Response of Growing Buffalo Calves to Dietary Supplementation of Caraway and Garlic as Natural Additives

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1 World Applied Sienes Journl 22 (3): , 2013 ISSN IDOSI ulitions, 2013 DOI: /idosi.wsj Response of Growing Bufflo Clves to Dietry Supplementtion of Crwy nd Grli s Nturl Additives 1 2 E.H. Hssn nd Sherief M. Adel-Rheem 1 Animl rodution Deprtment, Fulty of Agriulture, Al-Azhr University Assiut, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Nutrition nd Clinil Nutrition, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt Astrt: The urrent study ws onduted to exmine the ility of using nturl dditives to mnipulte rumen fermenttion, improve nutrient utiliztion nd niml performne in growing mle ufflo lves. Sixteen ufflo lves of months of ge weighing 170 ±9.6 kg were divided into 4 groups, 4 nimls / eh. Crwy seed nd grli powder were dded to lves si diet (ontrol) t levels of 2 g rwy seed (CS,T 1), 2 g dried grli (DG,T 2), 2 g rwy nd 2 g grli (T 3) / kg diet nd were fed for 6 months experimentl period. Blood metolites were monthly determined. Before the end of the experiment digestiility tril ws performed nd rumen liquor ws olleted. Dily feed onsumption ws reorded. The results showed tht feeding rwy grli, or oth signifintly inresed (p<0.05) nutrient digestiilties (DM, C, EE, CF), however NFE nd OM digestiilties were similr mong tretment groups. Dry mtter intke, Finl weight, weight gin nd feed onversion effiieny were slightly improved (p >0.05) in lves fed oth rwy nd grli (T 3) thn other groups. In ddition, rwy nd grli improve rumen fermenttion prmeters in terms of inresing totl voltile ftty ids, inresing rumen ph nd deresing rumen mmoni. Moreover, lves fed the tretment diets hd greter ( < 0.05) serum onentrtions of totl protein, gloulin nd lower holesterol nd ALT ompred with those fed the ontrol diet. The findings of the present study suggest tht rwy nd grli n e supplemented to growing mle ufflo for etter nutrient digestiilties, performne, rumen fermenttion nd metoli sttus. Key words: Growing Bufflo Clves Dried Grli (DG) Crwy Seed (CS) erformne Dietry Supplementtion Nutrient Digestiility INTRODUCTION World Helth Orgniztion enourges using of mediinl hers nd plnts to sustitute or minimize the Buffloes re the prime soure of good qulity met use of hemils through the glol trend to go k to nd milk in Egypt nd some other developing ountries. the nture. Also, the use of ntiiotis s feed dditives These nimls re minly rered in smll holder frms nd in diry or growing nimls hs een of inresing suffer from lot of stressful onditions suh s ml- onern due to the potentil pperne of residues in nutrition nd hrterized y inferior produtive nd milk nd met. Furthermore, the use of ntiiotis s reprodutive potentils [1]. feed dditive hs een nned in the Europen Union [3]. Feed dditives re importnt mterils tht n For this reson, sientists re interested in evluting the improve the effiieny of feed utiliztion nd niml potentil use of nturl ntimiroils suh s hers nd performne. Modern niml prodution requires the use plnt extrts. Currently, the use of plnt hers hs of sfe nd effetive dditives to stimulte feed resulted in improving rumen eology [4, 5] supporting onsumption nd destroy hrmful miroorgnisms of the performne nd helth sttus [6]. diet. Attempt to use nturl mterils suh s mediinl Benefiil effets of herl extrts or tive plnts re widely epted s feed dditives [2]. sustnes in niml nutrition my inlude the stimultion Corresponding Author: Sherief M. Adel-Rheem, Deprtment of Nutrition nd Clinil Nutrition, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. Tel: , Fx:

2 World Appl. Si. J., 22 (3): , 2013 of ppetite nd feed intke, the improvement of endogenous digestive enzyme seretion, tivtion of immune response nd ntiteril, ntivirl, ntioxidnt nd ntihelminthi tions. Isoprene derivtives, flvonoids, gluosinoltes nd other plnt metolites my ffet the physiologil nd hemil funtion of the digestive trt [7] nd hd the highest stimultory influene prtiulrly on ile seretion nd pnreti enzymes tivity [8]. Grli supplementtion through feed in prtiulr hs mny fvorle experimentl nd linil effets whih inlude stimultion of immune funtion, enhned foreign ompound detoxifition, restortion of physil strength nd resistne to vrious stresses [9]. The primry sulphur ontining onstituents in whole, intt grli re ysteine sulfoxides [10]. Additionl onstituents of intt grli inlude steroidl glyosides [11], letins [12] prostglndins, frutn, petin, essentil oil, denosine, vitmins B-1, B-2, B-6, C nd E, iotin, niotini id, ftty ids, glyolipids, phospholipids, nthoynins, flvonoids, phenolis nd mino ids [13]. Crwy (Crum rvi) seed is used in met, food nd distillery industries due to its plesnt flvor nd intense tste. Its ntiteril nd fungiidl properties re importnt in phrmeutil pplitions nd lso in humn nd veterinry mediine [14]. The phrmologil tion of tive plnt sustnes or herl extrts in humns is well known, ut in niml nutrition the numer of preise experiments is reltively low. Therefore, the study ws onduted to investigte the effets of feeding grli, rwy or oth on performne ody weight gin, feed intke, feed onversion, nutrient digestiility nd lood metolites of growing ufflo lves.. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animls, Diets nd Mngement: The experiment ws rried out t the reserh frm of Fulty of Agriulture, Al-Azhr University Assiut, Egypt. Sixteen mle ufflo lves of similr ge months nd ody weight (170 ±30.57 kg) were rndomly ssigned into four groups. The lves fed four dietry tretments. The experimentl diets onsisted of n un-supplemented ontrol diet sed on onentrte mixture, whet strw nd green Berseem (Egyptin lover) or similr diets supplemented with 2 g rwy seed powder (CS) / kg diet (T 1) or 2 g dried grli powder (DG) /kg diet (T 2) or oth (2 g CS plus 2 g DG /kg diet, T3). So the dietry tretments were s follows: Tle 1: Ingredients omposition (%) of onentrte mixture of experimentl diets Item Control T1 T2 T3 Yellow orn Whet rn Cotton seed ke Limestone remix* Slt Grli Crwy Totl *Compound premix eh 3 kg ontin: 1,250,000 IU, Vit A; 2,500,000 IU, Vit D3; 1000 mg, Vit E; 80,000 mg, Mn; 60,000 mg, Zn; 50,000 iron, 20,000 opper, 5000 iodine, 250 Se, 1000 Co mg tell 3 kg CCO3 T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG ontrol (sl diet), T1 (sl diet + 2g CS /kg), T2 (sl diet + 2 g DG /kg) nd T3 (sl diet + 2 g CS plus 2 g DG /kg). The ingredients nd hemil omposition of experimentl diets re shown in Tle 1 nd 2. Diets were mixed dily nd fed twie dy. Feed intke ws reorded dily nd their representtive smples were tken for hemil nlysis. Clves were housed on onrete-floor in seprte pens. They were fed individully in lolly mnuftured mngers. The lves were weighed initilly nd every month therefter. Eonomi nlysis of dt ws done using the tehnique of errin et l. [15]. Round the lok fresh nd len wter ws ville to them. Clves were de-wormed t the strt of the experiment. The study lsted for 6 months. Digestion Tril: Digestion of the feed omponents ws rried out using hromi oxide s inditor. The digestion tril lsted 5-dys s preliminry period nd 7- dy s olletion period. The totl rtions ontined pproximtely 0.5 % Cr2O3 whih hs een mixed with the onentrte portion. The rtions were smpled dily during the tril nd the smples were omposited t the end of eh tril, ground through 1 ml. sreen nd stored for hemil nlysis. Fel gr smples ontining pproximtely 200 g of fresh fees were tken twie during eh 24-hr. period nd omposited y niml t the end of the 7-dy olletion period. Fees were mixed thoroughly nd 20% of it ws smpled nd dried t 55 C in fored ir oven. The rtions nd fel smples were nlyzed for Cr2O 3, dry mtter (DM), rude protein (C), rud fier (CF), ether extrt (EE) nd sh. 409

3 World Appl. Si. J., 22 (3): , 2013 Tle 2: Chemil omposition of experimentl diets (% s fed) DM OM C CF EE NFE Ash TDN ME* C Control T T T *ME Ml/kg T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG Smple Colletion nd Chemil Anlysis: Feed offered Sttistil Anlysis: Sttistil nlysis ws rried out were smpled nd omposited y niml for nlysis. using SSS progrm, version 16.0 [21]. Differenes The smples of experimentl diets nd fees were dried t etween groups in nutrient digestiilties, rumen 55 C in fored ir oven nd were ground to 2 mm prtile fermenttion, lood metolites nd performne were size. These smples were nlyzed for DM, C, EE, CF nd evluted y one wy ANOVA. Differenes mong mens totl sh y the methods of AOAC [16]. Chromi oxide were tested using Dunn's multiple rnge tests. The dt ws nlyzed y tomi sorption spetrophotometer y were presented in men ± SEM Level of signifine ws the methods desried y Willims, Dvid nd Iism set t <0.05. [17]. Blood smples were olleted y jugulr venipunture monthly. Blood smples were entrifuged t RESULTS 3000 rpm for 20 min nd serum ws hrvested nd stored t -20 C until ssyed for totl proteins, lumin nd totl Nutrient Digestion: The pprent digestiilties of DM, holesterol. C nd CF in ufflo lves fed diets supplemented with Rumen liquor ws tken from eh lf in the lst dy rwy seed (CS) or dried grli (DG) powder or oth of digestion tril for 3 periods t 0, 3 nd 6 h post morning were 2.8, 3.93, 11.57, % higher (p<0.05) thn those fed the feeding y stomh tue. The rumen liquor ws filtered ontrol one, respetively. Also the EE ws 4.37 % higher through doule lyer of heese loth into plsti tues in grli supplemented group ompred to the ontrol one (50 ml). The filtrte used in determintion of ph (Tle 3). Bufflo lves supplemented with oth CS nd immeditely fter the smpling using portle ph meter DG exhiited the est nutrient digestiility results (Bekmn, model 45, USA). Rumen liquor ws used to followed y grli, then rwy supplemented group in determine totl voltile ftty ids (TVFA's) onentrtion omprison with the ontrol group. However, OM nd ording to method s desried y Wrner [18], while NFE digestiilties did not show ny tretment (p>0.05) rumen mmoni nitrogen (NH3-N) onentrtion ws effet in ufflo lves fed experimentl diets. determined ording to El-Shzly [19] nd The % of digestile C, CF, EE were signifintly Aou-Akkd et l., [20]. (p<0.05) higher in ufflo lves fed diet supplemented with CS or DG or oth thn those fed Anlysis of Blood Metolites: Blood metolites were the ontrol diet (Tle 4). However, the % of digestile nlyzed y spetrophotometer (Unio, USA) using NFE ws signifintly higher in ufflo lves fed the ommeril test kits (Spinret, Spin). ontrol diet. Tle 3: Effet of dietry tretments on nutrient pprent digestiilties, % Control T1 T2 T3 DM 58.27± ± ± ± OM 61.6± ± ± ± C 69.55± ± ± ± CF 46.75± ± ± ± EE 78.21± ± ± ± NFE 63.60± ± ± ± Mens within row ering different supersripts differ signifintly (p< 0.05). T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG 410

4 World Appl. Si. J., 22 (3): , 2013 Tle 4: Effet of dietry tretments on perentge of digestile nutrient Item Control T1 T2 T3 C, % 10.80± ± ± ± CF, % 9.34± ± ± ± EE, % 3.06± ± ± ± NFE, % 35.85± ± ± ± TDN, % 62.86± ± ± ± SE Theoretil 59.58± ± ± ± SE true 47.98± ± ± ± Mens within row ering different supersripts differ signifintly (p< 0.05). T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG SE= strh equivlent Tle 5: Effet of dietry tretments on rumen fermenttion prmeters Control T1 T2 T3 p ph 0 h 7.15± ± ± ± h 6.09± ± ± ± h 5.57± ± ± ± Totl VFA's Mg Equiv./100 ml 0 h 10.77± ± ± ± h 11.38± ± ± ± h 11.05± ± ± ± NH3-N mg /dl 0 h 22.46± ± ± ± h 35.46± ± ± ± h 27.07± ± ± ± Mens within row ering different supersripts differ signifintly (p< 0.05). T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG NH3-N =mmoni nitrogen VFA's=voltile ftty ids Tle 6: Effet of dietry tretments on lood metolites Control T1 T2 T3 Totl protein (g/dl) 6.63± ± ± ± Alumin (g/dl) 4.07± ± ± ± Gloulin (g/ dl) 2.55± ± ± ± l/glo rtio 1.77± ± ± ± ALT (U/l) 51.78± ± ± ± AST (U/l) 58.44± ± ± ± Cholesterol mg/dl ± ± ±4.4 d 161.8± Mens within row ering different supersripts differ signifintly (p< 0.05). T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG Tle 7: erformne of ufflo lves fed experimentl diets eriod in months Control T1 T2 T3 Initil weight, kg 169.0± ± ± ± Finl weight, kg ± ± ± ± Dily gin, kg o.614± ± ± ± Feed onversion 12.94± ± ± ± DMI kg/dy 7.31± ± ± ± Dily feed ost/dy E..* 9.33± ± ± ± Feed ost/kg WG** (E..) 15.92± ± ± ± Mens within row ering different supersripts differ signifintly (p< 0.05). T 1= Crwy seed (CS) T 2= Dried grli (DG) T 3= CS +DG * E.. =Egyptin pound ** WG=Weight gin 411

5 World Appl. Si. J., 22 (3): , 2013 Rumen Fermenttion: No signifint differenes Among mediinl nd environmentl sustnes [28]. Further dietry tretment groups regrding the rumen ph t 0 nd improvement in the digestiility oeffiients of different 3 hours fter feeding (Tle 5). However fter 6 hrs there nutrients is proly due to grli whih enhnes the ws signifint (p<0.05) inrese in the rumen ph in the tivity of pnreti lipse nd mylse [29] nd modify ufflo lves fed treted diet ompred with those fed the numers nd speies of miroorgnisms in the rumen the ontrol diet. In ddition, rumen totl voltile ftty [30]. ids were signifintly (p<0.05) inresed in the ufflo The improvement in rumen fermenttion lves fed treted diet ompred with those fed the prmeters in terms of inresed totl VFA`s ws in ontrol fter 3 nd 6 hours from feeding. Moreover, rumen greement with results of [5, 31, 32, 34]. Kongmun et l. mmoni nitrogen signifintly (p<0.05) redued in the [33] suggests tht supplementtion of grli ould ufflo lves fed treted diet ompred with those fed improve ruminl fluid fermenttion in terms of voltile the ontrol diet fter 3 nd 6 hours from feeding. ftty id profile, redued methne losses nd redued protozol popultion. In this respet The redution in Blood Metolites: There were signifint (p<0.05) rumen mmoni ws similr with results of Crdozo et l. inrese in serum totl protein nd gloulin in the ufflo [34] ; Benhr et l. [35] nd Kongmun et l. [33] who lves fed treted diet ompred with those fed the reported tht the ddition of grli powder or oil in vitro ontrol. On the ontrry, serum totl holesterol nd ALT redued mmoni N, suggesting tht the demintion ws were signifintly deresed (p<0.05) in the ufflo lves inhiited. fed treted diet ompred with those fed the ontrol one The improvement in serum totl protein, gloulin nd (Tle 6). lumen/gloulin rtion re greement with those reported y El-Ashry et l. [23] nd Ao El-Nor et l. [24] Clves erformne: Intke of DM ws slightly nd Ahmed et l. [36] who found tht the men vlues of inresed (p>0.05) in ufflo lves fed diets ontining lood metolites were higher in treted nimls with oth CS nd DG thn the ontrol diet. The verge dily mediinl hers thn ontrol. weight gin (ADG) of lves fed experimentl rtions The lower serum totl holesterol in treted groups ws 614, 679, 675 nd 692 g, respetively (Tle 7). ould e sried to grli whih is thought to hve Although the ADG remined unltered ross ll vrious phrmologi properties. For exmple, it hs tretments the lves fed rtion supplemented with een found to lower serum nd liver holesterol [37], oth grli nd rwy gined more thn the other inhiit teril growth [38], inhiit pltelet growth nd groups. Feed onversion effiieny (FCE) y ufflo redue oxidtive stress [39]. lves didn't show ny tretment (p>0.05) effet The numeril improved BW gin nd feed intke, (Tle 7). The feed onversion effiieny (FCE) ws feed onversion of treted group ws onsistent with 12.99, 10.8, nd in ufflo lves fed results of Ahmed et l. nd Ghosh et l. [36, 40]. The little experimentl rtions, respetively (Tle 7). Clves fed improvement In performne in the present study my rtion supplemented with oth grli nd rwy result from improved enteri helth due to the hemil gined mximum with lest quntity of feed onsumed onstituents of grli nd rwy whih hd ntioxidnt, per kilogrm live weight gin. ntiteril nd ntifungl tivities nd lso stimulte nd metolism [40]. It is possile tht diets ontining DISCUSSION grli exert positive effet on the lne of gut miroil popultions [41] whih my e responsile for Reently, there hs een renewed interest in using this positive result. Ahmed et l. [36] reported tht using hers s feed dditives in ruminnt nutrition. Among grli, nion nd lemonde juie s nturl feed dditive these produts, grli, rwy nd essentil oils re t the rte 2.5, 5% nd 7.5%/kg rtion for growing ufflo ttrting muh ttention [22]. The signifint inrese in lves improved utiliztion of nutrients, etter lood DM, C, CF, EE digestiility ws in greement with onstituents, improved growth rte, destroy hrmful results of El-Ashry et l. nd Ao El-Nor et l. [23, 24]. In teri nd use some improvement of eonomil ddition, some studies indited tht the mediinl plnts effiieny. The group fed supplemented diet with 2.5% improved rumen tivity nd nutrient digestiility [25-27]. nturl dditive showed the est performne. On the Supplementtion of grli extrt resulted in proper other hnd, some studies onfirmed suh plnts seeds mintenne of liver funtion euse it hs n importnt hd fvorle effets on nutrient digestiility, live weight protetive role ginst liver toxiity used y vriety of nd feed effiieny with ows [26, 27, 40, 42]. 412

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