Chapter 4 The Human Body

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of ASA Chapter 4 ALABAMA 7TH GRAD SCINC STANDARDS COVRD IN THIS

circulatory, reproductive, muscular, respiratory, nervous and

ui : you think of the human body as a team, then the organ Sc INKS

llji4m;_44ciwi F together in order for the body to maintain

the process maintaining a constant internal environment, despite

Here are a few examples: Sweating cools us and helps us maintain a

maintain our body s water balance We excrete waste products to

combined efforts of cells, organs and organ systems are required We

1 of ASA Chapter 4 ALABAMA 7TH GRAD SCINC STANDARDS COVRD IN THIS CHAPTR INCLUD: 3 Relate major tissues and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, reproductive, muscular, respiratory, nervous and digestive systems to their functions In CO C? ui : you think of the human body as a team, then the organ Sc INKS : systems within it would be the players This team must work llji4m;_44ciwi F together in order for the body to maintain homeostasis ACO65 Let s review the definition of homeostasis It is the process maintaining a constant internal environment, despite changing environmental conditions It is how we regulate ourselves Here are a few examples: Sweating cools us and helps us maintain a constant internal temperature We drink water to remain hydrated and maintain our body s water balance We excrete waste products to maintain a clean bloodstream To accomplish homeostasis, the combined efforts of cells, organs and organ systems are required We won t look at every part of our human body team, but we will examine several star players C) D I- z (U C) C (U I) ) > C) Figure 41 Team 37

Circulatory heart, veins, arteries and capillaries System Major Parts and Organs Respiratory nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveolus and diaphragm Table 41 Overview ofhuman Body Systems 38

below the lungs When the muscle that runs across the body diaphragm contracts, it increases Figure 42 Respiratory System lungs Respiration happens when contract The diaphragm is a flat air

2 Circulatory heart, veins, arteries and capillaries System Major Parts and Organs Respiratory nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveolus and diaphragm Table 41 Overview ofhuman Body Systems 38 bodies to obtain oxygen from the The respiratory system allows our we breathe in (inspiration) To take a breath, a special muscle movement of air in and out of the called the diaphragm must cavity below the lungs When the muscle that runs across the body diaphragm contracts, it increases Figure 42 Respiratory System lungs Respiration happens when contract The diaphragm is a flat air Respiration refers to the RsPIRAToRY SYSTM female: ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina Reproductive male: testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and penis glands xcretory kidney, blood vessels, bladder, ureter, urethra, skin and sweat cells Nervous brain (cerebrum, medulla, cerebellum), spinal cord and nerve voluntary (striated muscles) Muscular involuntary (smooth muscles), heart (cardiac muscle) and Lymphatic lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen marrow carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals liver, gall bladder, small intestine, appendix and large intestine Digestive tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, Skeletal skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, humerus, radius, ulna, Immune lymphatic system, spleen, tonsils, thymus, leukocytes and bone z C? w -J - ro p

3 Chapter 4 the total overall volume of the lungs, causing air to rush into the body When the diaphragm relaxes, it decreases the volume of the lung cavity, causing air to leave the body During inspiration, air enters the nose or mouth, where it passes through the trachea (a hollow tube made of cartilage), bronchial tubes and into the alveoli Alveoli are air sacs rich in blood vessels, where gases exchange between lungs and blood Oxygen then diffuses into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells When we breathe out, we rid our bodies of carbon dioxide Breathing out is called expiration To leave the body, air reverses the path it used to enter these CIRCULATORY SYSTM The circulatory system is a transport system for many substances, most notably, blood Blood is essentially made up oftwo parts: cells and plasma Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that suspends the cells It is similar to the broth in chicken noodle soup; it provides a liquid for the cells and other nutrients Plasma is about 55% of total blood volume and carries important dissolved salts, water, fats and amino acids Blood cells can be one ofthree main types: red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen They contain an iron rich protein called hemoglobin, which gives cells their red color Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell White blood cells attack harmful microorganisms (bacteria, viruses or Figure 43 Circulatory System parasites) and aid in immunity Platelets are blood cells that form clots Platelets, along with white blood cells, stop the bleeding at the site of a wound and eventually lead to the formation of a scab The heart is the pump of the circulatory system It is a hollow muscular organ located between the lungs It has four chambers that perform two primary functions The heart: collects deoxygenated (without oxygen) blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, and then! collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body ems (to the heart, oxygen depleted) Circulatory System The respiratory system and circulatory system work closely together, because your body needs to take in oxygen and send it to your cells Q 39

4 Capillaries ThsueCells Vein vessels that carry blood away from the heart Blood moves through the arteries Arteries are the blood to deliver the oxygen to cells Oxygenated blood pick up oxygen, and is ready to travel through the body Capillaries Oxygenated blood has passed through the lungs to 4 Figure 45 Digestive System DIGSTIV SYSTM The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces that can be used by your inside your body Some important organs involved in digestion include the esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine and large intestine occurs when food is physically broken into smaller pieces Mechanical digestion occurs when you chew your food, and during movement of the stomach Chemical Digestion can happen two ways: mechanically and chemically Mechanical digestion chemical digestion is stomach acid dissolving food The digestive system works with the circulatory and excretory system to bring nutrients to cells and remove wastes where your teeth, The mouth is where the digestive system begins Food is placed inside the mouth, tongue, saliva and jaw muscles chew it food called the esophagus ingested, down a tube appendix is then swallowed, or 25 cm, and small vessels, measuring 5 large vessels, like the aorta which measures roughly to your cells via the capillaries Deoxygenated blood travels in blood vessels called Deoxygenated blood has traveled through the body and has already delivered oxygen thick This allows molecules and elements like oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide to blood vessels are called capillaries The walls of a capillary are only one cell layer Figure 44 Capillanes vessels 1 esophagus I gall bladder pancreas small intestines e:::: large Digestive System digestion happens when chemicals inside your body break down food One example of cells The digestive system is made up of several organs located in your mouth and tm (that s about 5 cm) Really small are hollow tubes that transport blood There are pass through Capillaries are what actually bring the nutrients to individual cells veins Veins bring blood back to the heart and lungs z -J U) CD C1 CO C? w D I- (3

- i 2, Chapter 4 h The esophagus is a tube of smooth muscle tissue that transports food to the stomach The stomach is a bag-like organ that receives the large pieces of food from the mouth The

pieces In fact, acids inside the stomach are so strong, if placed on skin they could cause a chemical bum In the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum), secretions from the pancreas

it slowly moves the food to the large intestine The last organ involved in digestion is the large intestine The main ffinctjons of the large intestine are to absorb water from indigestible food and

5 - i 2, Chapter 4 h The esophagus is a tube of smooth muscle tissue that transports food to the stomach The stomach is a bag-like organ that receives the large pieces of food from the mouth The stomach chemically and mechanically breaks down large food pieces into much smaller pieces The stomach has strong acids, a ph of 1 that chemically break down large food particles into much smaller pieces In fact, acids inside the stomach are so strong, if placed on skin they could cause a chemical bum In the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum), secretions from the pancreas neutralize stomach acids Also in the duodenum, the liver secretes several chemicals that help break down fats The small intestine is a hollow, highly folded tube that absorbs nutrients from food as it slowly moves the food to the large intestine The last organ involved in digestion is the large intestine The main ffinctjons of the large intestine are to absorb water from indigestible food and absorb vitamins released by bacteria living inside the large intestine Another function ofthe large intestine is to compact solid wastes (indigestible food, also called feces) I ( Tough I ) SKLTAL SYSTM The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments The skeletal system provides support and structure for the body This is accomplished through the use of bones Bones are an organ made up of hard connective tissues (mostly of calcium phosphate) Skeletal muscle attaches to bones to allow for movement Bones are also a source of calcium for other organs in our bodies Calcified bone tissue r Skeletal System Figure 46 Skeletal System renews itselfperiodically When old bone breaks down, calcium and phosphorus move into the bloodstream and are able to be used in other ways A place where two bones join is called a joint Joints allow your skeleton to move fibrous tendons attach muscles to bones and allow muscles to pull the bones in different directions Ligaments are a band of dense, fibrous connective tissues that connect one bone to another Ligaments function to stabilize joints Cartilage, a tough connective tissue, is found at mostjoints Injoints, cartilage softens movement between two bones This allows a smooth, gliding action as the bones move past one another In other body organs, like your ear or nose, firm yet flexible cartilage forms the main skull Ije, 4W 1L e - % sternum : scapula-_, jz k humerus 1 b! verai A! : -- :- column - racsa carpals \ - i, sacium / inetacarpa1s pelvic girdle 3 1 phalanges tèmur 1 ; -_patella :: inetarsals phalanges - I 41

6 commonly accepted types of joints are fixed, hinge, ofknee or back cartilage injury to certain cartilaginous tissues often results in lifelong diseases This is particularly true support structure Cartilage lacks blood vessels resulting in a slow rate of repair, injury Joints are classified by the type of movement they allow and the types of tissues they have The most digestive system to prevent The immune system is a collection tonsils, thymus and bone marrow Bone marrow makes infection and disease leukocytes, white blood cells, which defend against of cells and tissues that defend the ABCO8O immune system works with your Iw4grqwLw human body against invaders The IMMUN SYSTM shape ofthe bones involved A ball-and-socketjoint, like your shoulder, allows the most joints, like your knee, allow for two directional your skull, do not move but serve to absorb shock pivot, gliding and ball-and-socket Fixedjoints, like in like your elbow, allow for rotational movement around while protecting sensitive tissues underneath Hinge niovement and move like a door hinge Pivot joints, slightly more rotational movement than pivot joints movement allowed by this joint type is defined by the and function as two bones glide past one another The freedom of movement and permits bones to rotate a full 36 Can you name another ball-and-socket joint? Right most common moveablejoint It is called a synovialjoint because ofthe synovial tissues located in and around it An example of a synovialjoint is your knee your hip! Figure 47 shows a typical synovial joint, the 1 8 axes Gliding joints, like your wrists, allow dasese skm, respiratory system and disease It consists of the lymphatic system, spleen, Sc ;NKS Figure 47 Synovial Joint Figure 48 White Blood Cell : 42 z F, In In c,1 In In ui a- D C > C to C U )

7 43 cells composed of tissue fluid and white blood cells Lymph vessels transport lymph Lymph is Chapter 4 muscle is found in many organs like the esophagus, stomach and intestines it just happens! Mother type of involuntary muscle tissue is smooth muscle Smooth muscles contract automatically You don t have to think about making your heart beat; are found only in the heart These are a type of involuntary muscle Involuntary tasks are skeletal, cardiac and smooth control ofthe organism; you decide when to move your arms and legs Cardiac muscles through the digestive system The three types of muscular tissue that accomplish these voluntary muscle, move the body Voluntary muscle tissues are under the complete Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones by tendons Skeletal muscles, also called The muscular system is used to move the body, help circulate blood and move food MUSCULAR SYSTM is one reason why people who regularly exercise seem to be sick less often! can become swollen and sore have a pump (the heart) like arteries do They operate like veins, relying on muscle contractions to push fluid throughout the body xercise helps keep lymph moving This The lymphatic system also plays a role in returning fluid to blood Lymph vessels do not foreign particles and microorganisms from entering the bloodstream As the lymphatic system fights these invaders, lymph nodes Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and prevent Figure 49 Lymphatic System made up of water, small molecules and lymph Tissue fluid is fluid that surrounds cells It is vessels, lymph and lymphoid tissues (ie lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen) of the immune system It consists of lymph Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is a network of the parts LYMPHATIC SYSTM

Spinal system A nerve is a bundle of nerve cells or neurons spinal cord brain The nervous system is the control and communication touch, taste, sight and hearing) are controlled by this Nervous

system (CN$) and the peripheral nervous body to increase both the heart and breathing rate Figure 411 Parts ofthe Human Brain b heartbeat ablood pressure rd )Muac)e coordination) Temporal Lobe

8 Spinal system A nerve is a bundle of nerve cells or neurons spinal cord brain The nervous system is the control and communication touch, taste, sight and hearing) are controlled by this Nervous System NRVOUS SYSTM network of the body It detects and responds to stimuli both inside and outside the body The five senses (smell, 44 brain and spinal cord The CNS is the main control center nervous system (CN$) and the peripheral nervous body to increase both the heart and breathing rate Figure 411 Parts ofthe Human Brain b heartbeat ablood pressure rd )Muac)e coordination) Temporal Lobe events) Maintain homeostasis: Brain Stern visualand apauni percepuon) scope of this text; however, it is Cerebellum Vialon) Occipft& Lobe (Bodysensesorientation, discussion of the brain is beyond the Judgment initiation, abstract thought, speech) speech menroryfornomverbal (Hearing, music, understanding The two main parts of the nervous system are the central system The central nervous system is made up of the The brain is the most important and functions It serves as the control for the human body The peripheral nervous system consists of all other parts of the nervous system The peripheral nervous system carries nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the body and back to the brain The nerves that detect heat in your fingers exemplify the peripheral nervous system complex human organ A complete center for the entire human body It mood, growth, heart rate, sleep cycles, reproduction orjust about any The brain sends messages down the spinal cord, a long thin bundle of nerves running important to have a basic understanding of how the brain regulates behavior, blood chemistry, other bodily function you can think of The brain has a complex network of nerves (at the length of the vertebral column, to different parts of the body The main function of the spinal chord is to transport messages from the brain to the body s nerves and vice versa The brain receives information from your senses (eyes, nose, etc) and processes this information to cause appropriate action While your eyes merely perceive the words on the page, your brain allows you to understand their meaning Internal body signals least 23 billion neurons) that interact closely with the spinal cord and sensory neurons during exercise, are detected by the brain The brain then sends signals to the rest of the are also perceived by the brain Changes in blood chemistry, like a buildup of CO2 writing, numbers) IHandukills sensory reading Language Area Figure 41 Nervous System Neurons carry information from one place to another a- > U z I- a -j op c1 L() CO LU CC CC CC

glands Chapter 4 XCRTORY SYSTM The excretory system removes wastes from the body The lungs and skin release some wastes through respiration and sweating, but the majority of metabolic wastes are

9 glands Chapter 4 XCRTORY SYSTM The excretory system removes wastes from the body The lungs and skin release some wastes through respiration and sweating, but the majority of metabolic wastes are removed through the urinary tract The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra The excretory system removes wastes from cells in the body aorta ena cava The Urinary Tract 1111:: kidney ureters g RPRODUCTiV SYSTM Reproduction is necessary for the continuation ofa species Human reproduction involves two parents: a male and a urethra figure 412 The Uñnaiy Tract female The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce The organs in the reproductive system are different for males and females In males, the reproductive system is composed of the testes and the penis In females, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterus, vagina and breasts Males have two testes that produce testosterone, the male sex hormone Upon sexual maturity, the amount of testosterone increases, and sperm are produced in the testes Sperm are male sex cells, or gametes, that move via flaggeflum Males can produce sperm throughout their lifetime Sperm leave the body, in semen, through the urethra The urethra is the opening the head of the penis females produce ova, or eggs, which are housed in two ovaries Upon sexual maturity, one ovum forms approximately every 28 days, when it is released from the ovary and travels along the fallopian tube on its way to the uterus The uterus is a hollow organ that provides a place for the embryo (an embryo is a developing baby) to develop During pregnancy, the uterus more than doubles in size If sperm and egg unite, fertilization occurs, resulting in a zygote The zygote develops into a fetus in the uterus until, finally, a baby is born The human female feeds the infant with milk produced by mammary glands in the breasts ( bladder female Reproductive System Figure 413 Female Reproductive System Activity Research the different organ systems using textbooks or the Internet Determine which body system (circulatory, digestive, skeletal, respiratory, immune, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, excretory or reproductive) you could live without reparedtodefendyourposffionwithevidenceandjorlogical reasoning 45

B providing support and structure for the body A transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 1 What is one

CHAPTR 4 RVIW B stomach, esophagus and small intestine C brain, spinal cord and neurons, B heart, veins, arteries

B taking in carbon dioxide and delivering it to the cells C taking in oxygen needed for respiration B pumping

and out of the lungs A force air into the lungs 3 The diaphragm contracts to B It chemically breaks down proteins

10 B providing support and structure for the body A transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 1 What is one major function ofthe lymphatic system? CHAPTR 4 RVIW B stomach, esophagus and small intestine C brain, spinal cord and neurons, B heart, veins, arteries and capillaries A bone marrow, ligaments and tendons i 5 What are the main components of the circulatory system? B taking in carbon dioxide and delivering it to the cells C taking in oxygen needed for respiration B pumping blood to the capillaries A delivering carbon monoxide to the important parts of the body 4 What is the main job of the respiratory system? B support the spinal column C move the stomach, assisting in the mechanical breakdown of food B force air into and out of the lungs A force air into the lungs 3 The diaphragm contracts to B It chemically breaks down proteins C It mechanically breaks down sugars B It chemically and mechanically breaks down foods A It mechanically breaks down fats 2 How does the stomach aid in digestion? B preventing foreign particles from entering the bloodstream C transmitting information from the environment to the brain

Regulation and Homeostasis in the Human Body: Quick view

Human Body Systems Regulation and Homeostasis in the Human Body: Quick view Eleven Body Systems work together to maintain homeostasis. 1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System 3. Lymphatic System 4. Circulatory