COURSE DESCRIPTION. Recommended Prerequisite: Medical Terminology 1: Basics

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1 COURSE DESCRIPTION This continuing education course is designed for individuals working in medical support services (e.g., billing, insurance, transcription, records, medical assisting, etc.) to review, refine, and expand their medical vocabulary. This course focuses on basic human anatomy in medical terminology. Recommended Prerequisite: Medical Terminology 1: Basics Rev 1.0 September

2 COURSE TITLE: Medical Terminology 2: Anatomy Author: James D. Rigdon, CPC, NCICS, BS-HA Coding Analyst-TCH University Physicians, Inc. Aurora, CO Number of Clock Hours Credit: 1.0 Course # P.A.C.E. Approved: Yes X No Upon completion of this continuing education course, the professional should be able to: 1. Identify terms used in medical terminology when referring to human anatomy. 2. Describe the planes, directions, and positions in relation to the body. 3. Mix and match basic word parts used in medical terminology. 4. Communicate using basic medical terminology. Disclaimer The writers for NCCT continuing education courses attempt to provide factual information based on literature review and current professional practice. However, NCCT does not guarantee that the information contained in the continuing education courses is free from all errors and omissions. 2

3 REVIEW What is Medical Terminology? Medical terminology is advanced language used in the medical field to communicate information quickly and effectively by using a multitude of word parts. These word parts are used to define specific information about anatomy, physiology, diagnoses, conditions, status, and treatments. Many of the word parts used in medical terminology have roots in the Greek and Latin languages. Word Parts Many of the words used in the medical field are actually made up of several components. These components are prefix, root, suffix, combining vowel, and combining form. Prefix The prefix is a small part added to the beginning of the term Root The root gives the essential meaning of the term Suffix The suffix is the word ending Combining vowel Combining vowels connect roots to suffixes and roots to other roots Combining form The combining form is the combination of the root and combining vowel END OF REVIEW ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY There are eleven major systems of the human body: skeletal bones muscular muscles nervous nerves and senses circulatory heart, blood vessels, blood lymphatic defense against infection and disease endocrine hormones reproductive procreation and sex urinary expulsion of waste from the body respiratory breathing digestive eating and metabolizing nutrients integumentary hair, skin, nails 3

4 Within the body, there are five major cavities: cranial cavity skull, contains the brain thoracic cavity chest, contains lungs and heart abdominal cavity belly, contains digestive tract and accessory digestive organs pelvic cavity below the belly, contains the urinary and reproductive systems spinal cavity surrounded by the spinal column, contains nervous system tissues Planes, Directions, and Positions A plane is an imaginary surface that penetrates through the body, an organ, or other structure. The four major planes used in medical terminology are frontal (coronal), sagittal (lateral), transverse, and oblique. The frontal (coronal) plane is an up-and-down plane that divides the body or other structure into an anterior (front) section and posterior (back) section. The sagittal (lateral) plane is an up-and-down plane that divides the body or other structure into a left and right (lateral) sides. The transverse plane divides the body or other structure into upper and lower sections. The oblique plane divides the body or other structure in a diagonal direction. Directional references in medical terminology are always given in relation to the patient. For example, when the practitioner says left side, he/she is referring to the patient s left side. When terms such as superior (above) and inferior (below) are used, it refers to the perspective of the patient as if the patient was standing. For example, the esophagus is always superior to the stomach, even if the patient is upside down such as in a Reverse Trendelenburg position. Following is a list of directional words used in medical terminology and their definitions. (syn = synonym/same, ant = antonym/opposite) Table 1 Term abduction adduction anterior caudal cranial deep distal dorsal erect eversion Definition movement away from the median (ant: adduction) movement toward the median (ant: abduction) toward the front part of a structure (syn: ventral / ant: dorsal, posterior) direction toward the tail (ant: cranial) direction toward the head (ant: caudal) away from the surface (ant: superficial) the point furthest away from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or structure (ant: proximal) toward the back part of a structure (syn: posterior / ant: ventral, anterior) sitting or standing straight up to turn outward (ant: inversion) 4

5 Table 1-continued Term inferior inversion lateral decubitus medial parietal pedal posterior pronate pronation prone proximal superficial superior supinate supination supine ventral visceral Definition toward the lower part of a structure (ant: superior) turning inward (ant: eversion) lying on the side the midline of a structure pertaining to the outer wall of a structure direction toward the feet toward the back part of a structure (syn: dorsal / ant: ventral, anterior) to turn face down (ant: supinate) the process of turning face down (ant: supination) lying face down (ant: supine) the point nearest to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or structure (ant: distal) toward the surface (ant: deep) toward the upper part of a structure (ant: inferior) to turn face up (ant: pronate) the process of turning face up (ant: pronation) lying face up (ant: prone) toward the front part of a structure (syn: anterior / ant: posterior, dorsal) pertaining to the covering of an organ USING WORD PARTS Following is a list of word parts and their definitions. As you can see, some word parts have multiple definitions, and some word parts have the same definitions as others. Exercise 1: Using the charts below, and on the following pages, take 10 minutes and see how many legitimate medical terms you can make by mixing and matching these word parts. Check your words in a medical dictionary. Word parts that you should already be familiar with are notated with a star (). Table 2 Prefix Meaning Previously Reviewed a- / an- no, not, without atelo- incomplete aut- self dia- complete / thorough dys- bad / painful / difficult / abnormal endo- within epi- upon exo- outside 5

6 Table 2-continued Table 3 Prefix Meaning Previously Reviewed hydro- water hyper- excessive, more than normal hypo- below / less than normal / deficient poly- many / excessive post- after pre- before pro- before re- back retro- behind sub- below / beneath trans- across Combining Form Meaning Previously Reviewed abdomino abdominal adeno gland adreno / adrenalo adrenal gland alveolo air sac / alveolus antero front side aorto aorta arterio artery arteriolo arteriole arthro joint atelo incomplete auro ear balano penis bio life bronchiolo bronchiole broncho bronchial tube broncho bronchial tubes carcino cancerous cardio heart cephalo head cerebello cerebellum cerebro cerebrum (enlarged upper part of the brain) 6

7 Table 3-continued Combining Form Meaning Previously Reviewed cervico cervix cervico neck coccygo coccyx / tailbone colono colon (large intestine/bowel) colpo / vagino vagina conio dust corono heart cranio skull crino secrete cyano blue cysto urinary bladder / sac of fluid, or a cyst cyto cell dermato / dermo skin duodeno duodenum electro electricity encephalo brain entero intestines epiglotto epiglottis epithelio skin / surface tissue erythro red esophago esophagus gastro stomach glotto larynx / voice box glycol sugar gnoso knowledge gyneco female (organs) hemato / hemo blood hepato liver hypophyso pituitary gland ileo ileum jejuno jejunum laparo abdomen laryngo larynx / voice box latero side leuko white ligamento ligament 7

8 Table 3-continued Combining Form Meaning Previously Reviewed lumbo waist / loin (area of the spine) lymphadeno lymph node lymphangio lymph vessel lympho lymph fluid mediastino mediastinum (space between the lungs) medullo medulla oblongata myo / myoso / muscle musculo myringo ear drum naso nose neprho kidney (use with all suffixes except -al and -gram) neuron nerves onco tumor opthalmo eye opto vision orcho / orchio / testis orchido oro mouth osteo bone ovario ovary ox oxygen pancreato pancreas parathyriodo parathyroid gland patho disease pedo foot / child pelvo pelvis peritoneo peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdomen) phako lens phalango phalanges pharyngo pharynx / throat phreno diaphragm pituitaro pituitary gland pleuro pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs) postero back side / behind procto anus and rectum 8

9 Table 3-continued Combining Form Meaning Previously Reviewed prostate prostate gland psycho mind pyelo renal pelvis reno kidney (use with -al and -gram) rhino nose sacro low back sarco flesh scroto scrotum spleno spleen spino spine (backbone) spondylo vertabra stomato mouth teno / tendino tendon thoraco chest (area of the spine) thrombo clot thyro thyroid thyroadeno / thyroido thyroid tracheo trachea (windpipe) tympano ear drum uretero ureter uro urine / urinary system varico veins vasculo blood vessels vaso vas deferens venulo venule vertebro vertebra (backbone) vesico urinary bladder Table 4 Suffix Meaning Previously Reviewed -al pertaining to -algia pain -ar pertaining to -cele hernia / protrusion -cyte cell -eal pertaining to 9

10 Table 4-continued Suffix Meaning Previously Reviewed -ectasis dilation / expansion -ectomy surgical removal, excision -emia blood (condition) -globin protein -gram record -graphy process of recording -ic pertaining to -ior pertaining to -is identity -ism condition, process -ist a specialist -itis inflammation -logist one who studies -logy the study of -oma tumor, mass -opsy view -osis (abnormal) condition -pexy surgical fixation -scope an instrument to view -scopy process of visual examination -section cutting into an organ -sis state of being -stomy artificial opening (permanent) -tomy process of cutting, incision (temporary) -um structure -y condition or process 10

11 Exercise Define the following words. Answers are on the next page. 1. Epiglottis 2. Retroperitoneum 3. Cervicalgia 4. Epithelial 5. Bronchoscopy 6. Craniocervical 7. Urologist 8. Posterior 9. Pelvic 10. Thoracolumbar 11

12 Answers to practice words 1. Identity (the place) of being located upon the larynx (epi- = upon, glotto = larynx, -is = identity) 2. Behind the structure of the membrane surrounding the abdomen (retro- = behind, peritoneo = peritoneum, -um = structure) 3. Neck pain (cervico = neck, -algia = pain) 4. Pertaining to the surface of the tissue (epithelio = surface tissue, -al = pertaining to) 5. Process of viewing the bronchial tubes (broncho = bronchial tubes, -scopy = process of viewing) 6. Pertaining to the head and neck (cranio = head, cervico = neck, -al = pertaining to) 7. One who studies the urinary system (uro = urinary system, -logist = one who studies) 8. Pertaining to the back side (posterio = back side, -ior = pertaining to) 9. Pertaining to the pelvis (pelvio = pelvis, -ic = pertaining to) 10. Pertaining to the chest and waist (areas of the spine) (thoraco = chest, lumbo = waist, -ar = pertaining to) References Chabner, Davi-Ellen (2003). Medical Terminology: A Short Course. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science Thomas, Clayton L, MD, MPH, et al (1997). Taber s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, Edition 18. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company Medline Plus (February 4, 2003). Medical Dictionary. Retrieved between August 30, and September 2, 2007, from CancerWeb (1998). Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved between August 30, and September 2, 2007, from 12

13 TEST QUESTIONS Medical Terminology 2: Anatomy Course Directions: Before taking this test, read the instructions on how to complete the answer sheets correctly. If taking the test online, log in to your User Account on the NCCT website Select the response that best completes each sentence or answers each question from the information presented in the module. If you are having difficulty answering a question, go to and select Forms/Documents. Then select CE Updates and Revisions to see if course content and/or a test questions have been revised. If you do not have access to the internet, call Customer Service at Which of the following are NOT major systems of the body? a. integumentary, urinary, endocrine, digestive b. circulatory, lymphatic, reproductive c. smell, taste, sight, touch, hearing d. skeletal, muscular, nervous 2. The integumentary system refers to. a. hair, skin, nails b. digestion c. circulation d. the body as a whole 3. Which system is the defense against infection and disease? a. endocrine system b. lymphatic system c. respiratory system d. antibiotic system 4. Which system regulates the hormones secreted by the body? a. endocrine system b. lymphatic system c. respiratory system d. antibiotic system 5. Which of the following is NOT a major body cavity? a. cranial b. abdominal c. spinal d. dental 13

14 6. Which of the following is NOT a major plane of the body? a. frontal (coronal) b. jagged (crooked) c. sagittal (lateral) d. oblique (diagonal) 7. The coronal plane divides the body. a. into left and right b. into upper and lower c. into front and back d. into three parts 8. The sagittal plane divides the body. a. into left and right b. into upper and lower c. into front and back d. into three parts 9. The transverse plane divides the body. a. into left and right b. into upper and lower c. into front and back d. into three parts 10. Define abduction. a. to move away from the midline b. to move toward the midline c. to move in a circle d. to move in any direction 11. Define ventral. a. posterior / dorsal b. to make an artificial opening, like a vent c. toward the back side d. toward the front side / anterior 12. The opposite of distal is. a. lateral b. superior c. caudal d. proximal 14

15 13. If a patient is lying on his/her back, he/she is lying in a(n) position. a. prone b. lateral decubitus c. supine d. erect 14. If a patient is lying on his/her side, he/she is lying in a(n) position. a. prone b. lateral decubitus c. supine d. erect 15. If a patient is lying on his/her belly, he/she is lying in a(n) position. a. prone b. lateral decubitus c. supine d. erect 16. If a patient is sitting up straight, he/she is sitting in a(n) position. a. prone b. lateral decubitus c. supine d. erect 17. The process of turning face up is called. a. pronation b. supination c. laying down d. moving the patient 18. Define epiglottis. a. the process of moving to the top b. situated under the larynx c. situated on top of the larynx d. the process of moving to the bottom 19. Define thoracolumbar. a. moving in a direction from the upper back to the lower back b. pertaining to the lower back c. pertaining to the chest and waist areas of the spine d. sitting in an erect position 15

16 20. Define urologist. a. one who studies the urinary system b. one who studies the circulatory system c. one who studies the nervous system d. one who studies the integumentary system 21. Define epithelial. a. pertaining to the head b. pertaining to the pedal aspect of the foot c. pertaining to the caudal aspect of the patient d. pertaining to the surface of the tissue 22. Define bronchoscopy. a. pertaining to the lung b. the process of viewing the stomach c. the process of viewing the bronchial tubes d. the process of breathing 23. Define craniocervical. a. pertaining to the neck and back b. pertaining to the back and extremities c. pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems d. pertaining to the head and neck 24. Define cervicalgia. a. pertaining to the neck b. neck pain c. direction toward the neck d. artificial surgical opening of the neck 25. If a patient s liver is moved in a caudal direction, it has moved. a. inferior to its original position b. superior to its original position c. laterally to its original position d. to multiple locations in the body 26. The frontal plane is also referred to as the. a. sagittal plane b. oblique plane c. coronal plane d. transverse plane 16

17 27. A scratch on the skin is, whereas a cut is deep. a. posterior b. lateral c. erythrocytic d. superficial 28. Which word part refers to low back? a. sacro b. sarco c. posterior d. anterior 29. Which plane of the body lies in a diagonal direction? a. oblique b. transverse c. sagittal d. lateral 30. Directional references are given in relation to the. a. practitioner b. patient c. exam room door d. bed / examination table *End of Test* 17