Research Article Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals Concentration Levels in Fresh and Smoke- Dried Porcupine (Atherur africanus) Meat

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1 Cronion OPEN ACCESS EC NUTRITION Reserh Artile Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke- Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met J O Igene 1, P A Ehmigeho 1, S E Evivie 1,2, E S Ael 1 * nd O I Ayemien 1 1 Division of Food Siene nd Humn Nutrition, Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Benin, PMB 1154 Benin City, Edo Stte, Nigeri 2 Key Lortory of Diry Siene, Ministry of Edution (KLDS-MOE), College of Food Siene, Northest Agriulturl University, Hrin, PR Chin *Corresponding Author: E S Ael, Division of Food Siene nd Humn Nutrition, Deprtment of Animl Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Benin, PMB 1154 Benin City, Edo Stte, Nigeri. Reeived: July 26, 2016; Pulished: August 06, 2016 Astrt In this study, fresh nd smoke-dried porupine met were ssessed for levels of some metl elements ontmintion. Musle, liver nd kidney smples of wild porupine were purhsed from the three gro eologil zones of Edo Stte, Nigeri nd hemilly nlyzed using Atomi Asorption Spetrophotometer (AAS) t the pproprite wvelengths (nm) for Led (P), Chromium (Cr), Cdmium (Cd), Arseni (As) nd Nikel (Ni). Generted dt were sttistilly nlyzed using GENSTAT in rndomized omplete lok design. The onentrtion of hevy metls in rw nd smoke-dried porupine met ws oserved to e etween mg/kg to mg/kg. Cdmium nd Arseni were not deteted in ll smples nlyzed. Conentrtions (mg/kg) of P, Cr nd Ni of ssessed orgns rnge from ; ; nd respetively in the rw porupine nd ; nd respetively in the smoke-dried porupine. The onentrtion of the studied hevy metls ws signifintly higher (P < 0.05) in rw porupine smples. The domestition of porupine y puli nd privte setors s vile nd environmentlly-friendly lterntive is thus reommended in order to prevent them from ontmintion y hevy metls, espeilly nikel whose mounts exeeds permissile limits. Keywords: Contmintion; Domestition; Fresh; Hevy metls; Porupine met; Smoke-drying Introdution The mjor soures of protein intke in Afri re from niml nd niml y-produts. Among niml produts, ush met is n importnt deliy in lol soup preprtions to mny Afrins. In Nigeri, ush met ould onstitute up to 84% of totl niml protein intke in res ner lrge forest reserves. In most ses, these re mjorly hrvested from the wild nd s suh, their hitts re often times ontminted with hevy metls dishrge s result of industril tivities. These hevy metls find their wy into the orgns of these nimls through their diet nd onsequently uild up in these niml produts. The onsumption of suh hevy metl ontminted mets over period of time nd in lrge quntity poses gret risk to humn helth [1]. For this reson, the presene of hevy metls in niml food produts hs ontinued to reeive lot of ttention from food sientists nd reserhers. The min threts to humn helth from hevy metls re ssoited with exposure to led, dmium, nikel, nd rseni [2]. Studies hve shown tht ute, lrge dose of some hevy metls, prtiulrly rseni uses gstri intestinl dmge with profuse wtery dirrhe, leeding nd deth [3]. Bush met is generl term pplied to met otined from ny wild terrestril mmml, ird, reptile or mphiin hrvested for susistene or trde, mostly illeglly [4,5]. Severl studies hve demonstrted tht gme met ontin low levels of ft nd higher proportion of polyunsturted (omeg-3) ftty ids ompred with met from onventionl speies like eef, lm nd pigs [6]. Bush met Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

2 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met is one of the most vlule tropil forest produts fter timer. It is n importnt soure of protein, widely onsumed in oth rurl nd urn res [7]. Bush met hs een prt of the lol diet for enturies [7]. It often provides hep nd rih soure of protein in regions where met from domesti nimls suh s ttle, gots nd hikens re sre or more expensive. Bush met is one of those forest produts whih hve een demonstrted to hve mjor signifine for rurl ommunities, prtiulrly in the humid nd su humid tropis. Ntionl estimtes of the vlue of the domesti trde in ush met rnge from US$42 to US$205 million ross ountries in West nd Centrl Afri [8]. Gme met provides protein for mny poor rurl fmilies without lnd or ess to griulturl mrkets. Often, there is no replement for ush met, whih represents 80% of ll niml-sed household protein onsumed in muh of Centrl Afri [9]. The ushed-tiled porupine (Atherur frinus) is one of the most ommonly onsumed ush met in prts of Afri. It is hystriomorphi rodent whih is found in the forest of West nd Centrl Afri with verge weight of 3 kg. It is widely hunted nd onstitute fvorite protein soure for oth rurl nd urn popultions in Cmeroon, Gon nd Nigeri [10]. These nimls usully live on the ground nd n inhit deserts, grsslnds, nd forests. A. frinus (Afrin rush tiled porupine) hs een known to feed on ultivted rops. They lso feed on the rk nd the fleshy tissues of trees, prtie tht is ommonly referred to s ringing. This hit n e devstting for trees nd often uses deth. A. frinus is lso rrier of Plsmodium theruri, mlri prsite [11]. Atherur frinus is hunted in lrge quntities nd pries often higher thn tht of other gme met or domesti niml. As result of its populrity nd mrket prie, the met of porupine is more frequently sold s soure of inome thn it is onsumed y the fmily of the hunters [10]. Toxi sustnes in met tissues n e used y vriety of soures inluding niml drugs, pestiides, feed nd other griulturl or industril hemil sustnes [12]. With the inrese in industriliztion hevy metls hve een introdued into the environment. These metls remin in the environment euse they re not iodegrdle nd my ontminte food mterils nd from there migrte into tissues of nimls [12]. Hevy metls like led nd dmium re trnsmitted from moile nd sttionry soures into the ir whih ould e deposited in food [13]. Consequently, ontmintion with these metls my our most in res with hevy trffi [14]. Although the level of these toxi sustnes in musle is generlly low, offl suh s liver nd kidney showed higher onentrtion of toxi sustnes thn most other foods [15]. The metlloid, Arseni (As) hs een lssified s the most hzrdous sustne in the environment [16], thus rising onerns s to how hygieni the ush met proessing environment nd personnel re. The toxiity of As is lrgely relted to the intke of As III nd As V whih, in ute doses, n led to multiple orgn filure. A hroni, long-term ingestion of these with As-ontminted wter hs een ssoited with rnge of helth effets from skin lesions, ner in the lung, ldder, kidney nd skin, rdiovsulr diseses, neurotoxiity, developmentl toxiity, norml gluose metolism nd dietes [17,18]. Studies hve shown tht most gme mets espeilly in Nigeri re hrvested with guns. The ullets used ontin led nd often times result in the ontmintion of hrvested met. Nikel is rinogeni to humns nd hs een shown to e potentil induers of kidney nd lung tumors in experimentl nimls [19-21]. It is importnt to lwys determine the ioumultion for hevy metls y orgns espeilly the edile ones in order to ssess potentil risk to humn helth. Although gme met is soure of niml protein in the diet in Afri, little work hs een done on the level of hevy metl onentrtion on porupine whose mets re speil deliy for mny people Afri nd they re therefore ignornt of the dnger of onsuming them. For sfety resons, there is need to investigte the levels of hevy metls in these mets nd thus sertin the sfety in the onsumption of this met in the sed re of study. The min ojetive of the urrent study therefore ws to evlute nd ompre the levels of hevy metl ontmintion in the orgns (musle, liver nd kidney) of oth fresh nd smoke-dried porupine mets sold in Edo Stte, Nigeri. Methodology Smple Colletion Fresh porupine met ws purhsed from the three gro eologil zones of Edo Stte nd t three different lotions. The orgns of liver, kidney nd musle were olleted nd used. In Edo North, smples were olleted from Auhi, Egono nd Agede ommunities. In Edo Centrl, smples were olleted from Iruekpen, Uromi nd Ekpom mrkets nd in nd smples were olleted from Ehor, Ugoyy nd Udo. All met smples used for the urrent nlysis were otined from the wild. Smples were olleted with luminum 928 Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

3 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met foil pper nd trnsported with pini ox filled with ie to keep the smple fresh nd stored in deep freezer prior to use. Both rw nd smoke-dried porupine were tested for hevy nd metl toxiity levels. Experimentl Tretments A totl of 54 smples were olleted nd nlyzed in this study. A 3x3x2 (3 lotion x 3 orgns x 2 met sttus) ftoril rrngement in three replitions in rndomized omplete lok design ws used. Smoke Drying of Smples The fresh porupine met ws sujeted to smoke drying using the smoking kiln in the Fulty of Agriulture, University of Benin, Nigeri efore lortory nlysis for hevy metls ws rried out. Smple Preprtion The olleted smples were sujeted to wet digestion method for determintion of vrious hevy metls following the proedure of [22]. In the lortory, 1 g of eh smples (liver, kidney nd musle) ws weighed into the digestion flsk, 5 ml nd 15 ml of PerChlori id nd onentrted HNO3 respetively were dded nd then heted in n eletri plte until smples eme ler. After digestion, 5 ml of 20% HCl ws dded nd ontents of the flsk filtered using filter pper into 100 ml volumetri flsk nd ws mde up to mrk with distilled wter nd then stored in plsti regent ottle in preprtion for nlysis using AAS. Hevy Metl Determintion Led (P), Chromium (Cr), Cdmium (Cd), Arseni (As) nd Nikel (Ni) in fresh nd smoked-dried liver, kidney nd musle smples of stndrd solutions were nlyzed using AAS (SOLAAR 969 UNICAM Series) t wvelength (nm) of (P), (Cr), (Cd), (As) nd (Ni). Sttistil Anlysis Dt otined were nlyzed sttistilly using GENSTAT [23] softwre. Dunn Multiple Rnge Test ws used to test the differenes etween mens where differenes existed t 5% level of signifine. Results The men onentrtion (mg/kg) of hevy metls in rw nd smoke-dried musle, liver nd kidney of porupine with respet to lotion nd orgns re shown in the (Tles 1-4) elow. The onentrtion of hevy metls in rw nd smoke-dried porupine met ws oserved to e etween mg/kg to mg/kg. (Tle 1) shows tht the highest onentrtion of hromium (mg/kg) in rw porupine musle ws reorded in Edo North with men onentrtion of Next to it ws Edo Centrl with men onentrtion of nd for. There ws signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the men vlues of Cr in the three lotions nlyzed for. The sme order ws oserved in hromium onentrtion of liver from rw porupine > > in Edo North, Centrl nd South respetively with signifine differene (P < 0.05) in Edo North nd no signifint differene in Centrl nd South. The hromium onentrtion for kidney hs the highest reorded men vlue in the North (0.347 mg/kg) with signifint differene (P < 0.05) from oth Centrl nd South. The hromium onentrtion in the orgns from Edo North gro-eologil zone ws highest in the kidney (0.035 mg/kg) followed y liver (0.260 mg/kg) nd lowest in the musle (0.181 mg/kg). A similr deresing trend ws lso oserved in the South mg/kg > mg/kg > mg/kg (kidney > liver > musle) with ll the orgns hving signifint differene (P < 0.05) in oth North nd South. The hromium onentrtion in the orgns in Edo Centrl ws lowest in the musle with onentrtion of mg/kg followed y mg/kg in the liver nd highest in the kidney with onentrtion of mg/kg with signifint differene (P < 0.05) from the kidney ut not signifintly different (P > 0.05) in the musle nd liver. 929 Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

4 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met 930 Hevy Metls Lotion Musle Liver Kidney SEM ± Chromium Edo North A A A Edo Centrl B B B C B B SEM ± Led Edo North A A A Edo Centrl B B B B B B SEM ± Nikel Edo North A A A Edo Centrl AB B B B B B SEM ± Tle 1: Men Conentrtion of Hevy Metls in Vrious Tissues nd Lotions of Rw Porupine (mg/kg). SEM: Stndrd Error of Men.,, ; supersripts within rows tht indites orgns re sttistilly signifint. A, B, C, D susript within olumns indites lotions re sttistilly signifint Men with different sripts re signifintly different t P < 0.05 Men with the sme sripts re not signifintly different t P > 0.05 The highest Led onentrtion in the musle of rw porupine ws reorded in Edo North with men onentrtion of mg/kg followed y mg/kg nd mg/kg in Centrl nd South respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the North, ut no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in South nd Centrl. The reorded onentrtion of P in the liver ws in the order of mg/kg > mg/kg > mg/kg in Edo North, South nd Centrl respetively nd the reorded onentrtion of Led in the kidney ws mg/ kg > mg/kg > mg/kg in the North, South nd Centrl respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) from the North nd no signifint differene (P > 0.05) from the South nd Centrl. The umultion of led in the musle, liver nd kidney of Edo North ws mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the musle nd kidney ut no signifint differene (P > 0.05) etween musle nd liver nd then liver nd kidney. In Edo Centrl however, the musle, liver nd kidney onentrtion ws in the order mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg with signifint differene (P < 0.05) etween the musle nd kidney ut no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in the musle nd liver nd tht of the liver nd kidney. The sme order goes for mg/kg < mg/ kg < mg/kg in the musle, liver nd kidney respetively with signifint differenes (P < 0.05) in the three orgns. Nikel onentrtion in the musle ws highest in Edo North with onentrtion of mg/kg followed y mg/kg nd mg/kg in Centrl nd South respetively with no signifint differene (P > 0.05) etween the musles of Edo North nd Centrl nd tht of Centrl nd South ut with signifint differene (P < 0.05) etween the musles of Edo North nd South. The highest Ni onentrtion in the liver ws reorded in Edo North (0.166 mg/kg) > mg/kg > mg/kg in Centrl nd South respetively. The sme order ws oserved in the Ni onentrtion of the kidney with mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg in North, Centrl nd South respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the North nd no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in the South nd Centrl. The Ni onentrtion in the musle, liver nd kidney in Edo North ws mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg with no signifint differene (P > 0.05) etween the musle nd liver in Edo North oth were signifintly different (P < 0.05) from the kidney. The sme order ws reorded in Edo Centrl (0.083 mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg) nd South with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the three orgns of Centrl (0.083 mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg nd South (0.053 mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg). Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

5 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met Chromium onentrtion in the musle of smoke-dried porupine ws highest in the North with men onentrtion of mg/kg > 0.06 mg/kg > mg/kg in Centrl nd South respetively with no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in the musle of the three lotions. 931 Hevy Metls Lotion Musle Liver Kidney SEM ± Chromium Edo North A A A Edo Centrl A B B A C B SEM ± Led Edo North A A A Edo Centrl AB AB B B B B SEM ± Nikel Edo North A A A Edo Centrl B B B C B B SEM ± Tle 2: Men Conentrtion of Hevy Metls in Vrious Tissues nd Lotions of Smoke-dried Porupine(mg/kg). SEM: Stndrd Error of Men.,, ; supersripts within rows tht indites orgns re sttistilly signifint. A, B, C, D susript within olumns indites lotions re sttistilly signifint Men with different sripts re signifintly different P < 0.05 Men with the sme sripts re not signifintly different t P > 0.05 Chromium onentrtion in the liver ws highest in Edo North (0.095 mg/kg) > Centrl (0.075 mg/kg) > South (0.051 mg/kg) with signifint differenes (P < 0.05) in three lotions. The hromium onentrtion in the kidney is in the order (0.145 mg/kg) > mg/ kg > mg/kg in Edo North, Centrl nd South respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in Edo North nd no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in the South nd Centrl. The onentrtion of hromium in musle, liver nd kidney of Edo North ws mg/ kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg respetively with signifint differene (P > 0.05) mong the orgns. In Edo Centrl the onentrtion of hromium in musle, liver nd kidney were mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg with no signifint differene (P > 0.05) The onentrtion of hromium in musle liver nd kidney of ws reorded s mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg respetively they were ll signifintly different (P < 0.05). The highest onentrtion of led in the musle ws reorded in Edo north (0.093 mg/kg) followed y mg/kg nd mg/ kg in Centrl nd South the sme order goes for the liver with men onentrtion of mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg in Edo North, Centrl nd South respetively with signifint differenes (P < 0.05) in Edo North nd no signifint differene (P > 0.05) in the South nd Centrl of vrious orgns. In Edo North, the onentrtions of led in musle, liver nd kidney were mg/kg, mg/ kg nd mg/kg respetively with no signifint differene (P > 0.05) etween the musle nd liver, oth signifintly different (P < 0.05) from the kidney. Led hs onentrtion of mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg in musle, liver nd kidney in Edo Centrl with signifint differene (P < 0.05) etween the musle nd kidney ut no signifint differene (P < 0.05) etween musle nd liver nd liver nd kidney. The onentrtion of led in were mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg in musle, liver nd kidney respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in ll the orgns. Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

6 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met The Nikel onentrtion in musle ws reorded with men vlue of 0.045mg/kg, 0.031mg/kg nd mg/kg in Edo North, Centrl nd South respetively with signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the three lotions. Nikel onentrtion in the liver hs the highest onentrtion in Edo North with men vlue mg/kg, mg/kg nd mg/kg for Centrl nd South respetively. The order goes for the kidney. The vlues for the liver nd kidney in Edo North hs signifint differene (P < 0.05) there ws no signifint differene (P > 0.05) etween South nd Centrl. Nikel hs onentrtion of mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg in Edo North mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg in Edo Centrl mg/kg < mg/kg < mg/kg in with ll the orgns hving signifint differene (P < 0.05) within their lotions. Results from this study lso showed tht rseni nd dmium onentrtion (mg/ kg) were not deteted in the musle, liver nd kidney of rw nd smoke-dried porupine from ll lotions ssessed. This result my e due to the ft tht nimls were unffeted or very minute onentrtions of these elements were found t the lotion of study. 932 Hevy Metl Lotion Musle Liver Kidney Cdmium Edo North Edo Centrl Arseni Edo North Edo Centrl Tle 3: Men Conentrtion of Cdmium nd Arseni in Vrious Tissues nd Lotions of rw porupine. : Not Deteted Hevy Metl Lotion Musle Liver Kidney Cdmium Edo North Edo Centrl Arseni Edo North Edo Centrl Tle 4: Men Conentrtion of Cdmium nd Arseni in Vrious Tissues nd Lotions of smoke-dried porupine. : Not Deteted Disussion Chromium (Cr) The result indites tht the onentrtion of hromium in the rw nd smoke-dried smples of porupine from the three gro eologil zones of Edo Stte were lower thn the permissile limit (1.0 mg/kg) set y Europen Commission [24] nd USDA [25]. The vlue oserved is similr to levels reported y [26] in whih hromium ontent of pork ws oserved to e etween 0.05 mg/kg to 0.14 mg/kg on wet weight sis. In ontrst the vlue oserved is lower thn tht reported y Igene [5] from the fresh musle smples of grss utter sold t New Benin mrket. Studies rried out y Iwegue., et l. reported tht Cr onentrtion in turkey met nd Chiken met rnged etween mg/kg nd mg/kg respetively nd this ws higher thn the permissile limit. Chromium is n essentil element t low onentrtion nd t the sme time rinogeni t higher onentrtion, the dily requirement for dult is estimted to e 0.02 nd 0.5 mg/dy [27]. The result reveled tht the onentrtions of hromium in the fresh nd smoke-dried musle, liver nd kidney of porupine were t sfe levels nd poses no dnger to humn helth. It ws oserved in this study tht the onentrtion of hromium ws signifintly higher in fresh tissue thn in the smoke-dried tissues. This is in line with the findings of Ajni., et l. [28] Eoh., et l. [29] nd Igene., et l. [5]. Also, the onentrtion of hromium ws higher in kidney thn in the liver nd Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

7 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met musle of ll the nimls in the three lotions, this ould e s result of the funtion of the kidney in niml ody system. It ws lso oserved tht the onentrtion of hromium ws higher in Edo North nd lowest in Edo south in most ses. Led (P) The mount of hevy metls llowed in food from ountry to ountry differs nd re sed on the reommendtion of World Helth Orgniztion (WHO) nd lol requirement [30]. The results indite tht the onentrtion of led in the rw nd smoke-dried tissue nd orgns of porupine were lower thn the permissile limit of (1mg/kg or ppm) set y Austrli-New Zelnd Food Authority [31]. This ws lso pproved y the Federl Environmentl Protetion Ageny of Nigeri [32]. Similrly, Okoro., et l. [5] reported led to e lower thn the permissile limit of (1 ppm) in rw nd smoke-dried grss utter sold in Edo Stte. A similr permissile limit ws lso reported in study y Jrzynsk nd Flndysz [33]. In the study, led ontents in the liver nd kidney of deer ws 0.17 mg/kg nd 0.30 mg/kg (dry weight) respetively. Similr to this study, Flndysz, reported led ontent in the liver nd kidney rnging from 0.90 mg/kg to mg/kg nd mg/kg to mg/kg respetively, for wild or roe nd deer in Polnd. In greement, Dogno nd Gnik, [34] found lower level of led in the liver of Roe, Fllow deer, phesnt wild duk nd hre in Sloveni. In ontrst the vlue oserved ws lower thn tht reported y Mldondo., et l. [35], whose findings reported tht P with referene to its intestinl moiliztion during lttion in rts showed higher levels in the liver nd kidney. This ws lso in greement with study y Mrim., et l. [36] with men levels of 2.18 mg/kg, 4.25 mg/kg nd 3.15 mg/kg in eef, mutton nd poultry respetively. In n erly study rried out y Kreger., et l. [37], it ws reported tht led ontent in liver of irds (turkey, phesnt duk nd prtridges) were 6-25 mg/kg. This is in onordne with the study y Arnh., et l. [37]. Led is present in mmunition, high led onentrtion in met sometimes mye relted to the numer of pellets nd frgment found in the met. The higher the numers, the higher the led onentrtions in smples in whih they re found. This ws demonstrted y Flndysz, in piees of lrge gme ptured in the North Polnd etween 1987 nd The findings were lter onfirmed in other ountries nd in nother gme speies [38]. In Spin, Mteo., et l. [39] hve studied P ontent nd frgment in red-legged prtridges nd they found tht those smple ontining pellets nd smll frgment of metl hd higher P ontent tht those tht were free from pellets or frgments. The result showed tht the onentrtion of led in the fresh nd smoke-dried musle, liver nd kidney of porupine re sfe for onsumption. Nikel (Ni) The onentrtion of nikel in rw nd smoke-dried porupine (0.015 mg/kg mg/kg) were higher thn the tolerne limit (0.05 ppm) s set y the WHO. It ws oserved tht the onentrtion of nikel ws higher in the kidneys of rw nd smoke-dried porupine smples thn in the other rw nd smoked dried orgns. This findings is similr to tht of Igene., et l. [5] tht the onentrtion of Nikel in rw nd smoke-dried musle from New Benin mrket ws higher thn the permissile level (0.05 ppm) set y WHO. In erlier study rried out y Flnjjnk nd Lee [40] nikel in the liver nd kidney of ttle were ppm nd respetively whih were higher thn the permissile level. In ontrst Korenekov., et l. [41] reported men onentrtions of mg/kg in the liver of ttle rer in the viinity of the metllurgi industry in Slovki. From the present result, it n e onluded tht porupine under study re unsfe for onsumption with respet to nikel toxiity. Conlusion The urrent study showed tht there is signifint differene (P < 0.05) in the onentrtion of hevy metls in rw nd smoked dried porupine nd onentrtions higher (P < 0.05) in rw porupine mets thn the smoked dried smples. Cdmium nd Arseni were not deteted in the vrious tissues of porupine smples investigted. From the study, it n therefore e reommended tht due to the ft tht smoke-dried porupine is usully onsumed more nd re displyed long with the kidneys y sellers, the onsumer should onsume more musle from porupine thn kidney. Also, the domestition of porupine y puli nd privte setors should e enourged s this my lower inidenes of food ontmintion nd y extension puli helth onerns y hevy metls. More so, further studies should e onduted in order to determine the effet of proessing methods on the levels of hevy metls in rw porupine. 933 Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

8 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met Biliogrphy Ihiedioh JN., et l. Helth risk ssessment of zin, hromium nd nikel from ow met onsumption in n urn Nigerin popultion. Interntionl. Journl of Ouptionl Mediine Environmentl Helth 20.4 (2014): Lrs J. Hzrds of hevy metl ontmintion. British medil Bulleting 68 (2003): Dodd G. Chroni hevy metl poison-silent killer. A we pper review retrieved in Igene JO., et l. A study ssessing some hevy metl elements ontmintion levels in grss utter (Thryononys swinderinus Temmink) met. Interntionl Journl of Biotehnology nd Food Siene 3.5 (2015): Wilkie., et l. Bush met hunting in the Congo Bsin-An Assessment of Impts nd Options for Mitigtion. Biodiversity nd Conservtion (1999). 6. Gru P., et l. Mmmls of Ghn, Sierr Leone nd The Gmi. Trendrine Press (1988). 7. Dvies G. Bush Met nd Interntionl Development. Conservtion Biology (2002): Drulns D nd Krunkelsven EV. The impt of wr on forest res in the Demorti Repuli of Congo Oryx 36.1 (2002): Jori F., et l. The iology nd use of the Afrin ush tiled porupine (Artherurus Afrinus) s food niml0-a review. Biodiversity onservtion 7: (1998): Ellis EN., et l. Effets of hemodilysis nd dimerprolim ute dihromte poisoning. Journl of Toxiology- Clinil Toxiology 19.3 (1982): Bykov BD., et l. Cdmium nd Led ioummultion in mle hiken for high food onentrtion. Toxiologil nd Environmentl Chemistry 54.4 (1996): Shrkwy A.A. nd AM Aml. Led nd dmium levels in some redy-to-et met produts (shwerm nd hmurger) t Assiut City. Assiut Veterinry Medil Journl (2003): Mhmood TA., et l. Air pollution nd rinwter properties in Mosul City. Journl Al-Rfidin Engineering (2007): Khlfll FA., et l. Hevy metl residues in eef rsses in Beni-Suef ttoir Egypt. Veterinri Itlin Journl (2011): ATSDR (2011). Ageny for Toxi Sustnes nd Disese Registry, Division of Toxiology, Clifton Rod, NE, Atlnt, GA. 16. Europen Food Sfety Assoition, EFSA. Sientifi opinion on Arseni in food. EFSA pnel on ontmintion in the food hin (CONTAMIN). 17. Molin M., et l. Arseni in the humn food hin, iotrnsformtion nd toxiology review fousing on sefood rseni. Journl of Tre Elements in Medil Biology (2015). 18. De Medeiros LM., et l. Complementry nd lterntive remedies: An dditionl soure of potentil systemi nikel exposure. Contt Dermtitis 58.2 (2008): Lee SH. Differentil gene expression in nikel (II)-treted norml rt kidney ells. Reserh Communitions in Moleulr Pthology nd Phrmology (2006): Lee SH., et l. Apoptosis, l2 expression nd ell yle nlyses in nikel (II) - orthodonti treted norml rt kidney ells. Journl of Koren Medil Sienes. 16 (2001): Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

9 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met 21. Okoro, K I., et l. Led (P) nd Cdmium (Cd) levels in fresh nd smoke-dried grssutter (Thryonomys swinderinus Temmink) met. Afrin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh (2015): GENSTAT P nd Windows Vist Pkge, Lw Agriulturl Trust, Rothmsted Experimentl sttion. ISN Interntionl Ltd. Version PL20.1 (2008). 23. Europen Commission Regultion of 19 Deemer 2006, setting mximum levels for ertin ontminnts in foodstuff, EC/1881/2006. In: Offiil Journl. 364 (2006): USDA (2006). Foreign Agriulturl Servies GAIN Report; Glol GAIN Report No.CH6064, Chinese People s Repuli of FAIRS produts. Speifi mximum levels of ontminnts in foods, Jim Butterworth nd Wu Bugng (2006): Brtkos MS., et l. Chromium ontent of seleted Greek foods. Siene of the Totl Environment - Journl.290 (2002): Trley CRT., et l. Chrteristi levels of some hevy metls from Brzilin nned srdines (Srdinell rsiliensis). Journl of Food Composition nd Anlysis 14.6 (2001): Ajni F., et l. Bio physio-hemil hnges tht our in fish during different stges of trditionl proessing. Afrin Journl of Food Agriulture Nutrition nd Development 13.3 (2013): Eoh L., et l. Hevy metl ontminnts nd proessing effets on the omposition, storge stility nd ftty id profiles of five ommon ommerilly ville fish speies in Oron Lol Government, Nigeri. Food Chemistry Journl (2006): Oluyemi, E.A, nd Olnji, I.O (2011). Hevy Metls Determintion in Some Speies of Frozen Fish sold t Ile-Ife Min Mrket, South West Nigeri. Deprtment of Chemistry, Ofemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeri. Ife J. Si. 13(2) ISSN ANZFA (Austrli New Zelnd Food Authority) (2001). Wellington NZ 6036 My, Retrieved from: Gldim, A nd Gr ZN. Reent Issues in Environmentl Siene. Inluding inidenes nd reports from Nigeri. Lp Lmert Ademi Pulishers, Germny, ISBN: , (2011). 32. Jrzynsk, G nd Flndysz J. Selenium nd other 17 lrgely essentil nd toxi metls in musle nd orgn mets of Red Deer (Cervuselphus)-Consequenes to humn helth. Environmentl Interntionl Journl (2011): Dogno DZ nd Gnik KS. Led nd dmium in met nd orgns of gme in Sloveni. Bulletin of Environmentl Contmintion nd Toxiology 54 (1995): Mldondo VM., et l. Led intestinl sorption nd one moiliztion during lttion. Humn & Experimentl Toxiology (1996): Mrim I., et l. Distriution of some tre nd mro minerls in eef, mutton nd poultry. Agriulturl nd Biologil Chemistry 6.5 (2004): Kreger N., et l. Led Pellet Ingestion nd Liver-Led Conentrtions in Uplnd Gme Birds from Southern Ontrio, Cnd. Arhives of Environmentl Contmintion nd Toxiology 54 (2008): Arnh K. Environmentl Chemistry. 3 rd Edition. New Age Interntionl Ltd. Pulisher, New Delhi (2011): Tsuji., et l. Determining tissue-led levels in lrge gme mmmls hrvested with led ullets: humn helth onerns. Bulletin of Environmentl Contmintion nd Toxiology 82.4 (2009): Mteo., et l. Bioessiility of P from Ammunition in Gme Met Is Affeted y Cooking Tretment. PLOS ONE 6.1(2011): Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):

10 Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met 40. Flnjk J nd Lee HY. Tre metls ontent of livers nd kidneys of ttle. Journl of the Siene of Food nd Agriulture 30 (1979): Korenekov B., et l. Conentrtion of some hevy metls in ttle rered in the viinity of metllurgi industry. Veterinrski rhiv (2001): Volume 4 Issue 4 August 2016 All rights reserved y E S Ael., et l. Cittion: E S Ael., et l. Evlution of Some Hevy Metls Conentrtion Levels in Fresh nd Smoke-Dried Porupine (Atherur frinus) Met. EC Nutrition 4.4 (2016):