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1 CENTRE FOR RESEARCH Centre for Reserh nd Development (CERAD) T he Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, Nigeri ( JoST 2014 AND DEVE LOPMENT Dietry effet of Pnium mximum sustituted with ensiled mmonited h ulms on nutrients nd nti-nutrient s intke of West Afrin Dwrf gots FAJEMISIN, A. N. *, OLAIYA, O. nd OLUFEMI-AMODU, B. Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Helth, The Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, Nigeri. ABSTRACT: A sixty-three dy feeding tril ws onduted to ssess the dietry vlue of ensiled mmonited in West Afrin Dwrf gots diets. Twenty (20) WAD gots were rndomly distriuted suh tht four gots were llotted to diets of vrying levels of Pnium m ximum nd ensiled mmonited C jnus t rtio A) 100:0 B) 75:25 C) 50:50 D) 25:75 E) 0:100 in ompletely rndomized design. Prmeters ssessed inlude; nutrient nd nti-nutrient onstituents of untreted C jnus h ulms (UCC), treted ( TCC) nd Pnium mximum ( PM), feed intke, digestiility, nitrogen retention nd weight gin. The protein vlue (15.62g/100g) of ensiled mmonited ws enhned y fermenttion nd this ws higher thn the vlues oserved in UCC (7.49g/100g) nd PM (8.43g/ 100g). The protein qulity of diets B, C, D nd E ws enhned y the inlusion of the ensiled mmonited in the diets. The onentrtions of seondry metolites onsidered were higher in UCC ompred to TCC. The nutrients nd nti-nutrients intke vlues were signifintly (P<0.05) influened y the tretment, however, the dry mtter intke deresed with inresing supplementtion from diet B to E. The pprent digestiility vlues of the nutrients were fvourle nd it implied tht the diets ontined enough dietry protein tht enhned the digestion of the experimentl diets. The highest vlues of dry mtter intke (339.42g/dy), nitrogen retention (6.36g/dy), weight gin (15.40g/dy) nd feed/gin rtio ( 22.04) were oserved in gots fed 75% P nium mximum nd 25 % ensiled mmonited jn h ulms. It ws onluded tht supplementtion of Pnium mximum with mmonited h ulms silge in gots rtion would e vlule soure of protein nd energy supplement; nd purposeful outlet for etter utiliztion of rop residues. K eywords: Ammonition; C jnus ; Got; Pnium mximum; silge; weight gin JoST (2): Aepted for Pulition, Otoer 19, 2014 INTRODUCTION One of the mjor onstrints to got prodution dry seson when grsses re sre nd of low in Nigeri is indequte feed, this is due to qulity. These rop residues re hrterized sesonl flututions of fodder in quntity nd y high fire ontent, low protein ontent nd qulity, mkes rising of gots in rnge timeless vrious levels of nti- nutritionl ftors whih nd unprofitle venture. Huge quntities of ffet nimls performne (Fjemisin et l., ville rop residues (strw,, nd 2010). The poor nutritive qulity of the forge stovers) re produed whih n e used for during the dry seson often leds to loss of feeding ruminnt nimls espeilly during the ppetite, redued dry mtter intke nd protein * Correspondene to: Fjemisin, A.N.; deofjemisin@yhoo.o.uk Pp 60

2 Dietry effet of P. mximum sustituted with C. on intke of West Afrin Dwrf gots digestiility, deresed nutrient utiliztion nd metoli disorder in frm nimls (Agng et l., 2001). In order to meet the mintenne nd prodution requirements of ruminnts suh rop residues ould e hemilly treted to improve d igestiility. Aeke et l. (2008) reported tht different proessing methods suh s fermenttion, tretment with hemils, oiling, nd utolving ws le to redue or eliminte nti-nutritionl ftors ut the level of intivtion depends to lrge extent on the proessing methods. In this study, n effort ws mde to ess the effets of mmonition nd ensiling of C jnus on nutrients, nti-nutrient digestiility nd weight gin y West Afrin Dwrf gots. Site of Experiment This study ws rried out t the Smll Ruminnt Unit of the Tehing nd Reserh Frm of the Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, 0 0 Nigeri (Ltitude 7 18"N nd Longitude 5 10"E). Animls mngement nd feeding Twenty (20) West Afrin Dwrf gots (5-7 months old) with n verge ody weight of 6.20 ±1.23 kg were used. The nimls were MATERIALS AND METHODS Mterils olletion nd feed preprtion The P nium mximum ws hrvested, hopped, ured under shde 24 hours efore feeding, while the mmonited ws prepred y treting 100kg of with 5kg of ure-grded fertilizer dissolved in 100 liters of wter nd ws ensiled for 21dys.The ensiled treted ure-grded fertilizer ws then ir-dried nd stored in jute g prior to feeding. The experimentl diets were formulted suh tht Pnium mximum ws sustituted with mmonited s shown elow:- A = 100% Pnium mximum B = 75% P nium mximum + 25% C = 50% P nium mximum + 50% D = 25% P nium mximum + 75% E = 100% proured nd treted ginst eto nd endo- prsites. The tril lsted for 63 dys (exluding the one month of dpttion), the nimls were lned for ody weight, nd four (4) nimls were ssigned to eh of the five (5) experimentl diets in ompletely rndomized design. The nimls were fed the experimentl diets t the rte of 3.5% of their ody weight. Dily reords of feed intke nd refusl s well s weekly weight per niml were otined. At th the 7 week, three nimls from eh tretment were trnsferred into individul metoli ges. Fel nd urine smples were olleted for seven (7) dys fter 7 dys of limtiztion. The feeds nd fel smples were ir-dried in the lortory t room temperture for seven dys, milled to pss through 1mm mesh nd stored in different leled ontiners. The urine smples were stored in lid tight ontiners nd 0 k ept inside refrigertor t -5 C prior to hemil nlysis. Chemil nlysis The hemil nlysis ws rried out t the Nutrition Lortory of the Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Helth, Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, Ondo Stte, Nigeri. Smples of the experimentl diets nd 0 fees were oven dried t 105 C to onstnt weight for dry mtter, rude protein, rude fire, ether extrt nd sh determintion while urine smples were nlyzed for nitrogen onentrtion ording to AOAC (1990). Pp 61

3 A.N. Fjemisin, et l. Determintion of Anti-nutrients Anti-nutrients determined were tnnin, phenol, phytte, oxlte nd sponin. Determintion of Oxlte O ne grm ( 1g) eh of milled smple of experimetl diets ws weighed into 100ml onil flsk nd 75ml of 1.5% H SO ws dded nd 2 4 the solution ws refully stirred intermittently with mgneti stirer nd llowed to stnd for 1 hour. It ws then filtered using whtmn No. 1 filter pper. 25ml of smple filtrte (extrt) ws o olleted nd titrted (80 C) ginst 0.1N KMnO solution to the point when fint pink 4 olour ppered nd persisted for t lest 30 seond (Dy nd Underwood, 1986). Det ermintion of Phytte Phytte ws determined ording to the method of Wheeler nd Ferrel (1971). 4g eh of milled smple of experimentl diets ws soked in 100ml of 2% HCl for three hours nd then filtered through muslin loth. The filterte (extrt) ws olleted in onil flsk. Then 5ml of 0.3% mmonium thyioynte solution ws dded s inditor nd 53.5ml of distill wter ws dded to give proper idity nd this ws titrted ginst stndrd. Phytte = Titre vlue x 1.19x 1.95x 3.55m/g Determintion of Sponin The method used ws tht of Odoni nd Ohuko (2001). The smples were ground nd 2.5g of eh ws poured into onil flsk nd 3 100m of 20% queous ethnol ws dded. The smples were heted inside hot wter th for o four hours with ontinous stirring t out 55 C. The mixture ws filtered nd the residue re- extrted with nother 200ml 20% ethnol. The extrts were evported to 40ml inside wter o th t 90 C. The extrt ws trnsferred into 250ml seperting funnel nd 20ml of diethyl ether ws dded nd shken vigorously. The queous lyer ws reovered, while the other lyer ws disrded, the purifition proess ws repeted. 60ml of n-utnol ws dded; the omined extrts were wshed twie with 10ml of 5% queous sodium hloride. The remining solution ws heted in wter th. After evportion, the smples were dried in the oven to onstnt weight. The sponin ws lulted s stted: %Sponin = W 3 - W x W 1 W here W 1 = Weight of smple W 2 = Weight of petri-dish W 3 = Weight of filterte dried (i.e oven weight) Determintion of Tnnin 200mg eh of finely milled smples ws poured into 50ml smple ottle. 10ml of 70% queous etone ws dded nd properly overed. The ottles with their ontent were put in n ie th o shker nd shked for 2 hours t 30 C. Eh solution ws entrifuged nd the superntnt stored in ie. 0.2ml of eh solution ws pipette into test tues nd 0.8ml of distilled wter ws dded. Stndrd tnni id solutions were prepred from 0.5mg/ml stok nd the solution m de to 1ml with distilled wter. 0.5ml foli regent ws dded to smples nd stndrd ws followed y 2.5ml of 20% N CO 2 3. The onentrtion of eh solution ws determined y Atomi Asorption Spetrophotometer t 725mm ginst regent lnk onentrtion of the smples from stndrd tnni id urve (Mkkr nd Goodhild, 1996). Tnni =1ml extrt Where R = result = R x 1000 = µgta ml smpled used red from the stndrd urve Determintion of Phenol The ft free smple ws oiled with 50ml of ether for the extrtion of the phenoliomponent for 15min, 5ml of distilled wter ws dded, 2ml of mmonium hydroxide solution nd 5ml of onentrted mylohol were lso dded. The Pp 62

4 Dietry effet of P. mximum sustituted with C. on intke of West Afrin Dwrf gots smples were mde up to mrk nd left to ret for 30 minutes for olour development. This ws mesured t 505mm on spetophotometer. (Brry e t l.,2001). Phenol = 1ml extrt = R x 1000 = µgta ml of smpled used Where R = result red from the stndrd urve RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sttistil nlysis All dt olleted were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA), nd the tretment mens ompred y the methods of Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test (Dunn, 1955) using sttistil proedure of SAS (1999). Tle 1: Nutrients nd nti-nutrients omposition (g/100g) of ure-treted, untrete d C jnus nd Pnium mximum The proximte omposition nd nti-nutritionl ftors of the Treted- ( TCC), Untreted-C jnus (UCC) nd Pnium mximum (PM) re presented in T le 1. The dry mtter ontents of PM, UCC nd TCC were 97.47, nd 87.46g/100g respetively. The DM vlues differed numerilly nd the oeffiient of vrition (CV) ws 2.47%. However, the UCC hd higher dry mtter ontent ompred to the vlue oserved in TCC. This oservtion greed with the findings of Olorunnisomo (2010) tht there ws redution in the orgni mtter ontent of ssv wste fter fermenttion, w hih might hve een due to hnges in ron metolism nd growth of miro orgnisms ompnied y hydrolysis of non fermentle strh into simple fermented sugrs. The rude protein ontent (15.62g/100g) of TCC douled tht of Untreted Cjn (7.49g/100g) nd oeffiient of vrition ws 12.75%; the inresed rude protein ontent ws thought to e ssoited with the prolifertion of miroil odies. The inresed rude protein with ensilge oserved in this study ws similr to erlier findings of Ngele et l. (2010) when ure treted or untreted rie strw with supplement ws fed to Ynks sheep. UCC hd higher rude fire ontent (35.12g/100g) nd nitrogen free extrt (46.69g/100g) ompred to TCC nd PM. The diverse popultion of miro- orgnisms in the silge might hve produed ll neessry enzymes tht digest the ellulose nd hene, ply vitl role in the sustntil degrdtion of the rude fire. C omponents Pnium Untreted- Treted- SEM Men CV (%) m ximum jn h ulms jn h ulms v lue D ry mtter C rude protein 8, C rude fire E ther extrt A sh N itrogen f ree extrt T nnin P henol P hytte O xlte S ponin = Mens long the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different Treted-C jnus =TCC, Untreted-C jnus = UCC, Pnium mximum Pp 63

5 A.N. Fjemisin, et l. Tle 2: Chemil omposition of experimentl diets (g/100g) P rmeters D iets A B C D E S EM Men v lue CV (%) D ry mtter C rude protein C rude fire E ther extrt A sh N itrogen free extrt T nnin P henol P hytte O xlte S ponin = Mens long the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different A=100% B=75%PM+25%TCC; C=50%PM+50%TCC; D=25%PM+75%TCC nd E=100%TCC PM; All the nti-nutritionl ftors onsidered were higher in UCC ompred to TCC nd the oeffiient of vrition rnged; 7.63 (tnnin) 19.23% (phenol). The nti-nutritionl ftor vlues were signifintly (P<0.05) influened y the tretment (Tle 1). The lowest vlues of ll the seondry metolites oserved in ure treted might e due to the effets of mmonition s well the fermenttion. This oservtion greed with tht o f Aeke et l. (2008), they stted tht different proessing methods suh s heting (dry or queous), fermenttion, utolving nd soking with hemils re le to redue or eliminte these nti-nutritionl ftors, ut the level of redution depends to lrge extent on the proessing methods. However, no mtter the proessing method dopted there is lwys residul mount of some nti-nutrients. The Tle 2 presents the proximte omposition o f the experimentl diets. The dry mtter vlues deresed with inresing levels of TCC inlusion in the diets nd oeffiient vrition ws less thn 5%. Diet A hd the highest vlue nd the lest vlue ws oserved in diet E. However, the dry mtter vlues ompred fvourly with the vlues of 86 to 92 % reported y Bmikole et l. (2001) nd well ove the 40% t whih derese in feed onsumption will set in. The vlues of the rude protein were signifintly (p<0.05) influened y tretment nd the vlues rnged from 8.43 (diet A) to 16.99g/100g (diet B). These oserved CP vlues of diets B, C, D nd E were similr (p>0.05) ut signifintly (p<0.05) differed from the CP of diet A (CV=6.08%) however the vlues were ove the ritil 8% rude protein requirement y ruminnts for optimum miroil tivities in the rumen (Norton, 2003). Crude fire ontent of the experimentl diets were similr (p>0.05), CV % : 1.09 nd the vlues deresed from diets B to E. The grdul redution in the rude fire ontent of the experimentl diets noted s the level of TCC sustitution in the diets inresed orreltes with the findings of MDonld et l. ( 1995) nd Eniolorund et l. (2010). Perhps the diverse popultion of miro-orgnisms in the ensiled mmonited ould hve produed ll the neessry enzymes to digest ellulose nd hene ply vitl role in the sustntil degrdtion of the rude fire. Tnnin ontent of the diets rnged from 1.09 to 1.28g/100g (CV % : 1.72) nd diet D hd the highest oserved tnnin vlue while diet C hd the lest vlue. Phenol onentrtion rnged from 0.78 to 1.25g/100g, the tnnin nd phenol Pp 64

6 Dietry effet of P. mximum sustituted with C. on intke of West Afrin Dwrf gots Tle 3: Nutrients nd nti-nutrients intke (g/dy) y WAD gots fed experimentl diets P rmeters D iets A B C D E S EM D ry mtter C rude protein C rude fire d 6.77 E ther extrt A sh N itrogen free extrt d T nnin d P henol P hytte O xlte S ponin d= Mens long the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05). A=100% PM; B=75%PM+25%TCC; C=50%PM+50%TCC; D=25%PM+75%TCC nd E=100%TCC vlues oserved in this study were lower thn the reported threshold of 4% (Onwuk, 1992) nd 5% (Nughton, 1997). Phytte ontent rnged from 9.06 to 14.00g/100g, dietahd the highest vlue of oxlte, while diet D hd the lest vlue. Sponin onentrtion ws highest in diet A nd lest in E, the oserved vlue of oxlte ompred fvourly A 1.54 to 1.73% r eported y Ajyi nd Byemi (2008) in omprtive in-vitro d egrdtion of mixtures of P nium mximum nd Ll. The results of nutrients nd nti-nutrients intke y the experimentl gots were shown in Tle 3. The highest dry mtter intke vlue ws reorded for gots fed diet B, the improved intke might e influened y the high CP ontent (16.99g/100g) of the diet. This oservtion greed with the report of Amefule (2002), tht higher level of rude protein stimultes dry mtter intkes. Crude protein intke vried signifintly (p< 0.05) ross the tretment mens; it rnged from 15.59g/dy (diet E) to 57.67g/dy (diet B). The rude fire intke ws highest for gots fed diet A nd lest for gots fed diet E; this ould e refletion of deresing vlues of rude fier from diet B to E, low dry mtter nd perhps low w ter-solule rohydrte (MDonld et l., 1995). However, the deresed vlues oserved Tle 4: Nutrients nd nti-nutrients digestiility (%) y WAD gots fed experimentl diets P rmeters D iets A B C D E S EM D ry mtter C rude protein C rude fire E ther extrt N itrogen free extrt T nnin P henol P hytte O xlte S ponin = Mens long the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05). A=100% PM; B=75%PM+25%TCC; C=50%PM+50%TCC; D=25%PM+75%TCC nd E=100%TCC Pp 65

7 A.N. Fjemisin, et l. in this study were similr to erlier vlues reported y Slihu (2009). The uthor oserved deresed in rude fire intke s the rude fire of the diet deresed when vrying levels of Tithoni diversifoli nd Pnium mximum were fed to Ynks sheep. Gots fed diet B hd the highest reorded intke vlues for most of the nutrients, this oservtion greed with the report of Gkyen nd Goeser (1993) nd Chriyoy et l. (1997) tht high rude protein level in diet improves voluntry feed intke. The intke of the seondry metolites y the gots ws influened signifintly (P<0.05) y the tretment. The oserved nti-nutrients intke vlues y gots fed diets A nd B were higher ompred to the oserved intke vlues of gots fed diets C, D nd E. This ould e ttriuted to the onentrtions of the seondry metolites in the diets. The tnnin intke vlues rnged etween 1.15 nd 4.84g/dy whih ws lower thn the enefiil vlue of 35g/dy of ondensed tnnin suggested y A thnsidou et l, (2005) when sole iotive forge ws fed. The phytte, oxlte nd sponin intke deresed with inresing levels of TCC inlusion from diets B to E however, the gots did not show ny sign of ill helth throughout the experimentl period. The Tle 4 presents the nutrients digestiility y WAD gots fed the experimentl diets. The pprent digestiility of the dry mtter y gots fed dietsa, B, C nd D were sttistilly (P>0.05) similr ut signifintly (P<0.05) higher thn the vlue otined for diet E. However, the dry mtter digestiility vlues oserved for gots fed diets A to D were reltively high, suggesting tht the diets ould e highly pltle nd digestile. The digestiility oeffiient of dry mtter ws noted to deresed with deresing quntity of protein intke y the gots fed the experimentl diets, this greed with the oservtion of M Donld et l. (1995) tht there is positive reltionship etween digestiility of feeds nd protein intke. The rude protein digestiility vlues vried: % nd these were higher thn the vlues of % reported y Olorunnisomo (2010) for lms fed ooked or fermented ssv ure mel s well s the v lues of % reported y Ngele et l. (2010) when ure treted rie strw ws fed to Ynks sheep. The digestiility of the rude fier inresed s the rude protein ontent of the diets inresed, exept those of gots fed diet E. Rnjhn (1993) oserved tht higher protein ontent inresed the digestiility of the rude fire of feed, this ould e ttriuted to improved tivities of miroorgnisms on high protein rtion nd onsequently they degrde the rude fire more vigorously. Tnnin digestiility y the gots fed diets A, C nd D were sttistilly similr (P> 0.05) however, the gots fed diet A hd the highest vlue while the lest vlue ws reorded for gots fed diet E. Phenol digestiility vlue Tle 5: Nitrogen retention nd performne hrteristis of experimentl nimls P rmeters D iets A B C D E S EM D ry mtter intke (g/d) C rude protein intke (g/d) N itrogen retention (g/d) I nitil weight (kg) F inl weight (kg) W eight gin (g/d) d 3.65 d Feed/gin rtio d = Mens long the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different (P<0.05). A=100% PM; B=75%PM+25%TCC; C=50%PM+50%TCC; D=25%PM+75%TCC nd E=100%TCC Pp 66

8 Dietry effet of P. mximum sustituted with C. on intke of West Afrin Dwrf gots reorded for gots fed diet A ws the highest (Tle 4). The phytte pprent digestiility vlues deresed with inresed TCC sustitution levels from diet B to diet E. However, the nti-nutrients were well digested; this ould e due to mmonition, leding to improved nitrogen vilility for miroil fermenttion nd etter digestion of the nti-nutrients in the feed (Adegol, 2002). The oserved digestiility vlues of oxlte oserved in gots fed diets A, B, C nd D were sttistilly (P>0.05) similr ut signifintly (P<0.05) differed from the vlue oserved in gots fed diet E suggesting tht oxlte ontent in dietsa, B, C nd D ws fermented nd etter utilized y the gots. This oservtion ws orroorted y the report of MDonld et l. ( 1995), the uthors stted tht when oxlte is onsumed it my e degrded y the rumen miroorgnisms, omine with the lium in the rumen nd e sored into the lood strem. The digestiility vlues of sponin reported in this study rnged from 66.34% (diet E) to 87.01% (diet C) however, the reported vlues were tolerle to the gots. The performne hrteristis of the experimentl gots were shown in the Tle 5. The nitrogen retention vlues rnged from 1.66 to 6.36g/dy, this ompred fvourly to the vlues of 1.97 to 8.05g /dy otined y Olorunnisomo (2010) for sheep fed ooked or fermented ssv - ure mel. The positive nitrogen retention otined however signified tht the diets were dequte in their supply of nitrogen to the rumen. Gots fed diet B hd the highest weight gin; this might e ttriuted to higher dry mtter nd rude protein intke, protein qulity (16.99g/100g) of the diet nd est nitrogen retention vlue. This oservtion greed with the findings of Adeowle nd Tiwo (1996) tht weight gin ws dependent on dry mtter, protein intke nd digestiility of the nutrients. Gots fed diet B lso hd etter feed/ gin rtio thn ll other gots fed the experimentl diets. This orroortes erlier oservtion on growth rte of ruminnts fed ure treted diets (Wnpt, 2006). Utiliztion of low protein (high firous) feeds y ruminnts hd een reported to improve when ure ws dded to suh feeds ( Olorunnisomo e t l.,2008). CONCLUSION This study reveled tht when treted with ure ould e n lterntive to Pnium mximum to meet the nutrients requirement of ruminnt nimls. It ould e Dwrf gots in terms of feed intke, digestiility, ody weight gin nd feed onversion rtio ws est t 75% Pnium mximum + 25% Ure treted C jnus silge. onluded tht the performne of West Afrin REFERENCES ABEKE, F.O., OGUNDIPE, S.O., DAFWANG, West Afri dwrf sheep nd gots. Nigeri I.I., SEKONI, A.A., ABU, A. nd Journl of Animl Prodution. 23(2):153- A DEYINKA, L.A. ( 2008). Effet of durtio n of ooking on /the levels of some nti- n utritionl ftors of nine vrieties of 160. A DEGBOLA, T.A. (2002). Nutrient intke, digestiility nd rumen metolites in ulls L l purposes ens. Nigeri fed rie strws with or without supplements. J ournl of Animl Prodution 35(2): N igerin Journl of Animl Prodution. 29(1): ADEBOWALE, E.A. nd TAIWO, A.A. (1996). AGANGA, A.A., OMPHILE, U.J. nd Utiliztion of rop residues nd gro- industril y-produts s omplete diets for BALESENG, L. (2001). Performne of Tswn gots fed Ai mellifer, Eule Pp 67

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