Effects of Lemmon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Leaf Meal Feed Supplement on Growth Performance of Broiler Chicks

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 9 (12): , 2010 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2010 Effets of Lemmon Grss (Cymopogon itrtus) Lef Mel Feed Supplement on Growth Performne of Broiler Chiks F.U.C. Mmereole Deprtment of Animl Siene, Delt Stte University, As Cmpus, As, Delt Stte, Nigeri Astrt: An experiment ws onduted to evlute the effets of dietry inlusion of Lemmon Grss (Cymopogon itrtus) Lef Mel (LGLM) on growth performnes of roiler hikens nd its ility to e utilized s vile lterntive to ntiioti growth promoters. The experiment involved two hundred nd seventy dy-old Aor-re roiler hikens rndomly seprted into 3 experimentl diet groups, with eh eing replited 3 times. Ninety dy-old irds were rndomly lloted to eh group nd thirty irds per replite. The diet groups were: Diet 1 (D 1 = ontrol = sl diet), Diet 2 (D 2 = sl diet +1% LGLM) nd Diet 3 (D 3 = sl diet+1% Termyin ntiioti growth promoter). The irds were rood-rered for six weeks. At dy-old the irds were weighed to otin the initil weight nd susequently weighed weekly to determine weekly ody weights nd weekly ody weight gins. Other prmeters tken weekly inluded feed intke, feed onversion rtio nd mortlity rtes. All the prmeters were sujeted to sttistil nlysis using SPSS The results otined indite tht the performnes of the irds pled on ontrol diet (D1) were signifintly (p<0.05) lower in ll prmeters thn those pled on D2 nd D3. The results further indited tht, lthough the finl ody weight of the irds on D2 ( g) ws quntittively higher thn tht of the irds in D3 ( g), the differene ws not signifint (p>0.05). With respet to feed intke nd feed onversion rtio, it ws oserved tht there were no signifint differenes etween the irds in D2 nd D3. At the end of the experiment the umultive mortlity rte in D2 (3.67%) ws found to e signifintly (p<0.05) lower thn the mortlity rte for the irds in D3 (3.98%). Bsed on these results, it n e onluded tht, onsidering the risk of drug resistne whih the ntiiotis tend to impose on roilers, Lemmon grss lef mel n e onsidered s vile lterntive to ntiiotis growth promoters. Key words: Lemmon grss, lef mel, roiler hikens INTRODUCTION For mny dedes, ntiiotis hve widely een used s growth promoter to enhne growth nd the overll performne in poultry nd livestok prodution The use of ntiiotis espeilly t sutherepeuti levels s growth promoter hs led the to the development of teril resistne, ross resistne nd multiple resistne (Gould, 2008). W.H.O. defined resistne to ntiiotis s the ility of the teril popultion to survive the inhiitory effet of n ntimiroil gent resulting from the previous exposure to, perhps, su therpeuti levels of the ntimiroil gent. (Ctry et l., 2003). The dngers posed y the development of resistne in poultry, livestok nd humn eings hve een doumented. Vn de Bogrd nd Stoeringh (2000) showed tht resistnt teri n e trnsferred from poultry produts to humn popultion through onsumption or hndling of poultry met ontminted with the resistnt pthogen. De Leener (2005) stressed tht one quired; the resistnt teri n olonize the humn intestines nd the genes oding teri elonging to the endogenous flor of humns therey jeoprdizing the effetive tretment of the teril infetion. The development of resistne mong teril popultions previously exposed to sutherepeuti dosges hs eome growing puli issue euse the emerging resistnt teril strins hve seriously ffeted the effetiveness of therpeuti hndling of suh diseses used y these resistnt teril strins. (Anonymous, 2006; Hstre, 2008). However, in 2006, the Europen Union nd mny ountries inluding USA nned the use of ntiiotis s growth promoters. (Gould, 2008). As result of this n pled on ntiioti growth promoters, lot of interests were now foussed on serh for lterntives to ntiioti growth promoters. Rngsmy nd Kliirsil (2007) onduted n experiment to evlute the effets of Pnhgvy nd Androgrphis pniult s lterntives to ntiioti growth promoters on the hemtologil, serum iohemil prmeters nd immune sttus of roilers nd onluded tht dietry supplementtion of Pnhgvy nd Androgrphis pniult not only ompred very well with the ntiioti growth promoters in terms of weight improvement ut lso showed signifint superiority over the ntiioti growth promoters in terms of immunomodultory effets on the roilers. El-Hussein et l. (2008) lso onduted similr experiment nd onluded tht performne nd immune response of hiks fed on iologil feed dditives were equivlent or even superior to tht of 1107

2 ntiioti promoters. Similrly, Mehl nd Moorthy were involved in the experiment. On rrivl, the irds (2008) onduted n experiment to evlute the effets were rndomly lloted to the 3 test diets. The 3 diet of Aloe ver nd Curum long (Turmmeri) s trils were s follows: lterntives to ntiioti growth promoters. Bsed on the results they otined it ws onluded tht Aloe ver Diet A = Control diet- the usul roiler feed without lone or in omintion with Curum long ould growth promoter. effetively e utilized to reple ntiioti growth Diet B = The usul roiler feed + 1% Lemmon Grss promoters in roiler prodution. Kumr et l. (2003) lso Lef Mel (LGLM). oserved tht when herl supplements were inluded Diet C = The usul roiler feed + 1% T/M solule in roiler diets, mortlity rtes were redued in the powder (ntiioti growth promoter) treted groups s ompred to the irds fed on ontrol diet. There hve een similr experiments with similr Ninety irds were rndomly lloted to eh diet group results leding to similr onlusions tht nturl feed mde up of 3 replites with eh replite hving 30 supplements n effetively e utilized to promote irds. The irds were rooded nd rered in rood-rer growth in poultry nd livestok while voiding the deep litter pens whih were demrted ording to the dngerous phenomenon of enourging drug resistnt diet groups nd their replites. The ingredients teri s in the se of ntiioti growth promoters. omposition nd proximte nlysis of the diets (strter (Demir et l., 2003; Cross et l., 2007). It is on this nd finisher) re presented on (Tle 1 nd 2) ontinuous serh for more suitle, heper nd more respetively. The lef mel ws prepred y hrvesting ville iotive feed dditive within the lol n orhrd nd sun-drying the leves to 79% moisture environment whih ould e used to reple ntiiotis ontent. The dried leves were then milled to get the growth promoters, tht this experiment ws mounted. desired lef mel. All the irds involved in the The experiment ws, therefore, designed to evlute the experiment were treted eqully in ll respets exept effets of dietry inlusion of Lemmon grss tht Diet A (ontrol) does not ontin ny growth (Cymopogon itrtus) lef mel on growth promoter, Diet B ontins LGLM while Diet C ontins performnes of roiler hikens nd its ility to e ntiioti growth promoter. At dy-old the irds were utilized s vile lterntive for ntiioti growth weighed to otin the initil weight nd susequently promoters. Lemmon grss is n romti perennil weighed weekly to otin the weekly ody weights nd tropil plnt tht n grow s high s 3.5 meters with ody weight gins. The experiment lsted for 6 weeks. long thin leves. Lemmon grss ws originlly found Other prmeters mesured during this period inlude growing wild in Indi. It produes network of roots nd feed intke, feed onversion rtio nd mortlity rtes. rootless tht rpidly exhust the soil. In humn The dt on ody weight, ody weight gins nd mediine, Lemmon grss hs the following therpeuti mortlity rtes were trnsformed into log10 while the properties: nlgesi, nti-depressnt, ntimiroil, dt on perentges were trnsformed into rsine ntipyreti, ntisepti, teriidl, diureti, fungiidl, efore eing sujeted to sttistil nlysis (Snedeor insetiidl nd nervous system sedtive nd toni. nd Cohrn, 1994). All the dt olleted were (Leite et l., 1986). With ll these remedies redited to sujeted to nlysis of vrine using the GLM Lemmon grss it is elieved tht some of these proedure of Sttistil Pkge of Soil Sienes dvntges n e hrnessed nd rought to er (SPSS, 2006). Signifint mens were seprted using generlly in livestok prodution nd prtiulrly in Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test of the sme pkge. roiler prodution to enhne growth nd the overll prodution performne nd thus reple the ntiioti RESULTS AND DISCUSSION growth promoters. Therefore, in onduting this The ingredient omposition nd the proximte nlysis experiment, n pproh ws dopted so tht the of the experimentl diets re presented on (Tle 1 nd outome of this investigtion will hve prtil 2) while the results on weekly ody weights nd weekly pplition to the frmer. If the results of the experiment ody weight gins, feed intke, feed onversion rtio nd re positive, the use of Lemmon grss lef mel ould mortlity rtes re presented on Tle 3. hve the potentil for diminishing or even eliminting the dverse effets of using ntiiotis nd some other iologilly tive gents s growth promoters. In ddition, the use of Lemmon grss lef mel my lso improve feed onversion rtio nd so help redue feed osts in roiler prodution espeilly s it is quite inexpensive nd it is undntly ville. MATERIALS AND METHODS A totl of 270 dy-old Aor Are roiler hiks proured from very reputle Hthery in Delt Stte-Nigeri 1108 Body weight nd ody weight gins: The results s shown on Tle 3 hve reveled tht the dietry inlusion of the growth promoters (Lemmon grss lef mel nd Termyin solule Powder) resulted in signifintly (p<0.05) higher ody weight nd ody weight gins when ompred with the irds fed ontrol diet. The higher ody weight nd weight gins in the treted groups strted in week 1 nd ontinued to the end of the experiment t week 6. Although the ody weights nd the weight gins of the irds treted with

3 Tle 1: Proximte omposition of the experimentl feeds T1 T2 T Ingredients Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Lemmon Grss Lef Mel (LGLM) T/M SOL. Powder Mize Soy Ben Mel (SBM) Beniseed Blood mel Bone mel V/Premix Slt Tle 2: Clulted nutrient nlysis Tretment 1 Tretment 2 Tretment Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Strter Finisher Crude protein (%) M.E (kl/kg) Crude fire (%) Totl Ash E.E NFE Clium Totl phosphorus Lysine Methionine Lemmon Grss Lef Mel (LGLM) were quntittively exeption of week 2, there were signifint (p<0.05) higher thn those of the irds treted with differenes in feed intke etween the irds on ontrol Termyin solule powder (T/M), the differene ws not diet (Diet 1) nd those fed on diets treted with either signifint (p>0.05). At the end of the experiment, the Lemmon grss lef mel (Diet 2) or those pled on finl ody weights in Diet 1 (ontrol = g) ws ntiiotis growth promoter. This result is t vrine signifintly (p<0.05) lower thn those irds treted with with the oservtion mde y Mehl nd Moorthy LGLM (Diet 2 = g) nd those treted with T/M (2008). They limed tht there were no signifint (Diet 3 = g). However, the differene etween (p>0.05) differenes etween the ontrol nd treted the ody weights of irds in Diet 2 ( g) nd Diet groups, proly due to the iso-lori nd iso- 3 ( g) ws not signifint (p<0.05). The ody nitrogenous nture of the experimentl diets. Moorthy et weight gins of the treted irds (Diet 2 nd Diet 3) l. (2009) similrly oserved no signifint (p>0.05) ontinued to e signifintly (p<0.05) higher thn those differenes etween the ontrol nd the treted groups. of the irds fed with ontrol diet (Diet 1). At the end of the However, the differene etween the result otined in experiment, the umultive weight gins in Diet 1 this experiment nd the other previous experiments my (ontrol = g) ws signifintly (p<0.05) lower e ttriuted to the differenes in the hers used in the thn those of Diet 2 ( g) nd those in Diet 3 experiments. While the previous experiments used Aloe ( g). These results re onsistent with those ver, this experiment utilized Lemmon grss lef mel. otined y Rngsmy nd Kliisil (2007) who oserved tht the dietry inlusion of Andrgrphis pniult not only ompred very well with ntiioti growth promoters in terms of growth improvement ut lso showed signifint superiority over the ntiioti growth promoters in terms of immunomodultory effets on the roiler hikens. Similr oservtions hve een mde y mny sholrs who hve done lot of work on sustituting ntiioti growth promoters with hers nd other iologil feed dditives. (El-Hussein et l., 2008; Mehl nd Moorthy, 2008; Moorthy et l., 2009). Feed onversion rtio: Tle 3 lso presents the result on Feed Conversion Rtio (FCR) for the experimentl roiler hikens. From the tle it n e oserved tht FCR ws signifintly (p<0.05) poorer in the irds on ontrol diet thn the irds in the other tretment groups. The implition of this is tht the quntity of feed onsumed to gin 1 kg of ody weight ws signifintly (p<0.05) higher in the irds fed ontrol diet thn in the irds fed diets ontining growth promoters. This trend th ontinued to the 6 week when the experiment Feed intke: Anlysis of dt on men umultive feed intke s shown on Tle 3 reveled tht, with the terminted. During this period lso, it ws oserved tht, with the exeption of week 3, there were no signifint (p<0.05) differenes in FCR etween the irds pled on 1109

4 Tle 3: Weekly performne prmeters of the experimentl roiler hikens Tretments Age (weeks) Prmeters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Hth weight (g) ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±1.86 Weight gin (g) ± ± ±1.25 Feed intke (g) ± ± ±2.11 Feed onversion rtio (r) 1.23 ± ± ±0.02 Mortlity (%) 0.10 ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±10.06 Cumultive weight gin (g) ± ± ±8.25 Cumultive feed intke (g) ± ± ±10.26 Cum. feed onversion rtio (r) 1.61 ± ± ±0.01 Cumultive mortlity (%) 4.40 ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±9.50 Cum. Body weight gin (g) ± ± ±8.75 Cum. feed intke (g) ± ± ±17.25 Cum. feed onversion rtio (r) 1.71 ± ± ±0.01 Cumultive mortlity (%) ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±10.56 Cum. ody weight gin ± ± ±7.75 Cum. feed intke (g) ± ± ±17.75 Cum. feed onversion rtio (r) 1.73 ± ± ±0.02 Cumultive mortlity (%) 6.50 ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±18.56 Cum. weight gin (g) ± ± ±15.65 Cum. feed intke (g) ± ± ±17.25 Cum. Feed onversion rtio (r) 1.90 ± ± ±0.02 Cumultive mortlity (%) 6.67 ± ± ± Body weight (g) ± ± ±23.43 Cum. weight gin (g) ± ± ±15.76 Cum. feed intke (g) ± ± ±16.95 Cum. feed onversion rtio (r) 1.92 ± ± ±0.03 Cumultive mortlity (%) 6.67 ± ± ±0.25,,, Mens within the sme row with different supersripts re signifintly different (p<0.05) T2 nd T3. This oservtion ppers to e t vrines differene etween the mortlity rtes in D2 (3.67%) nd with those expressed y Mehl nd Moorthy (2008) nd in D3 (3.98%) differed signifintly (p<0.05). This result Moorthy et l. (2009). They explined tht it ws only in is onsistent with the onlusion drwn y Kumr et l. week 1 tht the FCR in Diet 1 ws signifintly (p< 0.05) (2003). They oserved tht when the irds were fed diets poorer thn in the other diet groups, therefter nd up to ontining growth promoters, mortlity rtes were the end of 6 weeks when the experiment terminted, redued s ompred with those irds pled on ontrol there were no signifint (p>0.05) differenes mong the diet. This redution in mortlity is mnifesttion of the vrious tretments. These vritions in the response of ility of the growth promoters to hek the miroil the experimentl roiler hikens my e refletion of tivities nd thus redue infetions nd mortlity rtes. the differenes in the nutrient nd hemil ompositions of hers used or my due to reed differenes of the roilers used in this experiment. Mortlity rtes: The results on the umultive men mortlity rtes re lso presented on Tle 3. From this tle it n e oserved tht signifint (p<0.01) differenes exist etween the irds fed ontrol diet nd those fed diets ontining growth promoters. At the end of the experiment (6 weeks), the mortlity rte for the irds on ontrol diet ws 6.67% whih ws signifintly (p>0.01) higher thn those pled on diet ontining Lemmon grss lef mel (Diet 2 = 3.67%) nd those pled on diet ontining ntiioti growth promoter (Diet 3 = 3.98%). The result lso shows tht the 1110 Conlusion: Bsed on the ville results so fr, it n e onluded tht Lemmon Grss Lef Mel (LGLM) used in this experiment gve similr nd in some ses etter performne thn the ntiioti growth promoter. Feeding roiler on diets ontining ntiioti growth promoter hd no superiority over diets ontining LGLM in terms of ody weights nd ody weight gins, feed intke, feed onversion rtio nd mortlity rtes. Tking into onsidertion, the possile risk of ntiioti growth promoters on humn nd livestok helth, inlusion of Lemmon grss lef mel in the diets of roilers is reommended s vile lterntive to ntiioti growth promoters.

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