Nick Russell Carba-Tec Pty Ltd tel: +

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1 Lightwight Intracting Patint Tratmnt Procsss Ronny Mans (*) d his M.Sc. gr in Computr Scinc from Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology (TU/) in At prsnt h is a postdoctoral rsarchr at th Dpartmnt of Industrial Enginring and Innovation Scincs at th sam unirsity. In his PhD studis h focusd on th application of workflow managmnt tchnology in th halthcar domain. His rsarch intrsts inclu workflow managmnt, procss mining, and discrt nt simulation. Ronny Mans Dpartmnt of Industrial Enginring & Innovation Scincs, Paviljon K03 Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology Dn Dolch 2 P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhon th Nthrlands tl: r.s.mans@tu.nl Wil van r Aalst is a full profssor of Information Systms at Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology. H is also an adjunct profssor at Qunsland Unirsity of Tchnology (QUT) and coinitiatd th ProM and YAWL initiatis. Wil van r Aalst Dpartmnt of Mathmatics and Computr Scinc, HG 7.74 Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology Dn Dolch 2 P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB, Eindhon th Nthrlands tl: w.m.p.v.d.aalst@tu.nl Nick Russll has or 20 yars xprinc in IT, both in Australia and th Nthrlands, in a varity of snior managmnt, tchnical, and rsarch rols. H is currntly Chif Tchnology Officr for a major Australian tools distributor. Prior to this, h was a postdoctoral rsarchr at Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology. H compltd his mastrs and doctoral grs at Qunsland Unirsity of Tchnology. Or th past 7 yars, h has bn th driving forc for th xtnsion of th workflow pattrns to th data, rsourc, and xcption handling prspctis and th lopmnt of th nwyawl businss procss moling rfrnc languag. Nick Russll Carba-Tc Pty Ltd tl: + nrussll@carbatc.com.au Pit Bakkr is a full profssor of Procss Innovation in Halthcar at th Faculty of Mdicin at th Unirsity of Amstrdam (AMC-UvA) whr h is also dirctor of th Quality and Procss Innovation Dpartmnt. His rsarch intrsts inclu patint logistics, patint car, vincbasd practic and patint scurity.

2 Pit Bakkr Dpartmnt of Quality and Procss Innovation Acamic Mdical Cntr, Unirsity of Amstrdam P.O. Box 22700, NL-1100 DE, Amstrdam Th Nthrlands tl: Arnold Molman is working as lad architct at th Acamic Mdical Cntr (AMC), a unirsity hospital in Amstrdam. His main fild of intrst is th application architctur for patint car applic, with a prsonal intrst in patint car logistics. Arnold Molman Dpartmnt of ADICT Acamic Mdical Cntr, Unirsity of Amstrdam P.O. Box 22700, NL-1100 DE, Amstrdam Th Nthrlands tl: a.j.molman@amc.uva.nl

3 Lightwight Intracting Patint Tratmnt Procsss Ronny Mans, Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology, Th Nthrlands Wil van r Aalst, Eindhon Unirsity of Tchnology, Th Nthrlands Nick Russll, Carba-Tc Pty Ltd, Australia Pit Bakkr, Acamic Mdical Cntr, Th Nthrlands Arnold Molman, Acamic Mdical Cntr, Th Nthrlands ABSTRACT Procsss concrning th diagnosis and tratmnt of patints cannot b straightjacktd into traditional production-lik workflows. Thy can b bst charactrizd as wakly-connctd intracting light-wight workflows whr tasks rsi at diffrnt lls of granularity. Moror, for ach individual patint a doctor procds in a stp-by-stp way ciding about th nxt stps to b takn. Classical workflow not fall short in supporting ths patint procsss as thy ha bn signd to support monolithic procsss. Classical not (WFnts, BPMN, EPCs, tc.) assum that a workflow procss can b mold by spcifying th lifcycl of a singl cas in isolation. To addrss ths problms, w prsnt an xtnsion of th Proclts framwork which allows for dividing complx ntangld procsss into simpl autonomous fragmnts. Additionally, incrasd mphasis is placd on intraction rlatd aspcts such that fragmnt instancs for individual patints can cooprat in any sird way. Finally, w scrib an implmntation of th Proclts framwork. Proclts ha bn add to th opnsourc Workflow Managmnt Systm YAWL to bttr support intr-workflow support functionalitis. Kywords: Workflow Managmnt, Workflow Intractions, Lightwight Workflow Procsss INTRODUCTION In halthcar organiz, such as hospitals, many complx procsss ar prformd which ar lngthy in duration. Ths ar concrnd with th diagnosis and tratmnt of patints. Workflow Managmnt Systms (WfMSs) prsnt an attracti hicl in orr to provi support and monitoring for patint procsss. Basd on procss finitions, WfMSs ar abl to manag th flow of work in ths procsss such that individual work itms ar don at th right tim by th propr prson (van r Aalst & van H, 2002; Wsk, 2007). Howr, a numbr of difficultis commonly aris whn hospitals attmpt to automat patint procsss. This is bcaus th ntir procss for an individual patint typically consists of a numbr of workflow fragmnts that nd to cop with diffrnt lls of granularity and that run at diffrnt spds. Moror, th doctor procds in a stp-by-stp way whn ciding about th stps to b takn nxt. This can b illustratd by th xampl that is pictd in Figur 1. InsrtFout! Vrwijzingsbron nit gvonn. Figur 1 hr. (Caption: Intracting workflow fragmnts. Th arcs show th intractions that nd to tak plac btwn fragmnt instancs.) Figur 1 shows two possibl instancs of a patint procss. For patint

4 Su th procss is as follows. First, sh visits th outpatint clinic (th procss instanc namd visit:su 25/01 ). Hr, a doctor cis during th ci task about th nxt stp(s) that nd to b takn. As indicatd by th outgoing arcs, a scond visit is ncssary ( visit:su 10/02 ), a lab tst nds to b takn ( lab:su 25/01 ), and Su's cas nds to b discussd during a multidisciplinary mting (MDM) ( MDM:05/02 ). For th lab tst th rsulting rport is nd as input for th scond visit. This is indicatd by th arc lading from th rport task to th task of th scond visit. At th multidisciplinary mting, multipl patints ar discussd individually. For this mting, patints nd to b rgistrd via th rgistration task. Finally, rports ar snt out (task rports ). Not that Su is rgistrd for th mting and that th rsulting rport is ncssary as input for th scond visit. For patint Ann a similar procss is followd. Howr, not that Ann and Su ar discussd at th sam multidisciplinary mting. So, procss instanc MDM 05/02 oprats at a diffrnt ll of granularity (a group of patints rathr than a singl patint). Clarly, th ntir patint procss should b sn as a cloud of standardizd workflow fragmnts for which th ultimat slction of ths fragmnts and th intractions btwn thm is patint spcific. Currnt workflow languags rquir that th complt workflow is scribd as on monolithic orarching workflow (van r Aalst, Mans & Russll, 2009). Consquntly, it is hard to scrib such a cloud of loosly coupld workflow fragmnts and all th possibl intractions btwn thm. For liring th sird support, th Proclts framwork (van r Aalst, Barthlms, Ellis & Wainr, 2000, 2001) provis an intrsting mans in orr to mol and xcut patint procsss. Proclts ar lightwight intracting procsss that can b usd to divi complx ntangld procsss into simpl fragmnts and, in doing so, plac incrasd mphasis on intraction-rlatd aspcts of workflows. Moror, fragmnts may rsi at diffrnt lls of granularity. Th application of th original Proclts framwork to car procsss in th Acamic Mdical Cntr (AMC) hospital rald sral limit. Basd on a carful analysis of th original Proclts framwork, w lopd important xtnsions. Ths ar prsntd in this papr. Via intraction points, intrnal intractions, and xtrnal intractions, at sign tim, possibl intractions btwn Proclt classs can b mold without th nd to fin complx pr- and postconditions. At run-tim thy allow usrs to slct intractions btwn xisting and futur Proclt instancs. As a rsult, usrs can fin th nxt stps that nd to b takn in th tratmnt procss (.g. a lab tst). Although th framwork has bn xtnd basd on xprincs from th halthcar domain, its application is not limitd to th halthcar domain only. Proclts ha formal smantics and thrfor can b nactd using workflow tchnology. An additional contribution of this papr is that w show how WfMSs can b fully xtnd with facilitis for intrworkflow support. As part of this, w laborat on a concrt systm which has bn ralizd by significant xtnsions to th opn-sourc YAWL WfMS (van r Aalst & tr Hofst, 2005; tr Hofst & van r Aalst & Adams & Russll; Russll & tr Hofst, 2009). Th rmainr of this papr is organizd as follows. First, th Proclt framwork togthr with our contributions will b discussd. Scond, th sign and

5 implmntation of a WfMS xtnd with intr-workflow support is prsntd. Third, rlatd work is discussd. Aftrwards, an valuation of our approach is provid togthr with an outlook. Finally, our conclusions ar gin. PROCLETS FRAMEWORK In this sction, th Proclts framwork will b discussd. Howr, du to spac limit only th most important aspcts can b discussd. For full tails w rfr to (Mans, Russll, van r Aalst, Molman & Bakkr, 2010). Proclts provi a framwork for moling and xcuting workflows (van r Aalst, Barthlmss, Ellis, & Wainr, 2000; van r Aalst, Barthlmss, Ellis, & Wainr, 2001). A Proclt can b sn as a lightwight workflow procss abl to intract with othr Proclts that may rsi at diffrnt lls of aggrgation. A Proclt class spcifis which tasks nd to b xcutd and in which orr, i., th Proclt class fins th procss followd by individual Proclts. On instanc is calld a Proclt instanc. For th finition of a Proclt class, a slction can b ma btwn multipl graphical languags (.g. BPMN (Whit 2004), EPCs (Aalst, 1999)). In this papr, w us a graphical languag basd on th YAWL languag (van r Aalst & tr Hofst, 2005). Not that Figur 2 provis an orviw of all th constructs that ar usd in th YAWL languag. Insrt Figur 2 hr. (Caption: YAWL lxicon.) Proclt instancs intract via channls. A channl can b usd to a prformati to on Proclt instanc or a group of Proclt instancs (i.. multicast). A prformati is a spcific kind of mssag with sral attributs. Th snr attribut contains th intifir of th Proclt instanc crating th prformati and th st of rs attribut contains th intifirs of th Proclt instancs ving th prformati. Proclt classs ar connctd to channls via ports. Each port has two attributs: (a) th cardinality spcifis th numbr of rcipints of prformatis xchangd via th port, and (b) th multiplicity spcifis th numbr of prformatis xchangd via th port during th liftim of any instanc of th class. Moror, a port is ithr an incoming or an outgoing port. Each outgoing port is connctd with xactly on incoming port calld an xtrnal intraction. Furthrmor, ry port is connctd to on intraction point. An intraction point rprsnts a spcific point in a Proclt class at which intractions with othr Proclt classs may tak plac. Furthrmor, for an intraction point having only incoming ports, it may b sird that th pt of an individual prformati is followd by th subsqunt ing of a prformati at a latr point in th xcution of that Proclt instanc. For xampl, for a lab tst that is rqustd, its subsqunt rport nds to b usd as input for anothr visit. Thrfor, such an intraction point may b connctd with an intraction point which has only outgoing ports and is calld an intrnal intraction. Insrt Figur 3 hr. (Caption: Proclt classs for th scnario illustratd in Figur 1.) Figur Fout! Vrwijzingsbron nit gvonn.3 shows thr Proclt classs which ar mold basd on th scnario illustratd in Figur 1Fout! Vrwijzingsbron nit gvonn.. Proclt class visit has four tasks, thr intraction points, six ports, and scribs a visit to th outpatint clinic.

6 Proclt classs lab and MDM scrib rspctily a lab tst that is prformd and a multidisciplinary mting to discuss multipl patints. As can b sn in th class diagram, multipl lab tsts and multipl rgistr for a multidisciplinary mting can b triggrd starting from a visit of a patint. This also bcoms clar from th ports that ar connctd to th intraction point of th ci task in th visit Proclt class. For xampl, on port is lading to th input condition of th lab Proclt class. Th cardinality * and multiplicity? show that is optional to crat multipl instancs of this class. Finally, th cardinality 1 and multiplicity? of th outgoing port of th rport task ( lab Proclt class) indicat that it is optional to th rsult of a lab tst to xactly on visit Proclt instanc. Not that for th lab Proclt class an intrnal intraction is find from th intraction point that is connctd to th input condition to th intraction point connctd to th rport task. This allows that an instanc of this class is cratd and that th rsult of th lab tst is forward to a crtain visit Proclt instanc. Finally, not that th MDM Proclt instanc oprats at anothr aggrgation ll (a group of patints) than th othr Proclt instancs (a singl patint). Howr, in th scnario of Figur 1 it is indicatd that for both Su and Ann th rsult of th lab tst is usd as input for th scond visit, i.. for both a prformati nds to b snt from th corrsponding lab Proclt instanc to th corrsponding Proclt instanc for th scond visit. This cision is ma as part of xcuting th ci task of th first visit. Not that at this point in tim som Proclt instancs do not xist yt (.g. th instancs for th lab and th scond visit). As a consqunc, it is important to rcord to which Proclt instancs a prformati was snt. Moror, for th intractions that ar taking plac btwn (futur) Proclt instancs, it is important whthr thy ha alrady takn plac. For xampl, to nsur that th task of th scond visit may b xcutd for Su, it is important to know whthr th prformati from th rport task has alrady bn d. Obviously, a global orviw is rquird about th prformatis that nd to b snt around. Blow, w introduc two diffrnt concpts in orr to achi this. Entitis and Intraction Graphs Th first concpt is calld an ntity, which is an objct that xists nxt to xisting and futur Proclt instancs. Exampls of an ntity ar a patint or a lab tst. So, both Su and Ann can b an ntity. W us an intraction graph to nsur that for an ntity multipl Proclt instancs ar prformd, that intractions btwn thm tak plac in th sird orr, and that th stat of ths intractions ar sad. Such an intraction graph blongs to a spcific ntity and consists of intraction nos and intraction arcs. An intraction no rfrs to an intraction point of a Proclt instanc for which on or mor intrnal or xtrnal intractions will tak plac, i.. an intraction no is a tripl consisting of th intifir of th Proclt class, th intifir of th Proclt instanc, and th intifir of th intraction point itslf. An intraction arc rfrs to an intraction, ithr intrnal or xtrnal, that nds to occur btwn two intraction nos. In that way, th dirction of th arc in th graph is th sam as th dirction of th arc for th associatd intraction. Furthrmor, in orr to sa th stat of intractions, ry arc has an intraction intifir and an intraction stat. Th intraction stat stors th spcific stat of th intraction. Th intraction intifir is a uniqu intifir of which th first valu is th ntity itslf and th scond is a uniqu intifir for th intraction. Whn ing

7 a prformati for th intraction, th intraction intifir is add to th st of intraction intifirs attribut. In this way, it will b known whthr xtrnal intractions ha occurrd or not. Insrt Figur 4 hr. (Caption: For both Su and Ann it is shown how xisting and futur Proclt instancs nd to intract. Moror, th intraction graphs that ar cratd during th xcution of th ci task ar shown.) In Figur 4a and 4c, th intraction graphs ar shown for ntitis Su and Ann. Ths graphs ha bn cratd during th xcution of th ci task for both of thm. Th corrsponding (futur) instancs for both ar shown in Figur 4b togthr with th sird intractions. Tasks that ha alrady bn finishd ar markd with a chck mark. For Su, via dottd arcs, nos of th intraction graph ar linkd with th corrsponding intraction points in a Proclt instanc. Similarly, arcs of th intraction graph ar linkd with th corrsponding intractions. For xampl, aftr xcuting th ci task for Su, th arc from th Su 25/01,ci) no to th (MDM, 05/02,rgistr) no mans that a prformati nds to b snt in orr to rgistr Su for th multidisciplinary mting. Subsquntly, th arcs from th (MDM, 05/02,rgistr) no to th (MDM,05/02, rport) no and from th (MDM,05/02, rport) no to th T1,) no man that aftr th rgistration th rports task nds to b xcutd and that th outcom of this task, which is a rport, is usd as input for th ci task of th scond visit. For Ann th intraction graph is comparabl. As both ar discussd during th multidisciplinary mting, similar intraction nos and arcs for th MDM:05/02 Proclt instanc appar in both graphs. As no prformatis ha bn snt, all arcs rfrring to an xtrnal intraction ha stat unproducd. This mans that both th sourc and stination intraction no ha not occurrd yt (.g. for Su th lab Proclt instanc has not bn cratd yt). In orr to illustrat th diffrnt stats an intraction arc can ha and to s Proclts in action, sral tasks will b xcutd for both Su and Ann. Thrfor, for Figur 4 w assum that for both Su and Ann th ci task of th first visit is xcutd and that prformatis ar snt for it. This situation is pictd in Figur 5. Insrt Figur 5 hr. (Caption: Prformatis ar snt for both Su and Ann as a rsult of xcuting thir ci tasks.) As can b sn all outgoing arcs of th Su 25/01,ci) no and th Ann 26/01,ci) no ha now stat snt. This mans that a prformati has bn producd for th intraction rprsntd by th arc. In particular, th intraction intifir of th arc is containd in th intraction intifirs attribut of th prformati that has bn snt. For xampl, w s th prformati that is snt for Su to th rgistr task of th multidisciplinary mting. As intraction intifir (Su,4) is add. Insrt Figur 6 hr. (Caption: Th rgistr task of th multidisciplinary mting is xcutd.) As a nxt stp w assum that th rgistr task of th multidisciplinary mting is xcutd. Th nw situation is pictd in Figur 6. As prformatis ha bn snt containing th corrsponding intraction intifirs, instancs of th lab

8 and th visit Proclt class ha bn cratd both for Su and Ann. Moror, th rgistr task of th multidisciplinary mting is allowd to b xcutd as all incoming arcs of th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no had stat snt in th graphs of both Su and Ann (s Figur 5). For all ths arcs, th stat has bn changd to consumd. Hr it can b imagind that a prformati has bn consumd in orr to crat ithr an instanc of a Proclt class or to prform a task. Not that intraction nos, which rlat to an instanc that has bn cratd, ha bn updatd with th intifir of that instanc (.g. th lab instanc for Su has now Su 25/01 as instanc intifir instad of T3 ). Moror, sral arcs ha stat xcutd sourc as th sourc intraction no of an intrnal intraction has bn prformd. For xampl, for th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no th rgistr task has bn prformd. Hr, it is important to s that this action has impact on th graphs of both Su and Ann. Actually, arcs btwn intraction nos that can b found in multipl graphs ar updatd simultanously and always ha th sam stat. Insrt Figur 7 hr. (Caption: Th rports task of th multidisciplinary mting is xcutd.) Finally, as a subsqunt stp w assum that th rports task is prformd (Figur 7). As can b sn in th two intraction graphs, th arc from th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no to th (MDM,05/02, rport) no has stat xcutd both. This rprsnts that both th sourc and stination intraction no of an intrnal intraction ha bn prformd. For th intractions that ar find in an intraction graph sral xcptions may occur in which thy cannot tak plac anymor (.g. a Proclt instanc may b cancld). Also, intractions may occur in th contxt of loops. Furthrmor, as part of th ing of prformatis, data is xchangd btwn Proclt instancs. Abo mntiond aspcts ar discussd in tail in (Mans, Russll, van r Aalst, Molman & Bakkr, 2010). Extnding an Intraction Graph So far, w only consird intraction graphs that wr alrady find. W brifly illustrat how an intraction graph is xtnd for an ntity. Th xtnsion of an intraction graph is basd on th currnt graph and on th intraction points that xist for Proclt classs and how thy ar connctd. Assum that for th scnario shown in Figur 1 w ar currntly in th procss of prforming th ci task during th first visit of Su (instanc visit:su 25/01 ). Moror, for th MDM Proclt class currntly an instanc xists with instanc intifir 05/02. Howr, for th ci task it is allowd to xtnd intraction graphs of ntitis during its xcution. As no intraction graph xists for Su, it is cratd first. Th rsult can b sn in Figur 8. Th Su 25/01,ci) no rfrs to th ci task that is xcutd. Insrt Figur 8 hr. (Caption: Dfining an intraction graph for Su. Possibl intractions for an intraction no ar indicatd by dottd arcs.) In Figur 8a w s th Proclt classs that ha bn find and how thy ar connctd. Starting from th Su 25/01,ci) no, which has thr

9 outgoing ports, sral intractions may b nominatd. That is: On outgoing port is connctd with th input condition of a Proclt class. For this class multipl instancs may b cratd. A similar rmark can b ma for th visit Proclt class. So, also for th visit Proclt class multipl instancs may b cratd. On outgoing port is connctd with a task of a Proclt class. In th figur this is th rgistr task of th MDM Proclt class. As currntly an instanc of th MDM Proclt class xists with instanc intifir 05/02, it is possibl to ha an intraction with th rgistr task of that Proclt instanc. Not that w abstract from th currnt stat of th MDM:05/02 Proclt instanc. In Figur 8b, th intractions that may b nominatd ar indicatd by dottd arcs. Hr, it is cid to crat on instanc of th visit Proclt class, rprsnting th scond visit, and to ha an intraction for th rgistr task rprsnting that Su is discussd at th multidisciplinary mting. Th updatd graph can b sn in Figur 8c. As a rsult of th nominatd intractions, thr ar arcs lading from th Su 25/01,ci) no to th T1,crat) no and to th (MDM,05/02, rports) no. Not that intraction nos, which rlat to a futur Proclt instanc, ha currntly a tmporary intifir (.g. T1 for th scond visit). Basd on th intraction nos for which currntly a Proclt instanc xists or for which an instanc will xist in th futur, it is allowd to fin subsqunt intractions. So, for th Su 25/01,ci) no again intractions may b find. Howr, for th T1,crat) no no subsqunt intractions may b find as for th associatd intraction point no outgoing xtrnal and intrnal intractions ha bn find. For th associatd intraction point of th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no an intrnal intraction is find which has th rport task as its stination (Figur 8a). So, as indicatd by th dottd arc in Figur 8c, it is possibl to ha an intrnal intraction from th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no to th (MDM,05/02, rport) no. In Figur 8d, th updatd graph is shown. Hr, th intraction from th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no to th (MDM,05/02, rport) no has bn nominatd. As can b sn in Figur 8a, th rport task has on outgoing port which is connctd with a task of a Proclt class. This is th task of th visit Proclt class. As an instanc of th visit Proclt class xists with instanc intifir Su 25/01, it is possibl to ha an intraction with th rgistr task of that Proclt instanc. Moror, in th graph of Su thr is a no for a visit instanc with tmporary instanc intifir T1. As it will xist in th futur, intractions may b find for it. Consquntly, an intraction with th task of this futur instanc may b nominatd (no T1,) ). Abo, w ha gin an illustration of th diffrnt ways an intraction graph can b xtnd. It allows for fining intractions with futur and xisting Proclt instancs in many diffrnt ways. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WFMS AUGMENTED WITH INTER- WORKFLOW SUPPORT In this sction w discuss how xisting WfMSs can b xtnd with facilitis for intr-workflow support. In particular, w focus on a concrt WfMS (YAWL) that has bn xtnd with intr-workflow support basd on our xtnd Proclt framwork.

10 Approach In orr to trmin how intr-workflow support facilitis can b add to xisting WfMS, w ha first lopd a taild concptual mol which allows for intifying and formalizing th bhavior of such a systm. Th concptual mol was cratd using CPN Tools (cpntools.org). This allowd us to simulat th bhavior of th implmntd systm at an arly stag. This concptual mol srd as spcification for th subsqunt implmntation of th systm. Moror, th CPN mol provis a tst nvironmnt of th ral systm. In Figur 9a, th main componnts of th implmntd systm ar shown. Th Workflow Engin is th cor of th systm and taks car of th routing of cass. Th ngin is ralizd by using th workflow ngin of th opn sourc WfMS YAWL (van r Aalst & tr Hofst, 2005). Moror, th YAWL Procss Dfinition Editor allows for fining th procss finition of a Proclt class. For a task that bcoms availabl for xcution, th corrsponding work itm is communicatd to usrs via th Workflow Clint Application. This componnt is ralizd using th Rsourc Srvic of th YAWL WfMS. Finally, th Intr-Workflow Srvic adds th sird intr-workflow support. For this componnt, th Intraction Srvic is rsponsibl for managing intractions btwn Proclt instancs at runtim. Th Intraction Srvic has bn st-up as a YAWL Custom Srvic. For tasks for which intractions may b rquird, th xcution of th associatd work itm is lgatd to th srvic. Th Intraction Dfinition Editor offrs tools that allow for fining th rmaining aspcts of Proclt classs (.g. intraction points, intrnal intractions, xtrnal intractions). By kping ths rmaining aspcts sparat from procss finitions that ar usd as part of a WfMS, w can add intrworkflow support to any WfMS. Additionally, tools ar offrd such that at instanc ll human actors can fin ncssary intractions btwn Proclt instancs. This subcomponnt has bn implmntd as a Java application. Insrt Figur 9 hr. (Caption: Architctur of th ralizd systm. Moror, sral scrnshots of th ralizd systm ar shown.) Moling and Enactmnt support Blow w gi a brif imprssion of th moling and nactmnt support provid by th systm. W start by showing how a Proclt class is mold in our systm. This is illustratd for th visit Proclt class in Figur 9b. Th corrsponding procss finition is mold using th YAWL Procss Dfinition Editor. Tasks for which intractions ar rquird ar indicatd by a plug-in icon (.g. th task). Th xcution of th corrsponding work itm for thm is lgatd to th Intr-Workflow Srvic. Nxt, th intraction points, ports, intrnal intractions, and xtrnal intractions ar find via th Graphical Usr Intrfac (GUI) of th Intraction Dfinition Editor. For th GUI shown at th bottom of Figur 9b, intraction points ar visualizd by a rd dot togthr with its associatd intifir. Ports ar visualizd by

11 a grn dot togthr with its intifir and its cardinality and multiplicity. Via dottd arcs, intraction points and ports in th GUI and intraction points and ports of th visit Proclt class ar linkd with ach othr. In orr to gi an illustration of th nactmnt support provid by th systm w gi a scrnshot of how an intraction graph is xtnd in Figur 9c. For Su an instanc of th visit Proclt class xists which has 71 as instanc intifir and that an instanc of th MDM Proclt class xists which has 72 as instanc intifir. Furthrmor, th intraction graph of Su is currntly xtnd as part of xcuting th ci task of th visit Proclt instanc. Hr, th intraction no of th ci task (71,ci)) has bn slctd in orr to fin nw intractions. At th right si, for th slctd no, th intractions that may b nominatd ar prsntd. In th Instantiat Proclt Instanc panl intractions may b slctd which lad to th instantiation of a Proclt class. For ach of thm, it can b indicatd how many instancs nd to b instantiatd. In th Existing or Tmporary Proclt Instanc panl, intractions with xisting or futur Proclt instancs can b slctd. In th Intrnal Intraction panl, intrnal intractions can b slctd. In Figur 9c it has bn indicatd that on instanc of th visit Proclt class will b cratd, no instancs of th lab Proclt will b cratd, and that an intraction with th rgistr task of th MDM instanc is rquird. Aftrwards, th graph can b furthr xtnd till all sird intractions ar find. RELATED WORK Contmporary workflow languags and systms provi limitd support for th moling and xcution of loosly coupld intracting workflows. Instad, most systms and approachs forc th signr to squz ral-lif procsss into a singl monolithic orarching workflow which scribs how an individual cas is handld in isolation. This issu has bn rcognizd in th litratur (van r Aalst, Barthlms, Ellis & Wainr, 2001; van r Aalst, Mans & Russll, 2009; Bhattacharya, Gr, Hull, Liu & Su, 2007; Künzl & Richrt, 2009; Müllr & Richrt, 2007,2008). As a consqunc, currnt WfMSs do not provi an aquat mans for intr-workflow coordination (van r Aalst, Mans & Russll, 2009; Hinlin 2002) On of th arlist formalisms which acknowldgd th abo mntiond problms is th Proclts framwork prsntd by van r Aalst t al. (2000, 2001). Using Proclts incrasd mphasis is placd on intraction rlatd aspcts of workflow. Moror, diffrnt lls of granularity, on-to-many and many-to-many rlhips that xist btwn ntitis in a workflow, and batch-orintd xcution of tasks is supportd. In comparison to th Proclts framwork thr ar a limitd rang of altrnat approachs that al with th sam issus (Künzl & Richrt, 2009). Müllr t al. (2007, 2008) ha workd on th Corpro framwork which allows automatic gnration and coordination of individual procsss basd on thir unrlying data structur. For a spcific componnt in th data structur, th corrsponding structur of th procss is scribd by th data usd during th lif cycl of th componnt. Rlhips btwn th componnts in th data structur, which can captur on-tomany and many-to-many rlhips, indicat procss pnncis. Brown t al. prsnt a two-tir, goal-drin mol for workflow procsss in th halthcar domain (Brown, Schrfl, Warrn, 2003, 2004, 2004). A goalontology, prsntd as a dirctd acyclic graph, is utilizd to rprsnt th businss

12 mol at th uppr ll and is composd into an xtnd Ptri-nt mol for th lowr ll workflow schma. A mapping is find from th goal-graph to (sub)procsss and tasks such that ach of th (sub)procsss is signd in a way that achis on of th uppr ll goals. Howr, dirct intractions btwn subprocsss ar not possibl. Bhattacharya t al. tak th so-calld businss artifacts of a procss as a starting point (Bhattacharya, Caswll, Kumaran, Nigam, Wu, 2007; Bhattacharya t al., 2007, Nigam, Caswll, 2003). A businss artifact is an intifiabl, slf-scribing unit of information. Basd on this an artifact-cntric procss mol can b constructd which consists of th businss artifacts itslf, businss tasks, and rpositoris. Howr, th contnt of on or mor artifacts can only b changd by th xcution of a task. Consquntly, aggrgation issus ar only handld at th task ll. Batch-orintd tasks ar tasks that ar basd on groupings of lowr aggrgation lmnts. Th concpt of a batch-orintd task has bn discussd in (Barthlmss, Wainr, 1995; Sadiq, Orlowska, Sadiq, Schulz, 2005) in orr to allow for a task that is xcutd for multipl instancs at th sam tim. Finally, Hinlin (2000, 2001, 2002) focuss on th synchronization of concurrnt workflows. An intraction graph is proposd which spcifis how multipl workflows nd to b synchronizd. Howr, all invold workflows oprat at th sam ll of aggrgation and no data is xchangd btwn workflows. DISCUSSION Th xtnd Proclts framwork provis nw ways of aling with th complxity of procsss ncountrd in th halthcar domain. Nrthlss, thr ar som limit that nd to b addrssd in th futur. First of all, th Proclts framwork allows for moling complx workflows and thir intractions. Th incrasd mphasis on th intraction si of workflows rquirs a diffrnt moling approach, and, hnc molrs traind in this nw styl of moling. Hr w would lik to strss that th complxity shown in th diagrams is ral and simply ignord in classical not. Using conntional approachs (.g., BPMN mols with swim-lans) this is abstractd away. Howr, th bhavior is ssntial for th procss as a whol and nds to b implmntd whn ralizing th information systm. A usr has complt frdom in nominating intractions that nd to tak plac btwn Proclt instancs. A dirct consqunc of this frdom is that many rrors can b introducd. This rquirs that advancd analysis algorithms ar nd at both sign-tim and run-tim. At signtim on would lik to intify mols that ha obvious structural problms. At runtim on would lik to forcast whthr intractions can tak plac or not. Such diagnostics allow for immdiat intrntion such that unsird situ ar prntd. Not that such analysis is far from trivial. Data plays a prominnt rol in our framwork and cannot b abstractd away asily. Moror, thr is th problm of consiring multipl instancs at th sam tim. Thr can b many-to-many rlhips btwn Proclt classs. This is known to b a difficult rification problm. In fact, without constraints th problm can b shown to b uncidabl. Finally, although th Proclt framwork has bn xtnd basd on our xprincs from th halthcar domain, no valuation has takn plac yt. Thrfor,

13 w propos a study in which a group of mdical profssionals us our systm following a ralistic scnario. Basd on thir valuation, th xtnd framwork and th lopd systm can b improd. Aftrwards, w plan to prform a pilot study in which on of AMC s halthcar procsss is supportd using our systm. CONCLUSIONS Patint procsss can bst b sn as a cloud of standardizd workflow fragmnts for which th ultimat slction of ths fragmnts and th intractions btwn thm is patint spcific. Moror, ths fragmnts may cop with diffrnt lls of granularity. Currnt workflow languags rquir that a patint procss is scribd as on monolithic orarching workflow. In orr to optimally support patint procsss w ha discussd an xtnsion of th original Proclts framwork. In particular, using th concpts of an ntity and an intraction point, at sign tim, possibl intractions btwn Proclt classs can b mold without th nd to fin complx pr- and postconditions. Furthrmor, at run-tim, usrs can slct intractions btwn xisting and futur Proclt instancs. Consquntly, it is possibl to asily fin th nxt stps within a patint tratmnt procss. Finally, in orr to monstrat that Proclts can b nactd, w ha brifly laboratd on a sign and an implmntation of a WfMS augmntd with intr-workflow support.

14 REFERENCES Aalst, W.M.P. van r (1999). Formalization and Vrification of Ent-drin Procss Chains. Information and Softwar Tchnology, 41(10), Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Barthlmss, P. & Ellis, C.A. & Wainr, J. (2000). Workflow moling using proclts. In O. Etzion & P. Schurmann (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: th Intrnational Confrnc on Cooprati Information Systms (pp ). Brlin: Springr- Vrlag. Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Barthlmss, P. & Ellis, C.A. & Wainr, J. (2001). Proclts: A Framwork for Lightwight Intracting Workflow Procsss. Intrnational Journal of Cooprati Information Systms, 10(4), Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & H, K.M. van. (2002). Workflow Managmnt: Mols, Mthods, and Systms. Cambridg, MA: MIT Prss. Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Hofst, A.H.M. tr. (2005). YAWL: Yt Anothr Workflow Languag. Information Systms, 30(4), Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Mans, R.S. & Russll, N.C. (2009).Workflow Support using Proclts: Divi, Intract, and Conqur. Bulltin of th IEEE Computr Socity Tchnical Committ on Data Enginring, 32(3), Barthlmss, P., & Wainr, J. (1995). Workflow systms: a fw finitions and a fw suggstions. In N. Comstock and C.A. Ellis (Ed.), Procdings of th Confrnc on Organizational Computing Systms - COOCS'95 (pp ). Nw York:ACM Prss. Bhattacharya, K. & Caswll, N.S. & Kumaran, S. & Nigam, A. (2007). Artifact- Cntrd Oprational Moling: Lssons from Customr Engagmnts. IBM Systms Journal, 46(4), Bhattacharya, K., & Gr, C. & Hull, R. & Liu, R. & Su, J. (2007). Towards formal analysis of artifact-cntric businss procss mols. In G. Alonso & P. Dadam & M. Rosmann (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: Intrnational Confrnc on Businss Procss Managmnt (BPM 2007) (pp ). Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. Brown, E.D., & Schrfl, M. & Warrn, J.R. (2003). A two tir, goal-drin workflow mol for th halthcar domain. Procdings of th 5th Intrnational Confrnc on Entrpris Information Systms (ICEIS 2003) (pp ). Brown, E.D., & Schrfl, M. & Warrn, J.R. (2004). Activity crditing in distributd workflow nvironmnts. Procdings of th 6th Intrnational Confrnc on Entrpris Information Systms (ICEIS 2004). Brown, E.D., & Schrfl, M. & Warrn, J.R. (2004). Goal-focusd slf-modifying workflow in th halthcar domain. Procdings of th 37th Annual Hawaii Intrnational Confrnc on Systm Scincs (HICSS ) (pp ). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computr Socity Prss. Hinlin, C. (2001). Workflow and procss synchronization with intraction xprssions and graphs. Procdings of th 17th Intrnational Confrnc on Data Enginring (pp ). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computr Socity.

15 Hinlin, C. (2002). Synchronization of concurrnt workflows using intraction xprssions and coordination protocols. In R. Mrsman and Z. Tari (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: On th Mo to Maningful Intrnt Systms 2002 (pp ). Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. Hinlin, C. (2000). Workflow and procss synchronization with intraction xprssions and graphs. Doctoral dissrtation, Unirsity of Ulm, Ulm, Grmany. Hofst, A.H.M. tr, & Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Adams, M.J., & Russll, N.C. (2010) Morn Businss Procss Automation: YAWL and its Support Environmnt. Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. Künzl, V., & Richrt, M. (2009). Towards objct-awar procss managmnt systms: issus, challngs, bnfits. In G T. Halpin and J. Krogsti and S. Nurcan and E. Propr and R. Schmidt and P. Soffr and R. Ukor (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Businss Information Procssing: 29. Proc. 10th Int'l Workshop on Businss Procss Moling, Dlopmnt, and Support (BPMDS'09) (pp ). Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. Mans, R.S. & Russll, N.C. & Aalst, W.M.P. van r, & Molman, A.J. & Bakkr, P.J.M. (2010). Intr-workflow support (Rp. BPM-10-10). BPM Cntr, BPMcntr.org. Müllr, D., & Richrt, M. & Hrbst, J. (2008). A nw paradigm for th nactmnt and dynamic adaptation of data-drin procss struct. In Z. Bllahsèn and M. Léonardi (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: Information Systms Enginring (pp ). Brlin: Springr- Vrlag. Müllr, D., & Richrt, M. & Hrbst, J. (2007). Data-drin moling and coordination of larg procss struct. In R. Mrsman and Z. Tari (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: On th Mo to Maningful Intrnt Systms 2007 (pp ). Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. Nigam, A. & Caswll, N.S. (2003). Businss Artifacts: an Approach to Oprational Spcification. IBM Systms Journal, 42(3), Russl, N.C., & tr Hofst, A.H.M. (2009). nwyawl: Towards Workflow 2.0. In. K. Jnsn and W.M.P. van r Aalst (Ed.), Lctur Nots in Computr Scinc: Transactions on Ptri Nts and Othr Mols of Concurrncy, Sadiq, S., & Orlowska, M. & Sadiq, W. & Schulz, K. (2005). Whn workflows will not lir: th cas of contradicting work practic. In W. Abramowicz (Ed.), Procdings BIS'05 (pp ). Poznan: Wydawnictwo Akamii Ekonomicznj w Poznaniu. Wsk, M. (2007). Businss Procss Managmnt: Concpts, Languags, Architct. Brlin: Springr-Vrlag. S.A. Whit (2004). Businss procss moling notation (BPML), Vrsion 1.0. BPMI.org.

16 Fig Figur 1: Intracting workflow fragmnts. Th arcs show th intractions that nd to tak plac btwn fragmnt instancs. start condition condition nd condition canclation rgion atomic task composit task multipl instanc task XOR-split task AND-split task OR-split task XOR-join task AND-join task OR-join task Figur 2: YAWL lxicon.

17 lab prformati lab blood tst intrnal intraction 1,? rport archi port xtrnal intraction 0..* 0..* follows prcding * follows 0..* visit 0..* prcding 0..* MDM 0..* 0..* prcding follows b) class diagram containing th thr Proclt classs visit ci rgi str intraction point ci *,1 rports MDM *,1 1,+ 1,? output port with cardinality * (zro or mor rcipints) and multiplicity 1 (prcisly on occurrnc during th liftim of th Proclt) output port with cardinality 1 (prcisly on rcipint) and multiplicity + (at last on occurrnc during th liftim of th Proclt) input port with cardinality 1 and multiplicity? (at most on occurrnc during th liftim of th Proclt) a) visit, lab, and MDM Proclt classs Figur 3: Proclt classs for th scnario illustratd in Figur 1. c) xampls of port attributs

18 (MDM, 05/02, rgistr) ((Su,5), xcutd_non) (MDM, 05/02, rports) ((Su,4), Su 25/01, ci) ((Su,1), (lab,t1, crat) ((Su,7), (lab,t3, crat) T1,crat) ((Su,2), xcutd_non) (lab,t3, rport) ((Su,6), ((Su,3), T1, ) (MDM, 05/02, rgistr) (MDM, 05/02, rport) a) Intraction graph saving th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Su togthr with th sird intractions lab:t3 blood tst rport archi visit:su 25/01 ci 1,? ci visit:t1 S u MDM:05/02 rgi str ci rports *,1 visit:ann 26/01 ci visit:t2 ci A n n lab:t4 blood tst rport archi 1,? b) Th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Su and Ann. For both th sird intractions ar shown. Furthrmor, for Su th instancs that nd to b prformd ar linkd with th intraction graph via dottd arcs (MDM, (MDM, 05/02, ((Ann,5), 05/02, rgistr) xcutd_non) rports) ((Ann,4), Ann 26/01, ci) ((Ann,1), ((Ann,7), (lab,t4, crat) T2,crat) ((Ann,2), xcutd_non) (lab,t4, rport) ((Ann,6), ((Ann,3), T2, ) intraction intraction intraction intraction intifir stat arc no c) Intraction graph saving th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Ann togthr with th sird intractions

19 Figur 4: For both Su and Ann it is shown how xisting and futur Proclt instancs nd to intract. Moror, th intraction graphs that ar cratd during th xcution of th ci task ar shown.

20 (MDM,05/02, rgistr) ((Su,5), xcutd_non) (MDM,05/02, rports) ((Su,4), snt) Su 25/01, ci) ((Su,1), snt) ((Su,7), snt) (lab,t3, crat) T1,crat) ((Su,2), xcutd_non) (lab,t3, rport) ((Su,6), ((Su,3), T1, ) a) Updatd intraction graph for Su. As a rsult of ing out prformatis, du to th xcution of th ci task, th stat of th outgoing intraction arcs of th Su 25/01, ci) no ar changd into snt. lab:t3 Su: ci task is xcutd: - prformatis snt - stat intraction arcs updatd in graph Su visit:su 25/01 ci blood tst rport 1,? archi ci visit:t1 S u MDM:05/02 Prformati Snr: visit:su 25/01 Rcirs: MDM:05/02 Intraction intifirs: [(Su,4)] rgi str ci rports *,1 visit:ann 26/01 Ann: ci task is xcutd: - prformatis snt - stat intraction arcs updatd in graph Ann ci lab:t4 blood tst rport 1,? visit:t2 archi ci b) Th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Su and Ann. Currntly, for both of thm th ci task is xcutd. (MDM,05/02, ((Ann,5), (MDM,05/02, rgistr) xcutd_non) rports) A n n ((Ann,4), snt) Ann 26/01, ci) ((Ann,1), snt) ((Ann,7), snt) (lab,t4, crat) T2,crat) ((Ann,2), xcutd_non) (lab,t4, rport) ((Ann,6), T2, ) c) Updatd intraction graph for Ann. As a rsult of ing out prformatis, du to th xcution of th ci task, th stat of th outgoing intraction arcs of th Ann 26/01, ci) no ar changd into snt. Figur 5: Prformatis ar snt for both Su and Ann as a rsult of xcuting thir ci tasks. ((Ann,3),

21

22 ((Su,4), consumd) Su 25/01, ci) ((Su,1), consumd) (MDM,05/02, rgistr) ((Su,5), xcutd_sourc) ((Su,7), consumd) Su 10/02,crat) (lab, Su 25/01, crat) ((Su,2), xcutd_sourc) (lab, Su 25/01, rport) (MDM,05/02, rports) ((Su,6), ((Su,3), Su 10/02, ) Su: - instanc for scond visit is cratd - instanc of lab Proclt class is cratd - stat intraction arcs updatd in graph Su - graph is updatd with instanc intifirs of th nw lab and visit Proclt instancs a) Updatd intraction graph for Su. As a rsult of xcuting th rgistr task, th stat of th incoming intraction arc of th (MDM,05/ 02,rgistr) no is changd into consumd and th stat of th outgoing arc of th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no is changd into xcutd sourc. Moror as a rsult of crating instancs for th visit and lab Proclt classs, th stat of th incoming arcs of th Su 10/02,crat) and th (lab,su 25/01,crat) nos ar changd into consumd. Additionally, th stat of th outgoing arc of th (lab,su 25/01,crat) no is changd into xcutd sourc. lab:su 25/01 Su and Ann: rgistr task is xcutd: - stat intraction arcs simultanously updatd in both graphs visit:su 25/01 ci blood tst rport 1,? archi cid visit:su 10/02 S u MDM:05/02 rgi str ci rports *,1 visit:ann 26/01 ci visit:ann 12/02 cid A n n lab:ann 26/01 blood tst rport archi b) Th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Su and Ann. For both th sird intractions ar shown 1,? ((Ann,4), consumd) Ann 26/01, ci) ((Ann,1), consumd) (MDM,05/02, rgistr) ((Ann,7), consumd) (lab, Ann 26/01, crat) ((Ann,5), xcutd_sourc) Ann 12/02,crat) ((Ann,2), xcutd_sourc) (lab, Ann 26/01, rport) (MDM,05/02, rports) ((Ann,6), ((Ann,3), Ann 12/02, ) Ann: - instanc for scond visit is cratd - instanc of lab Proclt class is cratd - stat intraction arcs updatd in graph Ann - graph is updatd with instanc intifirs of th nw lab and visit Proclt instancs c) Updatd intraction graph for Ann. As a rsult of xcuting th rgistr task, th stat of th incoming intraction arc of th (MDM,05/ 02,rgistr) no is changd into consumd and th stat of th outgoing arc of th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no is changd into xcutd sourc. Moror as a rsult of crating instancs for th visit and lab Proclt classs, th stat of th incoming arcs of th Ann 12/02,crat) and th (lab,ann 26/01,crat) nos ar changd into consumd. Additionally, th stat of th outgoing arc of th (lab,ann 26/01,crat) no is changd into xcutd sourc.

23 Figur 6: Th rgistr task of th multidisciplinary mting is xcutd.

24 (MDM,05/02, rgistr) ((Su,5), xcutd_both) (MDM,05/02, rports) ((Su,4), consumd) Su 25/01, ci) ((Su,1), consumd) (lab,t1, crat) ((Su,7), consumd) Su 10/02,crat) (lab,su 25/01, ((Su,2), (lab,su 25/01, crat) rport) xcutd_sourc) ((Su,6), producd) ((Su,3), Su 10/02, ) a) Updatd intraction graph for Su. As a rsult of xcuting th rports task, th stat of th outgoing intraction arc of th (MDM,05/02, rgistr) no is changd into xcutd both and th stat of th outgoing arc of th (MDM,05/02, rports) is changd into producd. lab:su 25/01 blood tst rport archi visit:su 25/01 ci 1,? cid visit:su 10/02 S u Su and Ann: rports task is xcutd: - stat intraction arcs simultanously updatd in both graphs - prformatis to instancs for scond visit rgi str ci rports MDM:05/02 *,1 visit:ann 26/01 ci visit:ann 12/02 cid A n n lab:ann 26/01 blood tst rport archi b) Th Proclt instancs that nd to b prformd for Su and Ann. For both th sird intractions ar shown 1,? (MDM,05/02, rgistr) ((Ann,5), xcutd_both) (MDM,05/02, rports) ((Ann,4), consumd) ((Ann,6), producd) Ann 26/01, ci) ((Ann,1), consumd) ((Ann,7), consumd) Ann 12/02,crat) ((Ann,2), xcutd_sourc) ((Ann,3), Ann 12/02, ) (lab,ann 26/01, (lab,ann 26/01, crat) rport) c) Updatd intraction graph for Ann. As a rsult of xcuting th rports task, th stat of th outgoing intraction arc of th (MDM,05/02, rgistr) no is changd into xcutd both and th stat of th outgoing arc of th (MDM,05/02, rports) is changd into producd.

25 Figur 7: Th rports task of th multidisciplinary mting is xcutd.

26 lab blood tst rport archi visit ci MDM rgi str ci rports a) visit, lab, and MDM Proclt classs Su 25/01, ci) lab multipl Proclt instancs may b cratd for th lab instanc visit multipl Proclt instancs may b cratd for th visit instanc (MDM,05/02,rgistr) intraction with th rgistr task of th xisting MDM:05/02 Proclt instanc S u b) Intraction graph that has bn find for th ntity Su so far. Additionally, by th dottd arcs th nxt intractions that can b nominatd ar visualizd (MDM, 05/02, rgistr) (MDM, 05/02, rports) Su 25/01, ci) ((Su,7), T1,crat) intrnal intraction for th MDM proclt instanc tmporary intifir for th futur scond visit instanc S u intraction has not occurrd yt ((Su,5), xcutd_non) uniqu intraction intifir c) For th (MDM,05/02,rgistr) no th nxt intractions that can b nominatd ar visualizd by dottd arcs (MDM, (MDM, 05/02, 05/02, rgistr) rports) intraction with th task of th xisting visit:25/01 Proclt instanc Su 25/01, ci) intraction with th task of th futur visit:t1 Proclt instanc ((Su,7), T1,crat) T1,) Su 25/01, ) d) For th (MDM,05/02, rports) no th nxt intractions that can b nominatd ar visualizd by dottd arcs S u

27 Figur 8: Dfining an intraction graph for Su. Possibl intractions for an intraction no ar indicatd by dottd arcs.

28 Intr-Workflow Srvic Intraction Dfinition Editor Java application Intraction Srvic YAWL custom srvic Workflow Engin YAWL Workflow Engin YAWL Procss Editor Workflow Clint Application YAWL Rsourc Srvic a) High ll orviw of th architctur of th WfMS augmntd with intr-workflow support. YAWL Procss Editor visit ci visit Proclt class shown in Figur 3 Intraction Dfinition Editor Adding, rmoving, or adjusting an intraction point Nam of th Proclt class b) Dfining th finition of a Proclt class in th YAWL Procss Editor and th Intraction Dfinition Editor. Adding, rmoving, or adjusting a port No for th ci workitm Proclt instancs that can b instantiatd Extrnal intractions for xisting instancs Intrnal intractions c) Possibl intractions for th ci no which is currntly slctd. Not that th possibl intractions that can b nominatd ar th sam as in Figur 8b.

29 Figur 9: Architctur of th ralizd systm. Moror, sral scrnshots of th ralizd systm ar shown.