Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Six Ethnobotanicals Used in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Nigeria

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1 Botny Reserh Interntionl 5 (): 8-89, 01 ISSN 1-65 IDOSI Pulitions, 01 DOI: /idosi.ri Evlution of Antiteril Ativity of Six Ethnootnils Used in the Tretment of Infetious Diseses in Nigeri I.T. Gdmosi Deprtment of Botny, University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri Astrt: Aristolohi rteolt L. Agertum onyzoides L. Cllindr portoriensis (Jq.) Benth. Curuligo pilos (Shum nd Thonn) Engl. Gldiolus dlenii vn Geel. nd Seurid longepedunult Fresh. form n importnt prt of trditionl reipes used for the mngement of infetious diseses in Idn, Nigeri. This study investigted nd ompred the effetiveness of the six different ethnootnils in the mngement of teril infetions to estlish sientifi sis for their ethnomedil uses. The linil teril isoltes ( - fu/ml) otined from University College Hospitl (UCH) were tested ginst ethnol plnt extrts (00 mg/ml) using gr well diffusion method. The powdered plnt smples were nlysed for the presene of vrious seondry metolites viz. lkloids, nthrquinones, rdinolides, sponins nd tnnins. The phytohemil sreening reveled the presene of sponins in the six ethnootnils. Aristolohi rteolt ws the most tive on Esherihi oli with 0.0 mm zone of inhiition t 1x 10 fu/ml inoulum onentrtion. All ethnol plnt extrts exept S. longepedunult showed signifint (P<0.05) ntiteril tivity ginst Streptoous pyogenes. Four out of six ethnootnils were tive on Klesiell pneumonie. Cllindr portoriensis, Curuligo pilos nd Gldiolus dlenii were most tive on P. eruginos with 0.0 mm zone of inhiition t fu/ml. S. longepedunult ws intive ginst ll isoltes. Considering the vrious degree of ntiteril tivity exhiited y the ethnootnils, it ws onluded tht A. rteolt, A. onyzoides, C. portoriensis, C. pilos nd G. dlenii ould e soure of ntiteril gents. Isoltion nd identifition of their tive onstituents ould e neessry. Furthermore, toxiity test of the ethnootnils would onfirm their sfety in dministrtion. Key words: Ethnootnils Phytohemil sreening Bteril isoltes Antiteril tivity INTRODUCTION vry from plnt to plnt nd even in vrious prts of the sme plnt speies. Reserh reveled tht out of 7, Glolly, plnts re used for the mngement nd only four plnt speies ontined the ove mentioned tretment of vrious ilments, diseses nd infetions, metolites, while six plnt speies were lking the suh s ough, old, mlri, tuerulosis, hypertension, sme []. Similrly reserhers stted tht young plnt dietes nd sexully trnsmitted infetions. Over the prts ontined greter level of lkloids s ompred yers, the trditionl knowledge of herl mediine hs to old prts. While the reverse ws the se for een hnded over from genertion to genertion without sponins. They lso stted tht the level of sponin ws proper investigtion of the phytohemil properties nd omprtively greter in stem thn their respetive leves effiy of plnts used for mngement nd tretment of []. diseses. It is importnt tht if the plnts used for heling Trditionl heling is widely prtied in Afri. It purposes re to e effetive, they should ontin is estimted tht 80% of the lk popultion onsult iologilly tive ompounds nd tht the tive trditionl helers []. Trditionl herlists in Nigeri use ompounds re in dequte onentrtions [1]. These vriety of herl preprtions to tret different kinds of iologilly tive ompounds re known s seondry ilments, suh s gonorrhe, sore throt, dirrhe nd plnt metolites e. g. lkloids, sponins, tnnins nd other infetious diseses. The uneven distriution of phenoli ontents et. The mounts of these metolites helth personnel etween rurl nd urn res hs left Corresponding Author: I.T. Gdmosi, Deprtment of Botny, University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri. E-mil: gitme00@yhoo.om. 8

2 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, 01 the rurl dwellers with virtully no lterntive other thn Seurid longepedunult is widely to ptronize the herl prtitioners. This hs een the distriuted in tropil ountries [1]. It is used for the se even efore the introdution of ntiiotis nd other tretment of infetious diseses suh s ough, eye modern drugs into Afri [5]. infetion nd sexully trnsmitted infetions in In light of the reent emergene of teri whih re Nigeri. resistnt to multiple ntimiroil drugs posing Therefore, the present study ws minly imed to hllenge for the tretment of infetions, the need to investigte the phytohemil properties of the six plnts disover new ntimiroil sustnes for use in nd sreen them for ntiteril tivity to onfirm their omting suh miroorgnisms eomes pertinent [6, 7]. effiy s plnt ntiiotis. Mny studies imed t nlysing the different ntimiroil nd phytohemil onstituents of mediinl MATERIALS AND METHODS plnts hve een rried out. These re then used for the tretment of miroil infetions (oth externl nd Preprtion of Mediinl Plnt Mterils: Fresh plnt systemi pplitions) s possile lterntives to prts were purhsed from lol herl mrket (Bode) in hemilly synthesized drugs to whih mny infetious Idn, Nigeri. The smples were identified t speies miroorgnisms hve eome resistnt [6]. level t the University of Idn Herrium (UIH). Aristolohi rteolt is widely distriuted in The smples were then thoroughly wshed nd ir-dried Afri nd Asi [8]. An infusion of the dried leves, for three weeks. They were then ground into powder nd sometimes with the dried root dded, is used in Nigeri y the powdered plnt mterils were then stored in ir-tight Hus nd Fulni s nthelminti. The freshly ruised glss ontiners for further use. leves re mixed with oil nd used in Nigeri topilly on pimples [9]. Agertum onyzoides is ntive of Centrl Phytohemil Sreening of Powdered Plnt Smples: nd South Ameri [10], now world-wide weed. It is The powdered smples were sreened for the widely utilized in trditionl mediine y vrious ultures presene of seondry metolites using stndrd worldwide, lthough pplitions vry y region. In proedures in the Lortory of the Deprtment of entrl Afri it is used to tret pneumoni ut the most Phrmognosy, University of Idn, Nigeri. The ommon use is to ure wounds nd urns [11]. phytohemil nlysis of plnt smples ws rried out Cllindr portoriensis is ntive of the West Indies s follows: nd Mexio to Pnm nd introdued to mny tropil ountries. The leves re dried nd used s snuff to Alkloids: The powdered plnt smple (500 mg) promote sneezing for relief of hedhes. The root is ws weighed nd extrted with 10 ml of % pungent nd proly strongly purgtive. It is mixed with hydrohlori id (Hl). The HCl extrt ws then ginger nd wter for use s n enem for lumgo pin filtered with Whtmn filter pper (No.1) so s to hve nd onstiption, mixed with pepper; it is used for ler solution nd lso to prevent flse results. The filtrte gonorrhe [9]. of out.5 ml ws treted with few drops of Curuligo pilos is widely dispersed from Senegl to Drgendoff s regent. A preipitte indited the West Cmeroun nd over muh of tropil Afri nd presene of lkloids. Mdgsr. It hs mediinl usges in Northern Nigeri s purgtive nd s remedy for herni. Gldiolus Anthrquinones: The powdered plnt smple (500 mg) dlenii is widespred from Guine nd Mli to South ws shken with 10 ml of enzene. The solution ws Nigeri nd elsewhere in the Svnn of tropil ountries filtered nd 5 ml of 10% mmonium hydroxide (NHOH) nd South Afri. The orm hs edile nd mediinl uses solution ws dded to the filtrte. A violet olour ws for whih is often ultivted. A deotion of the orm is oserved in the lower phse. It indited presene of ure for dysentery, dysmenorrhoe nd dirrhe nd is nthrquinones. given s n enem, or prt of generl tretment, for rheumtism nd lumgo. Also the orm with ginger is Sponins: The smple (00 mg) ws shken with 5 ml of given s potent enem for onstiption nd dysentery distilled wter nd then heted to oil. Persistent frothing [9]. showed the presene of sponins. 8

3 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, 01 Tnnins: The smple (500 mg) ws mixed with 10 ml of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION distilled wter nd heted in wter th. The mixture ws filtered nd ferri hloride (FeCl ) ws dded to the filtrte. Tle 1 shows the profile of plnts used. The Apperne of lue lk olourtion showed the phytohemil omponents of the powdered plnt presene of tnnins. smples re presented in Tle. Curuligo pilos tested positive to lkloids, sponins, tnnins nd rdenolides Crdenolides (Crdi Glyosides nd Aglyones): nd lso showed tre of nthrquinone. Anthrquinone The Kedee s test: ml of the ether extrt of smple ws ws sent in A. rteolt, A. onyzoides, C. evported to dryness. The residue ws dissolved in ml portoriensis, G. dlenii nd S. longipedunult. methnol. ml of loholi KOH ws dded to the mixture. Tle shows the inhiitory tivity of the six plnt drops of 1% loholi, 5- dinitroenzene ws lso extrts (00 mg/ ml) on E. oli. A. rteolt ws the dded nd the solution ws heted. A disppering violet most tive with 5.0 mm zone of inhiition t 10 fu/ml, olour indites the presene of rdenolides. its tivity inresed with derese in inoulum onentrtion, followed y C. pilos with 1.0 mm zone of Preprtion of Extrts: 500g powdered smples ws inhiition, G. dlenii nd S. longepedunult showed extrted in 1.5 litre of ethnol (95%) for h using Soxhlet no inhiitory tivity ginst E. oli. The inhiitory pprtus. The extrt ws trnsferred in to smple holder tivity of A. rteolt, A. onyzoides, C. portoriensis of the rotry vuum evportor, where it ws nd C. pilos inresed with derese in inoulum onentrted to dryness t 0 C nd then ir-dried to onentrtions (10-10 fu/ml). Compred with other onstnt weight. The extrt ws refrigerted t C prior plnt extrts, A. rteolt extrt ws the most tive to use, g of the extrt ws reonstituted in 10ml sterile ginst E. oli. E. oli is the ustive orgnism of distilled wter to otin onentrtion of 00 mg/ml, urinry trt infetion; wound infetion, purulent whih ws used for the ntiteril ssy. meningitis in premture nd neworn infnts, ronhitis, sinusitis nd otitis. It n lso use holer like or Miroorgnisms nd Culture Medi: The miroorgnisms dysentery like enteritide [1]. The tive plnt extrts were linil isoltes otined through due proess from ould hve therpeuti use for the tretment of E. oli Medil Miroiology Lortory, University College implited infetions. Hospitl (UCH), Idn. The isoltes were mintined on Tle shows the inhiitory ehviour of vrious nutrient gr (FLUKA, USA) t C. For use in the extrts ginst S. pyogenes. A. onyzoides, C. pilos nd experiment, the orgnisms were su-ultured in nutrient G. dlenii gve the sme dimeter of inhiition of 5.0 mm roth, while Mueller Hilton Agr (MHA) ws used for the t 10 fu/ml nd they were the most tive ompred ntiteril test. with other extrts. The extrt of S. longepedunult showed no inhiition tivity ginst S. pyogenes. S. Antiteril Sensitivity Test: The isoltes were grown pyogenes is responsile for sore throt, tonsillitis/ in sterile roth (18-6h) efore use. The inoulum phryngitis, srlet fever, wound infetion, pneumoni, suspensions were stndrdized to give rnge of rheumti fever, septi rthritis nd meningitis [1]. The onentrtion of - fu/m/ nd ginst oserved ntimiroil tivity of A. onyzoides, C. pilos ethnol plnt extrt (00 mg/ml) in eh MHA medium nd G. dlenii ginst S. pyogenes is n indition tht using gr-well-diffusion method [1]. The dimeter of the these plnts ould hve therpeuti use in S. pyogenes well ws 6 mm. The pltes were inuted t 5 ± C for relted infetions. The extrts of A. rteolt nd 18-6h fter whih the zones of inhiitions were mesured. C. pilos were the most tive ginst S. ureus with 16.0 A ontrol plte ontining the test orgnism without ny mm dimeter of inhiition t 10 fu/ml (Tle 5). At 10 plnt extrt ws lso inuted. All experiments were fu/ ml, A. rteolt ws the most tive extrt with rried out under sterile ondition nd in triplites for ll 1.0 mm zones of inhiition ompred with other extrts. isoltes. S. longepedunult ws intive ginst S. ureus whih uses skin infetions, eye infetions, tonsillr Sttistil Anlysis: Dt were nlysed using Anlysis sess, er, nose nd throt (ENT) infetions nd of Vrine (ANOVA) nd mens were seprted using meningitis. Sop nd ointment ould e prepred with DMRT t P<0.05. A. rteolt root for the tretment of skin infetions. 85

4 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, 01 Tle 1: Profile of plnts used in this study Botnil Nme Fmily Nme Vernulr Nme Plnt-Prt(s) Used Agertum onyzoides Asteree Imi-esu Lef Aristolohi rteolt Aristolohiee Akogun Root Cllindr portoriensis Leguminose: Mimosoidee Tude Root Curuligo pilos Hypoxidee Epkun Rhizome Gldiolus dlenii Iridee Bk Corm Seurid longepedunult Polyglee Ipet Root Tle : Phytohemil ompositions of the powdered plnt smples Botnil Nme Alkloids Anthrquinones Sponins Tnnins Crdenolides Curuligo pilos + ± Cllindr portoriensis Aristolohi rteolt Gldiolus dlenii Agertum onyzoides Seurid longepedunult = present; - = sent; ± = inonlusive Tle : In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Esherihi oli Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 5.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Agertum onyzoides 7.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Cllindr portoriensis 1.0 ± 10.0 Curuligo pilos 1.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Gldiolus dlenii Seurid longepedunult *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. Tle : In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Streptoous pyogenes Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 0.0 ± 10.0 Agertum onyzoides 5.0 ± 10.0 Cllindr portoriensis Curuligo pilos 5.0 ± 10.0 Gldiolus dlenii 5.0 ± 10.0 Seurid longepedunult *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. Tle 5: In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Stphyloous ureus Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 16.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Agertum onyzoides Cllindr portoriensis 11.0 ± ± 10.0 Curuligo pilos 16.0 ± ± 10.0 Gldiolus dlenii 11.0 ± ± 10.0 Seurid longepedunult *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. 86

5 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, 01 Tle 6: In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Slmonell typhi. Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) - *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 0..0 ± ± 0.0 Agertum onyzoides e Cllindr portoriensis 0.0 ± ± 0.0 d 1 Curuligo pilos 15.0 ± ± 0.0 Gldiolus dlenii 11.0 ± ± 0.0 Seurid longepedunult e *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. Tle 7: In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Klesiell pneumonie. Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 9.5 ± ± ± 0.0 Agertum onyzoides Cllindr portoriensis 10.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Curuligo pilos 9.5 ± ± ± 10.0 Gldiolus dlenii 10.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Seurid longepedunult *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. Tle 8: In vitro Inhiitory tivity of ethnol extrts of test plnts on Pseudomons eruginos. Inoulum lod (fu/ml)/zone of inhiition (mm) - *Plnt Speies Aristolohi rteolt 1.0 ± ± 10.0 Agertum onyzoides 15.5 ± ± 10.0 Cllindr portoriensis 16.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Curuligo pilos 17. ± ± ± 10.0 Gldiolus dlenii.0 ± ± ± 10.0 Seurid longepedunult *Plnt extrt tken for eh speies ws 00mg/ml. Vlues re men ± SD of three replites. Vlues within olumn followed y the sme supersript re not signifintly different t P<0.05. Dimeter of ork orer = 6 mm. Fig. 1: Antiteril tivity of ethnol extrts of six ethnootnils ginst six teril isoltes ( fu/ml). AB - A.rteolt; AC - A. onyzoides; CAP - C. portoriensis; CUP - C. pilos; GD - G. dlenii; SL - S. longepedunult. 87

6 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, 01 The deotion or tinture of its roots ould lso e The hexne extrt (100 %), queous extrt (75 %) nd used s eye wsh to tret eye infetions nd s methnoli extrt of leves of A. onyzoides showed mouth-wsh for sore throt ( tonsillr sess) [15]. signifint ntiteril tivity ginst four teril Its plusile effet in the tretment of meningitis should isoltes [0]. The extrt of C. portoriensis showed e investigted. signifint ntiteril tivity ginst ll isoltes. Slmonell typhi ws resistnt to extrts of the six The highest tivity ws on S. pyogenes nd the lest ethnootnil t 10 fu/ml (Tle 6). The extrts of (10.0 mm) on S. typhi. This result is in greement with the C. portoriensis nd C. pilos showed moderte previous ntimiroil tivity reports on C. portoriensis inhiitory tivity t 10 fu/ml with mm zone of [1, ]. The highest (5.0 mm) tivity of C. pilos ws inhiition nd A. rteolt ws only tive t 10 on S. pyogenes nd the lest (15.0 mm) ws on S. typhi. fu/ml with 11.0 mm dimeter of inhiition. S. typhi is the C. pilos lso showed signifint inhiitory tivity ustive orgnism of typhoid fever [1]. Considering ginst ll isoltes. Gdmosi nd Egunyomi [] the inhiitory ehviour of extrts of A. rteolt, reported the ntindidl tivity of ethnol nd essentil C. portoriensis, C. pilos nd G. dlenii ginst oil of C. pilos ginst ten linil isoltes of Cndid S. typhi, these plnts ould e useful in the mngement lins. Only 5 out of 6 teril isoltes were of typhoid fever. suseptile to extrt of G. dlenii. Its lest (1.0 mm) In Tle 7, the inhiitory tivity of extrts of tivity ws on S. typhi nd it ws intive on E. oli. S. A. rteolt nd G. dlenii inresed with derese longepedunult ws intive on ll isoltes, lthough in onentrtion of the inoulum of K. pneumonie. its ntifungl tivity hs een reported [1, ]. A. rteolt, C. portoriensis, C. pilos nd G. dlenii gve the sme dimeter of inhiition (5.0 mm) ginst CONCLUSIONS K. pneumonie t 10 fu/ml wheres A. onyzoides nd S. longepedunult were intive t ll onentrtions The extrts of the test plnts showed signifint of inoulum (10-10 fu/ml) used in this experiment. ntiteril tivity ginst humn pthogeni teri K. pneumonie hs een implited in pneumoni, otitis, isoltes used in this study nd nturl produts from the urinry trt infetion, holeytitis, osteomyelitis, tive plnts ould e used in the mngement of meningitis; infentile enteris [1]. The tive plnts ould teril infetions. Future reserh should fous on e effetive in the mngement of K. pneumonie relted isoltion nd identifition of tive ompounds from the infetions. test plnts. Toxiity test of the plnts would gurntee P. eruginos ws signifintly suseptile to the their sfety in dministrtion. extrts of C. portoriensis, C. pilos nd G. dlenii t 10 fu/ml with 0.0 mm dimeter of inhiition wheres REFERENCES S. longepedunult ws intive ginst P. eruginos (Tle 8). P. eruginos is one of the ustive orgnisms 1. Levetin, E. nd K. MMhon, 00. Plnts nd of hospitl infetions prtiulrly urinry trt rd soiety. Edition. MGrw Hill, Duuque, Iow. infetion, theter infetion, wound infetion nd. Kyni, S.A., A. Msood, A.K.K. Ahkzi nd seondry one nd joint infetions [1]. The tive S. Anreen, 007. Distriution of seondry plnts (C. portoriensis, C. pilos nd G. dlenii) ould metolites in plnts of Quett-Blohistn. Pk. J. hve therpeuti effets on P. eruginos relted Bot., 9(): infetions.. Ahkzi, A.K.K., P. Ahkzi, A. Msood, S.A. Fig. 1 shows the olletive inhiitory tivity of ll Kyni nd R.B. Treen, 009. Response of plnt - extrts ginst ll teril isoltes t 10 fu/ml. A. prts nd ge on the distriution of seondry rteolt ws the most tive on S. pyogenes (0.0 mm) metolites on plnts found in Quett. Pk. J. Bot., nd lest tive on S. typhi (11.0 mm). There is severl 1(5): informtion in literture on the ntiteril tivity of. Jger, A.K., A. Huthings nd J. Vn Stden, A. rteolt [16-19]. A. onyzoides extrt ws tive Sreening of Zulu mediinl plnts for on out of 6 teril isoltes. It ws most tive on prostgldin-synthesis inhiitors. Journl of S. pyogenes (5.0 mm), lest tive on P. eruginos Ethnophrmology, 5: (15.0 mm) nd intive on S. typhi nd K. pneumonie. 5. Olukoy, D.K., N. Idik nd T. Odugemi, 199. The result on the ntiteril tivity of A. onyzoides is Antiteril tivity of some mediinl plnts from lso in ordne with the finding of previous uthors. Nigeri. Journl of Ethnophrmology, 9:

7 Bot. Res. Intl., 5 (): 8-89, Okigo, R.N., C.S. Mjiuk nd C.O. Njoku, Anglprmeswri, S., T.S. Mohmed Sleem, Antimiroil potentils of (UDA) Xylopi M. Algusundrm, S. Rmknth, V.S. ethiopi nd Oimum grtissimum L. on some Thiruvengdrjn, K. Gnnprksh, C. pthogens of mn. Interntionl Journl of Moleulr Mdhusudhn Chetty nd G. Prtheesh, 01. Mediine nd Advne Sienes, 1(): Anti-miroil tivity of Aristolohi id from root 7. grin. gov/ npgs/ sml/ jhw/puli of Aristolohi rtet Retz. Interntionl Journl _ htm/gi-in/txonpl? Retrieved 1st June of Biologil nd Life Sienes, 8(): USDA, ARS, Ntionl Resoures Informtion 18. Asr, P. nd S. Ro, 01. Antiteril tivity Network (GRIN) [online Dtse]. Ntionl nd phytohemil nlysis of lef extrt of Germptsm Resoures Lortory, Beltsville, Aristolohi rteolt Lm. Asin J. Exp. Biol. Mrylnd. Si., (): Monroe, S. nd R. Polk, 000. Antimiroil use nd 19. Deep, T., P. Kmlknnn, R. Elmthi, R. Kvith teri resistne. Current opinion in Miroiology, nd S. Sridhr, 01. Studies on ntiteril, : ntifungl tivity nd phytohemil nlysis of 9. Burkill, H.M., The useful plnts of West Aristolohi rtet Retz. Journl of Chemil nd Tropil Afri. Royl Botni Grdens Kew, nd Phrmeutil Reserh, (): Edition, pp: Okwori, A.E.J., C. Din, S. Junid, I.O. Okeke, J.A. 10. Wgner, W.L., D.R. Herert nd S.H.Sohmer, Adetunji nd A.O. Olode, 007. Antiteril Mnul of flowering plnts of Hwi i. Revised tivities of Agertum onyzoides extrts on Edition. University of Hwi I Press, Honolulu. seleted teril pthogens. The Internet Journl of pp: 55. Miroiology, (1): DOI: /fe. 11. Durodol, J.J., Antiteril property of rude 1. Gdmosi, I.T., 008. Ethnootny nd miroextrts from herl remedy-agertum onyzoides. propgtion of seleted mediinl plnts with in vitro Plnt Medi, : nti-ndidl tivity in Idn, southwestern 1. ut/ AFD ses Nigeri. Ph.D thesis, University of Idn, Nigeri, / f/ sp/ommonserh.sp. Retrieved 7th Otoer, pp: Agroforestry Tree Dtse. A tree speies. Orishdipe, A.T., I. Okogun nd E. Misheli, 010. referene nd seletion guide (Seurid Gs hromtogrphy - mss spetrometry nlysis of longipedunult). the hexne extrt of Cllindr portoriensis nd its 1. Jennie, R.H., M.W. Jenny nd H.M.A. Cvngh, ntimiroil tivity. Afrin Journl of Pure nd 00. Evlution of ommon ntiteril sreening Applied Chemistry, (7): methods utilized in Essentil oil reserh. Journl of. Gdmosi, I.T. nd A. Egunyomi, 010. Essentil Oil Reserh, 15: 8-. Phytohemil sreening nd in vitro ntindidl 1. Neugeuer, J., 198. Atls of Infetious Diseses. tivity of extrts nd essentil oil of Curuligo ROCHE, Printed in Switzerlnd, pp: 157. pilos (Shum nd Thonn) Engl. Hypoxidee. 15. Thiruml, M., R. Vdiveln, G. Kishore nd Afrin Journl of Biotehnology, 9(8): V.S. Brhmji, 01. Review Artile Aristolohi. Joseph, C.C., M.J. Moshi, J. Sempome nd M.H.H. rteolt: An Overview on Phrmognostil, Nkuny, 006. (-methoxy-enzo [1,] dioxol-5-yl)- Phytohemil nd Phrmologil Properties. phenylmethnone: n ntiteril enzophenone Critil Review in Phrmeutil Sienes, 1: from Seurid longipedunult. Afrin Journl Also ville: of Trditionl, Complimentry nd Alterntive 16. Periysmy, A. Rjkumr nd K. Mhlingm, 010. Mediine CAM, (): Phytohemil sreening nd ntimiroil tivity from five Indin mediinl plnts ginst humn pthogens. Middle-Est Journl of Siene Reserh, :