1. Definition-anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy

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1 Lecture outlines 1. Definition-anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy Assoc. Prof Dr Mohammad Iqbal Omar MBBS, DRM, M Med Program Kejuruteraan Bioperubatan Elektronik PPK Mekatronik, UniMAP iqbalomar@unimap.edu.my Introduction Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday Anatomy is the oldest medical science 1600 B.C. Aristotle (384 BC) 1 st. person use the term anatome - Greek word mean cutting up or taking apart Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology Is the study of Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions Physiology Biochemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics 1

2 Terminology Latin (and Greek and English and... ) Basis of scientific terminology Terms made up of word parts Prefix Root Suffix chromosom(e) al color body eumelanin presynaptic before true together black join about stuff about History of Anatomy Aristotle, ( BC) "Father of Biology", 4 elements, qualities, Scala Naturae, God at top of ladder. species permanent, fixed, unchanging. Alexander the Great was his pupil. Galen, ( AD) Greek, founder of experimental physiology, performed dissections apes himself (not by slaves as was the custom) Noted heart anatomy, hand function, no air in veins, Defined bodily fluids, adjust elements to cure sickness, assigned personalities to humors. 2

3 Ibn al-nafis TheArabian physician Ibn al-nafis ( ) was one of the earliest proponents of human dissection and postmortemautopsy, and in 1242, he was the first to describe the pulmonary circulation. and coronary circulation of the blood, which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is considered the father of the theory of circulation. Ibn al-nafis also described the earliest concept of metabolism, and developed new systems of anatomy and physiologyto replace theavicennian and Galenicdoctrines, while discrediting many of their erroneous theories on the Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together Developmental anatomy: from conception to death Clinical anatomy: medical specialties 3

4 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Anatomy Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Cytology: study of cells and their structures cyt- = cell Histology: study of tissues and their structures Anatomy Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c d Anatomy and Physiology Integrated Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Special physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases Lecture outlines 1. Definition-anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy 4

5 Levels of Organization The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level Tissues are a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together Levels of Organization The Organ System Level Organ systems are a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism Levels of Organization 5

6 Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization 6

7 Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization 7

8 Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Levels of Organization Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 8

9 Lecture outlines 1. Definition- anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintain boundaries 2. Movement motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells. 3. Responsiveness Ability to sense and react to external and internal changes 4. Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients Necessary Life Functions (contd) 5.Metabolism chemical reactions within the body Produces energy Makes body structures 6.Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions 7.Reproduction formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual. 8.Growth Increases cell size and number of cells Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions 9

10 Survival Needs (2) Water 60 80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3 Lecture outlines 1. Definition- anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy Homeostasis Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance) 10

11 Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic) Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change Extrinsic regulation Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems Feedback system A feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. Homeostasis Receptor Homeostasis receptor monitors changes in a controlled condition and receives the stimulus Control center sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. Processes the signal and sends instructions Effector that receives output from the control center and Carries out instructions The Control of Room Temperature. 11

12 Negative and Positive Feedback If a response reverses the original stimulus, the system is a negative feedback system. If a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is a positive feedback system. Negative and Positive Feedback The Role of Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved Negative and Positive Feedback Negative and Positive Feedback The Role of Positive Feedback The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost Used to speed up processes Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature. 12

13 Negative and Positive Feedback Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting. Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1.4, step 5 Lecture outlines 1. Definition-anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy 13

14 Systems Integration Systems Integration Systems integration Systems work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium Opposing forces are in balance Physiological systems work to restore balance Failure results in disease or death Lecture outlines 1. Definition- anatomy & physiology 2. Levels of organization 3. Necessary life function 4. Homeostasis 5. System integration 6. Language of Anatomy The Language of Anatomy 14

15 The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks References to palpable structures Anatomical Regions Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject Approaches to studying anatomy A. Gross anatomy B. Regional anatomy C. Surface anatomy D. Systemic anatomy E. Clinical anatomy F. Imaging anatomy A. Gross anatomy The examination of the body structures that can be seen without a microscope. 15

16 B. Regional anatomy Study of the regions of the body. Anatomical Terminology Deal with structural relationships of the body parts of the body in the region under study. Anatomical Terminology Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b 16

17 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Terminology AbdominopelvicQuadrants. AbdominopelvicRegions. Anatomical Terminology C. Surface anatomy Method for studying the anatomy of living body at rest and in action. By observing the surface of the body and structures under it. Observe and palpate Abdominopelvic Relationships. 17

18 Anterior body land marks Posterior body landmarks Figure 1.5a Figure 1.5b 18

19 E. Clinical anatomy Applicable to Practice of medicine the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment Incorporates regional and systemic approaches F. Imaging anatomy Involve use of imaging technologies to create internal structures. 19

20 Systemic anatomy The study of body systems Systems Integumentary system Skeletal Muscular Nervous Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Urinary Reproductive female Reproductive male Lymphatic Study Dermatology Osteology Myology Neurology Cardiology / angiology Pulmonology Gastroenterology Endocrinology Urology Gynecology Andrology Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical position Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down Anatomical Direction 1. Superior and inferior 2. Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) 3. Proximal and distal 4. Medial and lateral 5. Superficial and deep 20

21 Directional Terms Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Table 1.1 (2 of 3) Directional Terms Anatomical Terminology Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Directional References. An Anterior View. 21

22 Anatomical Terminology Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) PET (Positron emission tomography) CT (computed tomography) Planes Section of the body a) Sagittal or median plane b) Transverse section c) Frontal or coronal section Section of an organ a) Longitudinal sections (sagittal or frontal) b) Transverse section c) Oblique section Anatomical Terminology Sectional Planes. 22

23 Anatomical Terminology 23

24 Body Cavities Body Cavities Body cavities have two essential functions Protect organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Ventral body cavity Divided by the diaphragm: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Figure 1.7 Body Cavities Body Cavities Serous membranes Line body cavities and cover organs Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer lines cavity Visceral layer covers organ Relationships Among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity. 24

25 Body Cavities Body Cavities The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions. The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions. 25

26 Body Cavities Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal cavity chamber within abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneumlines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneumcovers the organs The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions. Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs Retroperitoneal space Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic cavity inferior portion Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract 26

27 Medical Imaging Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body Allow visualization of structures inside the body Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940 s Radiography X-rays produce image of interior structures Inexpensive and quick Hollow structures appear black or gray Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone) At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast) Mammography (breast) Bone densitometry (bone density) Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27

28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) High energy magnetic field Protons in body fluid align with field Color image on a video monitor 2D and 3D blueprint Relatively safe procedure Not used on patients containing metal Used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissues Tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow Computed Tomography Computer-Assisted radiography (CT-Scan) 3-D structures Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray Whole-body CT scan Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery disease Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28

29 Ultrasound Scanning Ultrasound Scanning High frequency sound waves Sonogram Noninvasive, painless, no dyes Pregnancy (fetus) Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29

30 Radionuclide Scanning Radionuclide Scanning Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously Gamma rays detected by camera Radionuclide image displays on video monitor Color intensity represents uptake Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT) Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positron (positively charged particles) emitting substance injected into the body Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues Gamma rays produced Computer constructed a PET scan image in color Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism) Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30

31 Endoscopy Endoscope Lighted instrument with lens Image projected onto a monitor Colonoscopy Interior of colon Laparoscopy Organs in abdominopelvic cavity Arthroscopy Interior of joint (knee) Autopsy An autopsy is a postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death. Thank you 31