Disease Management Update and Optimum Fungicide Usage Based on Host Phenology and Disease Monitoring

Transcription

1 Disese Mngement Updte nd Optimum Fungicide Usge Bsed on Host Phenology nd Disese Monitoring Dr. J. E. Adskveg Deprtment of Plnt Pthology University of Cliforni, Riverside

2 Folir nd fruit diseses of lmond in Cliforni Brown rot lossom light Green fruit rot/jcket rot Shot hole Bcteril spot Anthrcnose Sc Alternri lef spot Rust Hull rot

3 Springtime diseses of lmond tht cn e prolemtic in wet spring sesons Disese Pthogen Flowers Fruit Leves Woody tissues Blossom light Monilini lx, M. fructicol Jcket rot Botrytis cinere Anthrcnose Shot hole Bcteril spot Colletotrichum cuttum Wilsonomyces crpophilum Xnthomons roricol

4 M1&2 Fungicides for Mnging Almond Diseses Benzimidzoles 1 Inorgnics 1970s Copper, Sulfur 1960s Topsin-M, T-Methyl Anilinopyrimidines Vngrd, 9 Scl 1990s Pre-Mixtures Inspire Super 3+9 Inorgnics nd Conventionl Synthetics 11 Dithiocrmtes Phthlimides Isophthlonitriles Zirm, Mnzte, Cptn Brvo, Echo, Dithne? Equus M3 M4 M5 1940s 1950s 1960s Dicroximides Rovrl, Iprodione, Nevdo, Meteor s QoIs Aound, Gem, Hedline 1990s Sterol inhiitors (DMIs) Elite, Rlly, Indr, Tilt, Bumper, Qush, Inspire, Teucon, Toledo s s Hydroxynilides 17 Elevte 1990s Polyoxins Ph-D New: Lun Products & Merivon (2014), Syllit (2014), Vithon (2015), & new products continue to e evluted. 19 Qudris Top, Pristine, Lun Senstion, Quilt Xcel Merivon s 7 Lun Experience 3+7 Gunidines Syllit U s SDHIs Xemium, Lun Privilege, Fontelis, Kenj 1960s Phosphontes ProPhyt, K-Phite, Fungi-phite, Aliette, Linecker (non-ering) s 3+33 Vithon

5 Lte spring, erly summer {

6 Why disese monitoring nd risk ssessment? Determine pthogen popultion size Determine possiility of disese outreks or increses in disese intensity sed on generl wether forecsts Assess if, when, nd where disese mngement hs to e implemented Optimize disese mngement - effective nd economicl

7 Optimum timing for implementing mngement prctices Inoculum-sed Inoculum (disese) levels in the current nd previous sesons re indictors for risk. Inoculum my not e present t high levels nd disese progress cn e monitored. Once inoculum is found, mngement prctices cn e implemented. Exmples: shot hole, sc, rust, cteril spot Host phenology-sed Disese occurs on specific host tissues during limited time in the seson Inoculum is commonly present Exmples: lossom light, Rhizopus hull rot Microclimte-sed Pthogen inoculum is commonly present. Climtic conditions determine disese progress. Exmples: Alternri, nthrcnose, cteril spot Temperture, wetness, wind Cultivr, phenology Presence of inoculum, mono- or polycyclic For most diseses, forecsting is sed on comintion of types.

8 Exmples of diseses where mngement is sed primrily on host phenology Brown rot lossom light Hull rot

9 Brown rot lossom light of lmond cused y Monilini spp. Look for gryish sporultion on lossoms Blossom light my develop into spur dieck if disese is not controlled.

10 Brown rot lossom light Infection period is well defined loom period of 7 to 14 dys for ech vriety in n orchrd Risk of infection is determined y environmentl conditions Tempertures ove 58F Wetness (rin or fog) Multiple highly effective fungicides re ville

11 Timing of rown rot tretments Tretment 20-30% 80% loom loom Control - - Lun Senstion 5 fl - Lun Senstion 5 fl oz Control - - Merivon 6.8 fl - Merivon 6.8 fl oz Control - - Qudris Top 14 fl - Qudris Top 14 fl oz Control - - Pristine 38WG Pristine 38WG 14.5 oz cv. Butte, UC Dvis Brown rot lossom light c c c Incidence (%) Tretment Rte/A 23-Fe PB 28-Fe FB Control Qudris Top 14 fl --- Qudris Top 14 fl oz Qudris Top 14 Control Lun Senstion 5 fl --- Lun Senstion 5 fl oz Lun Senstion 5 cv. Butte, UC Dvis c Brown rot c c Strikes/tree Lun Senstion ws effective s pink ud or full loom ppliction, demonstrting some loclly systemic ctivity, however, full loom nd two pplictions provided the highest control.

12 Brown rot tril, Solno Co. Tretment Control Single Actinovte 12 oz + Brekthru 6 @ tretments Lun Privilege 4 @ Indr 2F 6 @ Syllit 3.4FL 48 @ Brown rot* d cd c Premixtures Rottion Lun Senstion SC 4 @ Inspire Super EW 10 @ Quilt Xcel 14 @ Inspire XT EC 7 @ Scl 600SC 12.8 fl oz Lun Senstion SC 4 fl oz Rovrl 4F 16 fl oz UC Dvis, @ d d d d d Strikes/tree

13 Rottions Brown rot lossom light No. Tretment Rte/A oz/ fl oz 2015 PB FB PFBrown rot 1 Control @ 3 @ 4 5 Kenj + IB @ 7 Lun Experience + @ 8 Lun Senstion + @ cde@ 9 @ 10 @ 12 @ 13 Syllit 15 Indr 2F + surf cde --- Dithne + surf Vngrd de --- Qudris Top + Dyn Brvo Inspire EC Gry mold cdef Strikes/tree Incidence (%) ef def c c Risk of infection is f determined cdef y environmentl cd conditions Tempertures >58F Multiple highly Wetness effective fungicides re ville

14 Timing of loom pplictions Determining fctors Environmentl conditions (rin) Delyed loom ppliction (30-40% loom) Less fvorle PB (5% loom) nd FB (80% loom) pplictions Highly fvorle Fungicide properties Loclly systemic ction With or without loclly systemic ction Mny of the newer rown rot fungicides hve some loclly systemic ctivity nd susequently pre- nd some post-infection ctivity. During less fvorle environments single ppliction t delyed loom (20-40% loom) is sufficient for good disese control. During highly fvorle conditions, 2-spry progrm with pplictions t pink ud nd full loom is recommended.

15 Exmples of diseses where mngement is sed primrily on environmentl conditions Alternri lef spot Anthrcnose Bcteril spot Alternri lternt, A. rorescens, A. tenuissim Colletotrichum cuttum Xnthomons roricol pv. pruni

16 Anthrcnose lossom light nd spur dieck Cn e confused with rown rot lossom light. Look for orngish sporultion on lossoms nd for lef yellowing Blossom light nd spur dieck

17 Fruit nthrcnose Young fruitlets: Look for orngish discolortion Advnced symptoms on more mture fruit re chrcteristic nd cnnot e confused with other diseses.

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19 Disese modeling under controlled environments Temperture-wetness reltionships for lmond nthrcnose 6 6 Numer of lesions per lef Wetness period (hours) Temperture (C) Experiments were conducted in environmentlly regulted growth chmers.

20 Efficcy of fungicide rottions for mngement of nthrcnose on lmond cv. NePlus Ultr in 2001 Disese Incidence (%) Tretment PB FB PF SS 5 wk 6th Aound 2F 15 Cptn 50WP c Aound 2F 15 oz/ Cptn 50WP 9 Flint 50WDG Cptn 50WP c Flint 50WDG 3 Cptn 50WP 9 BAS516 38% Cptn 50WP Control c c

21 Efficcy of fungicides ginst nthrcnose Numerous highly effective fungicides re ville tht re lso effective ginst other springtime diseses. Rting: ++++ = excellent nd consistent, +++ = good nd relile

22 Exmples of diseses where mngement is sed primrily on mount of pthogen inoculum Rust Shot hole Sc

23 Disese cycle of lmond sc nd mngement strtegies using dormnt nd fter petl fll in-seson tretments Dormnt tretments Ascus with scospores Sporultion of overwintering twig lesion Conidi (sexul stge) production in the spring nd throughout seson Petl fll tretments Fusicldium crpophilum Ascostrom with sci nd scospores strting t twig sporultion Infection of twigs (<1 yer old), fruit, nd leves Disese epidemiology determines most effective timings of fungicide pplictions. Development of sexul fruiting structures Survivl on fllen leves in winter Defolition nd wekening of trees during severe outreks

24 Almond sc in Cliforni Sc hs ecome common disese t mny loctions in recent yers nd the disese hs to e mnged. Effective mngement requires Knowledge of the disese history of the orchrd Appliction of dormnt tretments to dely twig sporultion Monitoring for twig sporultion in the spring Fungicide ppliction t the eginning of twig sporultion Twig lesions non-sporulting (top) nd sporulting (ottom)

25 Mngement of Sc: Dormnt pplictions to reduce inoculum in the spring Fungicide Oil Timing Control Incidence of twig sporultion (%) April 18 My 22 Kocide l + Jn Brv o WetherStick 4 pts + Jn Brv o + Jn c cv. Crmel WetherStick 6 pts Control Comprison of copper-oil nd chlorothlonil oil: Extended prevention of twig sporultion into erly summer with chlorothlonil-oil. Chlorothlonil-oil

26 Dormnt tretments to reduce sc inoculum in the spring Brvo WetherStik received Section 2(ee) registrtion for dormnt ppliction etween Dec. 1 nd Jn. 10, or efore ud swell using the 4-pt rte. Full registrtion plnned through IR-4 to chnge PHI to 60 dys nd rte to 6 pts/a. Benefits: Inoculum reduction, dely onset of epidemic, nd synchronize sc with Alternri tretments Tretment timing for sc nd Alternri Disese Dormnt Pink ud Bloom Spring Summer Full loom Petl fll Two week Five week My June Sc /- +/- Sc Dormnt /- Chlorothlonil+oil chlorothlonil Alternri Alternri

27 Mngement of Sc In-seson pplictions fter strt of twig sporultion cv. Monterey - Colus Co.

28 Alternri lef spot Inoculum is omnipresent in orchrds. The disese is gretly influenced y microclimtic conditions. The DSV Model cn e used to time pplictions sed on infection periods in lte spring/erly summer. Alternri lternt, A. rorescens, A. tenuissim

29 Rottions Efficcy of Alternri lef spot tretments Tretment* Rte (/A) 4/29 5/20 7/7 Control Ph-D @ Inspire + Dyn @ Fontelis 20 @ Fontelis+Te @ Fontelis + Aound @ Kenj + IB @ Lun Experience 6 @ Lun Senstion 5 @ EXP-2 7 @ EXP-3 7 @ Merivon 6.5 @ Fontelis 20 fl Qush 3 oz --- Ph-D 6.2 oz --- Brvo 64 fl Qudris Top fl g g efg defg fg cdefg cdefg c cdef cdefg cde cd Incidence (%) cv. Crmel Colus Co. Two to three pplictions in lte spring sed on the DSVmodel. Most effective in 2015: Ph-D, Fontelis, Inspire, Fontelis + Teucon, EXP-2, EXP-3 - hve to e strictly used in rottions nd/or mixtures for resistnce mngement. No detections of new resistnce Other components (e.g., irrigtion schedule, wter penetrtion, plnting design, etc.) of n integrted pproch in disese mngement re highly criticl.

30 Mngement of Sc nd Alternri lef spot: Efficcy of in-seson tretments Tretment Rte (/A) Control Sc Alternri Lef symptoms Defolition Brvo c Fontelis 14 c c Qush + Ph-D* 3.5 oz + cd c Lun Senstion 5 c Inspire Super + Surf. 20 d c Qudris Top 14 cd c Merivon 6.5 cd c Syllit cd c Propiconzole 4 fl oz 2012, cv. Crmel, Butte Co Incidence (%) Incidence (%) Rting (1-4)

31 Mngement of Sc nd Alternri Lef Spot - Summry For sc, dormnt ppliction reduces spring sporultion. An in-seson progrm includes two to three pplictions fter twig sc sporultion. Multi-site fungicides with low resistnce potentil (chlorothlonil, possily mncoze, cptn, zirm) should e in rottions with the newer single-site nd pre-mix fungicides. Most effective newer fungicides: Single: Qush, Ph-D, Syllit, EXP-1 Pre-mixtures: Qudris Top, Inspire Super, Lun Experience, Lun Senstion, Merivon Rottions: including Vithon (Ctmrn Pending).

32 Thnk you Dnke Grcis Merci Cheers 谢谢 спасибо شكرا Dr. J. E. Adskveg Deprtment of Plnt Pthology University of Cliforni, Riverside

33 Almond Hull Rot Cused y Rhizopus stolonifer or y Monilini fructicol Both pthogens infect fruit nd cuse dieck Inoculum of Rhizopus stolonifer is omnipresent (soil) R. stolonifer (left), M. fructicol (right) Inoculum of Monilini fructicol origintes from other stone fruits (peches, cherries) or lmond. Blossom light cn e cused y M. lx (North) nd M. fructicol (South regions). The two pthogens require different mngement strtegies

34 Timing of hull rot tretments Hull Rot cused minly y M. fructicol 2012 tril Precip. 9.5 mm c c c c Hull rot counts Hull Rot cused minly y R. stolonifer 2014 tril 6/10 6/24 7/10 7/ Hull rot counts Criticl timings Pthogen = M. fructicol: Pre-hull split pplictions (erly/mid June) Pthogen = R. stolonifer: Erly to lte hull split pplictions ut erlier pplictions t pre-hull split lso help to mnge the disese. Both pthogens: Applictions in erly/mid June nd t erly hull split.

35 Control of Hull Rot Cused y Both Pthogens BR RH Appliction cv. Nonpreil, Stnislus Co. Hull rot cused y M. fructicol is est mnged y lte-spring pplictions. For hull rot cused y oth pthogens use lte spring nd hull split pplictions.

36 Rottions Almond Hull Rot Alkline tretments nd fungicides Rte/A (oz / fl Tretment* oz) Control Doule OK / 64* Di-potssium phosphte 32 / 48** Inspire 7 Qush + S Doule OK QuTop + Dyn. 384/64* Di-K phosphte + Qu Top + Dyn. 32/48** Qudris Top + Dyn Merivon 6.5 EXP-2 7 EXP-3 7 Ph-D + Qush + Nufilm P Ph-D + Aound + Nufilm P Lun Experience 6 Lun Senstion 5 Hull rot Strikes/tree cv. Nonpreil, pplictions 6-12 nd Alkline tretments were evluted to possily neutrlize fumric cid. Folir pplictions of lkline fertilizers were similrly effective s some of the fungicide tretments. However, no dditive effect with fungicides tested. Most fungicides performed similrly nd significntly reduced the disese s compred to the control (FG 3+7, 3+9, 7+11, 3+11, 3+19).

37 Almond Hull Rot - Inoculum reduction tretments Su-plot ppl. 6/12 Control Lun Experience Qudris Top + Dyn Merivon Inspire Min plot 7/14 Control Lun Senstion Qudris Top + Dyn Merivon Inspire Tretment Avg Min Plot Appl. Dte Dis. Inc.^ LSD^^ Dis. Inc. LSD Dis. Inc. LSD Dis. Inc. LSD Dis. Inc. LSD Dis. Inc. LSD Control A 12.0 AB 8.3 B 12.5 AB 7.8 B 15.4 LLS 15 gl/a 5-7/ A 9.3 B 6.8 B 9.7 B 9.7 B 14.3 Su-plot trt vg 23.1 A 10.4 B 7.4 B 10.8 B 8.9 B Sttisticl comprisons for vlues y column re with lower cse letters, those y row re with upper cse letters. Min plot tretment verges re vlues for tretments over ll su-plots nd re sttisticlly compred y column. Su-plot verges re vlues for ech of the min plots nd re sttisticlly compred within the row. Soil tretments with clcium sulfte or liquid lime sulfur to reduce soil inoculum of R. stolonifer were not effective. For the most effective integrted mngement of hull rot, fungicides should e integrted with proper wter mngement (i.e., deficit irrigtion) nd restricted nitrogen fertiliztion.

38 Hull Rot Control - Summry Fungicide tretments cn e effective in reducing hull rot cused y R. stolonifer nd y M. fructicol. For Rhizopus hull rot, erly hull split pplictions when susceptiility is high should e done. Fungicides re pplied most effectively with NOW pplictions. For Monilini hull rot, pplictions should e done erlier (lte spring erly June). For the most effective integrted mngement of hull rot, ) Hull split should e induced simultneously with proper wter mngement (i.e., reduced irrigtion). ) Proper nitrogen mngement, possile cut-off dtes for Nonpreil erly to mid-my.