What kind of protein makes up dense connective tissue? 2. What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon? H. Locate and describe elastic connective tissue. I. 1. Describe the structure ofcartilage. 2. How do the cartilage cells receive nutrients? 3. List three types ofcartilage. Answer these questions conceming osseous connective tissue. 1. What are the characteristics ofosseous connective tissue? 2. Bone injuries heal relatively rapidly. Why is this true? K. Answer these questions concerning blood. 1. What is the intercellular material of this type of connective tissue? List the types of cells found in plasma. Of the cells found in plasma, which ones function only within the blood vessels? 4. Describe the role of connective tissue in protecting the body against infection. 5.4 Types of Membranes (p. 163) Fill in the followins chart. Membranes Type Tissues Contained Location Function Serous Mucous Cutaneous Synovial 46

9 5.5 Muscle Tissues (p. 163) A. What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? B. Fill in the following chart. Muscle Tissue Type Structure Control Location Skeletal Smooth Cardiac 5.6 Nervous Tissues (p. 16a) A. What is the basic cell of nervous tissue? B. What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue? C. What is the function of nervous tissue? Clinical Focus Question Describe the impact of the loss of several feet of small intestine on an individual's nutritional stafus. How does the structure of the simple columnar epithelium intensi$ the impact of such a loss? When you have completed the study activities to your satisfaction, retake the mastery test and compare your performance with your initial attempt. Ifthere are still ar:eas you do not understand, repeat the appropriate study activities. 47