Rapid Learning Center Presents. Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours. Animal Form. AP Biology Rapid Learning Series

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1 Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math Rapid Learning Center Presents Teach Yourself AP Biology in 24 Hours *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which does not endorse, nor is affiliated in any way with the Rapid Learning courses. Animal Form AP Biology Rapid Learning Series Wayne Huang, PhD Andrew Graham, PhD Elizabeth James, PhD Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD Sara Olson, PhD Jessica Barnes, PhD Rapid Learning Center Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 1

2 Learning Objectives By completing this tutorial, you will learn about: Animal Cell and Tissue Animal Organ System Homeostasis 3/40 Basic Animals Concept Map Plants Food Animals Genetics Plant Nutrients Animal Form Animal Function Reproduction Physiology Environment Animal waste Biochemistry 4/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 2

3 Animal Form Concept Map Cell Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Tissues are organized into organs 11 major organ systems Homeostasis Environment Respiratory Skin Skeletal Immune Nervous Endocrine Muscular Circulatory Excretory Reproductive Digestive Animal body 5/40 Animal Cells and Tissues 6/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 3

4 Animal Organization Animal cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ system. Organ systems comprise of the body of the animal. Organization from cells to entire body is critical for animal form and function. 7/40 Animal Cell Structure 8/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 4

5 Animal Tissues: Four Major Types Epithelial Tissue Closely packed in either single or multiple layers, and cover both internal and external surfaces of the animal body. Connective Tissue Tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix that often serves to support, bind together, and protect organs. Muscle Tissue Formed by muscle cells for movement of and/or within the animal. Nervous Tissue Bundles of neuronal processes enclosed in connective tissue that carry signals to and from muscles. 9/40 Epithelial Tissue Structure Function 1. Cell Shape: three types Pseudostratified Squamous epithelium is flattened cells. columnar Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells. epithelial cell Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells. 2. Cell layer: Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer. Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of cells 3. Functions Movement materials in, out, or around the body. Protection ti of the internal environment against the external environment. Secretion of a product. 10/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 5

6 Connective Tissue Form & Function There are two major types of connective tissue: loose (LCT) adipose tissue and fibrous (FCT) tendons. Special Types Cartilage Bone Blood Fibrous connective tissue 11/40 Blood Tissue Functions Binding Supporting Protecting Forming blood Storing fats Filling space Three Types Muscle Fibers There are three types of muscle fibers. Smooth: Lack the banding, also consists of actin and myosin. It powers involuntary movements of the viscera Smooth Skeletal muscle is striated and usually attached to the skeleton. They create movement by applying force to bones and joints by contracting and relaxing. 12/40 Cardiac Cardiac muscle is striated muscle found only in the heart. The cells are usually connected to each other by intercalated disks. It powers the heartbeat Skeletal Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 6

7 Nervous Tissue Two Types 1) Neurons (made up of three parts): A cell body - contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. A long axon - Long fibers that carry signals away from the cell body. Many dendrites: receive information from another cell and transmit the message to the cell body. Cell Body Dendrites Axon 13/40 Glial cells are nonconducting cells that serve as support cells in the nervous system and help to protect neurons. What do Groups of Tissue Form? Certain group of cells form tissues, what do tissues form? Several tissues form a functional unit called organs 14/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 7

8 Animal Organ System The functional unit 15/40 Tissues Are Organized Into Organs Several types of tissue form a functional unit called an organ. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue 16/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 8

9 Animal Body Animal body has 11 major organ systems. Muscular System Skeletal System Skin or Integument Respiratory System Digestive System Circulatory System Lymphatic System Excretory System Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System 17/40 Muscular System Muscle composition all skeleton is attached to muscles. Muscle function to allow movement and locomotion. They power the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems. Muscles play a role in regulating temperature. 18/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 9

10 Digestive System The digestive system is composed of: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, colon (large intestine), rectum and anus. The digestive system functions to ingest food and break it down into smaller chemical units. It also absorbs the nutrients and eliminates wastes. 19/40 Respiratory System Composition: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Function: Exchange gas between body and environment: Inhale Oxygen Remove carbon dioxide 20/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 10

11 Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is composed of: blood vessels, arteries (from heart), veins (to heart), capillaries from arteries to veins. It also includes: blood, red and white cells as well as platelets, plasma and the heart organ itself. 21/40 Cardiovascular system functions to transport oxygen, CO 2, nutrients and waste between cells and the respiratory system. It also carries chemical signals from the endocrine system. Lymphatic System: Immune System Composition Central lymphoid tissue Bone Marrow: produce all cells in immune system Thymus: T cell maturation Peripheral lymphoid tissue Lymph nodes -- lymphatic sinuses -- blood vessels -- parenchyma Spleen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Function Defense against invading microorganisms and viruses Defense against the growth of cancer cells. 22/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 11

12 Excretory System The excretory system is composed of the liver, skin and urinary system. Liver Kidney Ureter These function to remove organic wastes. Bladder 23/40 Liver, Skin, Urinary System Liver: produces urea and uric acid as a by product of the breakdown of proteins. Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric acid. 24/40 Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid The function of the Excretory System is to remove organic waste and maintain fluid levels. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 12

13 Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of: pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands. It is also part of the endocrine system is the: hypothalamus, thymus and pancreas. Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovaries 25/40 Testicles The endocrine system secretes hormones to control growth and coordinates long range responses to external and internal stimuli. Reproductive System Male The testicles The duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens The accessory glands, which includes the seminal vesicles and prostate gland The penis Seminal vesicles Vas Deferens Prostate Penis Epididymis Testicles 26/40 Female Fallopian tubes Ovaries Uterus Vagina Accessory glands External genital organs Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 13

14 Nervous System The nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes neurons and nerves that are not in the central nervous system. Brain Spinal Cord The nervous system functions to coordinate the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, processes input from the senses and initiates actions and responses. Central nervous system 27/40 Skeletal System The skeletal system is composed of bones. Most of the bones are internally linked. The function of the skeletal system is to support the body, to move and to store minerals. It is also the site of haematopoiesis: producing blood and immune cells. 28/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 14

15 Skin System The skin is composed of the: epidermis (keratinocytes, basal cells and melanocytes), and dermis which contains elastic and collagen fibers as well as capillary networks and nerve endings. 29/40 The skin has hair, nails, skin glands and their products. It functions in: protection, exchange and secretion. Homeostasis Internal balance 30/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 15

16 Homeostasis Living organisms regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. The components of homeostasis includes maintenance of: O 2, CO 2 and ph. It must also maintain the concentration of nutrients and waste products. The concentration of salt and electrolytes must be maintained as well as the volume and pressure of the extracellular fluid. 31/40 Mechanism of Homeostasis The mechanism of homeostasis is negative feedback. Set a threshold Sense the change Signal the change Effector to bring the change back to normal range 32/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 16

17 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Extrinsic homeostatic systems are controlled from outside the body by two systems. 1. Nervous system: sensors. 2. Endocrine system: signal transmission. 33/40 Intrinsic homeostatic systems often involve only one or two organs, e.g. blood vessel regulation by oxygen and CO 2. Sensor of Homeostasis Controlled by two systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System Nervous System: sensory system homeostasis. Sensory nerve (dorsal root of spinal nerves) Synapse (in the spinal cord for monosynaptic reflexes) Motor nerve (ventral root of spinal nerves)- controls effectors Effectors: muscles and glands 34/40 Endocrine: sensory system homeostasis. Upon receiving signals from nervous system, endocrine system secretes hormones into blood. Hormones are broken down rapidly, but they set in motion effects that may persist after the hormones are gone: stimulate metabolism, turn on genes, etc. Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 17

18 Example of Homeostasis Negative Feedback Blood glucose > 1.0 g/dm -3 Pancreas Islet β-cell Insulin Fat cells synthesize lipids from glucose Liver cells synthesize glycogen from glucose Blo od glucose Fall ls Other cells uptake glucose Return to normal level Blood glucose < 0.7 g/dm -3 Pancreas Islet α-cell Glu ucagon Liver cells break down glycogen --> glucose Amino Acid--> glucose Blood glucose Rises s Negative Feedback 35/40 Animals and Homeostasis How does an animal body maintain homeostasis? Through negative feedbacks and achieved by nervous system (as sensors) and endocrine system (signal transduction) 36/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 18

19 Question: Review Animal cells are into cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Squamous, cuboidal and columnar represent what? Types of connective tissue. Two types of nervous system tissue. Organized Cell Shapes Loose and Fibrous Glial, Neurons The skeletal system is composed of. Bones 37/40 Learning Summary Animal cells make up animal tissues. There are 11 organ system for vertebrate animals. Homeostasis mechanisms are controlled by negative feedback. Animal tissues form organs 38/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 19

20 Congratulations You have successfully completed the core tutorial Animal Forms Rapid Learning Center 39/40 Rapid Learning Center Chemistry :: Biology :: Physics :: Math What s Next Step 1: Concepts Core Tutorial (Just Completed) Step 2: Practice Interactive Problem Drill Step 3: Recap Super Review Cheat Sheet Go for it! 40/40 Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved. :: 20