Induction of Plant Growth Promotion in Camellia sinensis by Bacillus megaterium and its Bioformulations

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1 World Journl of Agriulturl Sienes 8 (1): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2012 Indution of Plnt Growth Promotion in Cmelli sinensis y Billus megterium nd its Bioformultions U. Chkrorty, B.N. Chkrorty nd A.P. Chkrorty Deprtment of Botny, Immuno-Phytopthology Lortory, University of North Bengl, Siliguri , West Bengl, Indi Astrt: Plnt growth promoting ility of Billus megterium (TRS-4), isolted from rhizosphere of te ushes, ws tested on 5 vrieties of te- TV-18, TV-23, TV-25, TV-26 nd T-17/1/154 in the experimentl field nd in potted ondition. An inrese in height, emergene of new leves, rnhes nd inrese in lef numers s well s inrese in lef dry mss ws oserved following pplition of the terium. The experimentl field ws designed in rndomized lok design where three replite plots with 10 plnts /tretment for eh vriety ws tken. In the field, the experimentl plot of Te Estte ws rrnged into 2-replited rndomized lok design, with eh tretment of vriety T-17/1/154 hving 100 ushes. Inrese in numer of leves nd numer of rnhes were signifint fter 12 months of pplition in field ut in potted plnts, signifint inrese were otined even fter 2 months of pplition. Signifint inrese in umultion of phenolis ws lso oserved in te plnts. B. megterium soluilized phosphte in vitro nd in vivo. Following pplition of the terium, soil P ontent deresed, root nd lef phosphte inresed nd soil phosphtse tivities were enhned. Chlorophyll ontents of leves were enhned y the pplition of B. megterium. Bioformultions of the terium in sw dust, rie husk nd te wste were found to survive for more thn 9 months in vitro with 6-7 popultions in the rnge of 1 10.f.u/ml. The ioformultions were s effetive s queous suspensions in plnt growth promotion. There ws no signifint differene mong the queous suspension or different ioformultions in inrese in height nd numer of leves fter 2 months of pplition, inditing tht the pplition of ioformultions ould lso effetively promote te plnt growth. Key words: Billus megterium Growth promotion Phosphte soluiliztion Bioformultion INTRODUCTION Kloepper nd Shroth [1], inlude those teri tht re le to ggressively olonize plnt roots nd stimulte Te (Cmelli sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is one of the plnt growth when pplied to roots, tuers nd seeds. most importnt plnttion rops in Drjeeling nd Doors Exess use of hemil fertilizers nd fungiides hs regions, whih re the te growing regions of West resulted in dverse impt on soil environment whih in Bengl, Indi. Over the yers, produtivity of the plnt turn leds to loss in produtivity nd hene plnt growth hs een deresing nd one of the resons for this hs promoting rhizoteri (PGPRs) re now finding een ttriuted to the ontinuous use of huge quntities inresing pplitions s iofertilizers [2]. The potentil of hemils in te plnttions. Hene, there is pressing enefit of plnt growth promoting rhizoteri is not need in te industry for utilizing either iologil produts fully relized euse of limittion like inonsistene ompletely or reduing the use of hemils y performne t different lotion nd seson. supplementing with iologil produts in integrted The mehnisms y whih PGPRs n influene mngement prties. plnt growth my differ from speies to speies s well s The rhizosphere, zone very rih in nutrients, from strin to strin. Growth promotion mehnism my e supports lrge miroil popultions, whih exert diret i.e. prodution of growth hormones, phosphte enefiil, neutrl or detrimentl effets on plnt growth. soluiliztion, nitrogen fixtion or indiret viz., Plnt growth promoting rhizoteri, first defined y suppression of deleterious miroorgnisms y Corresponding Author: U. Chkrorty, Deprtment of Botny, Immuno-Phytopthology Lortory, University of North Bengl, Siliguri , West Bengl, Indi. 104

2 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 siderophore prodution or seretion of ntifungl metolites [3]. PGPRs hve lso een reported to protet plnts from vrious pthogens y tivting defense genes enoding - peroxidse, hitinse, phenyllninemmoni-lyse, -1, 3- glunse nd others, involved in synthesis of phytolexin [4, 5]. Isoltes of Billus megterium hve lso een reported to produe ntiiotis ginst severl fungl pthogens [6]. Phosphorus is n essentil nutrient for plnts nd n importnt omponent in ell metolism. There re two omponents of P in soil, orgni nd inorgni phosphtes. A lrge proportion is present in insolule forms nd therefore, not ville for plnt nutrition. Inorgni P ours in soil, mostly in insolule minerl omplexes, some of them ppering fter the pplition of hemil fertilizers. These preipitted forms n not e sored y plnts. Orgni mtter, on the other hnd, is n importnt reservoir of immoilized P tht ounts for 20-80% of soil P [7]. Conversion of insolule phosphtes (oth inorgni nd orgni) to form essile to the plnts, like orthophosphte, is n importnt trit of plnt growth promoting terium (PGPB) for inresing plnt yields. Phosphorus n e relesed from orgni ompounds in soil y three groups of enzymes inluding phosphtses. Aid phosphtses tlyse non- speifi hydrolysis of inorgni phosphte (Pi) from phosphte monoesters in ph rnges from 4 to 6 nd help in the supply of phosphte in plnts [8-9]. Similrly lkline phosphtses hve role in mintenne of ellulr metolism [10]. Use of plnt growth promoting miroes s ioontrol gents nd iofertilizers give eo-friendly nd inexpensive lterntives to the use of hemils. However, for esy hndling of suh teri, it is neessry to pk suh teri in inert mterils whih n lso e pkged nd stored. Initilly, it is essentil to determine whether the teri n survive in the ioformultions for resonle period of time nd whether they n indue similr effets to those oserved y live teril ells. The effiy of teril inoulnts would lrgely depend on the type of formultion nd delivery tehnology [11]. Experimentl formultions of Billus spp tht hve effetively redued plnt diseses hve inluded pet nd hitin [12, 13], - lginte, lginte mnuol [14]. The purpose of the present study ws to evlute the potentil of Billus megterium, whih ws originlly isolted from te rhizosphere [15] on te growth in the nursery, in the experimentl field s well s in te plnttion. Influene of the terium on phosphte soluiliztion in the soil nd phosphte ontents in the plnts, s well s its influene on mjor iohemil omponents hve lso een studied. Further, effiy of the terium s ioformultions for improving of plnt helth hve lso een determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isoltion of Miroorgnisms: Billus megterium TRS-4 ws isolted from the rhizosphere soil of te ushes from Hnsqu Te Estte, West Bengl, Indi nd preliminrily identified on the sis of morphologil, mirosopi nd iohemil tests [15]. The identity of the terium ws onfirmed from the Plnt Dignosti nd Identifition Servies, UK. The terium ws mintined on Nutrient Agr (NA) slnts. Seletion of Plnt Mteril nd In Vivo Applition of B. megterium: Eighteen-month old seedlings of five vrieties of te- TV-18, TV-23, TV-25, TV-26 nd T- 17/1/154, were seleted for experimentl purposes. The seleted te seedlings were mintined in 12½ erthenwre pots nd lso in the experimentl field in rndomized lok design. Te seedlings were wtered regulrly for proper mintenne. In the experimentl plot of Hnsqu Te Grden, 8 yr old pruned plnts of T-17/1/154 were seleted for experimentl purposes. The plot ws lso divided into 2-replited rndomized lok design for experiments. Aqueous suspension of 8 B. megterium (1 10.f.u/ml) ws pplied s soil drenh s well s folir 100 ml/plnt to the rhizosphere of te plnts of the 5 vrieties in experimentl field, to the rhizosphere nd leves of 8 yrs old pruned te plnts of T-17/1/154 Hnsqu Te Estte field nd lso in potted plnts. Applition ws done t n intervl of one month nd three pplitions were done in se of experimentl field nd pot. Applition ws lso done t n intervl of two months nd two pplitions were done in se of Hnsqu Te Estte. Growth promotion ws studied in terms of inrese in height, numer of leves, numer of rnhes nd lef dry mss in omprison to ontrol, Oservtions were reorded t regulr intervls. Phosphte Soluiliztion: Primry phosphte soluilizing tivity of B. megterium ws rried out y llowing the terium to grow in seletive medium i.e., Pikovsky s gr (PVK) ( Himedi- M520; ingredients- yest extrt g/l, dextrose g/l, lium phosphte g/l, mmonium sulphte g/l, potssium hloride g/l, mgnesium sulphte g/l, mngnese sulphte g/l, ferrous sulphte g/l nd gr g/l) for 7 to 105

3 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , dys t 37 C [16]. The pperne of trnsprent hlo 250 g of sw dust or rie husk nd ph ws djusted to zone round the teril olony indited the phosphte 7 y dding lium ronte. They were sterilized y soluilizing tivity of the terium. For phosphte utolving for 30 min t 15 ls. p.s.i. nd 120 C twie. 100 determintion, soil smple (1g) ws ir dried nd ml of queous teril suspension ( onentrtion of suspended in 25 ml of the extrting solution ( 0.025N f.u/ml) ws dded to the mixtures under sterile H2SO 4, 0.05N HCl) to whih of tivted hrol (0.01g) ondition. The mixture ws dried under shde to redue ws lso dded, shken well for 30 min on rotry shker the moisture to less thn 20%. Formultions were pked nd filtered through Whtmn No. 2 filter pper [17]. In in polythene gs, seled nd stored t room temperture. se of plnt lef nd root smples, oven dried plnt In preprtion of te wste ioformultion, the proedure mteril ws rushed with extrting solution. ws similr s mentioned ove ut te wste ws initilly Quntittive estimtion of phosphte ws done following soked overnight in distilled wter to remove the phenoli mmonium molydte-sori id method [18]. omponents. Survivility of B. megterium ws heked t regulr intervl of 1 month for period of nine months Aid nd Alkline Phosphtse Ativities: Aout 2 g using diret plting method in nutrient gr medium. The portions of eh soil smple ws used for enzyme dt ws expressed in log form for nlysis. extrtion nd ssys. The tivities of enzymes were Results were nlysed y ANOVA nd Student s t expressed ording to method of Toming nd Tkeshi test. Stndrd error ws determined in eh se. [19] with modifitions. For id phosphtse ssy, soil smples were extrted in 5 ml of 50 mm sodium ette RESULTS AND DISCUSSION uffer (ph5.0) using hilled mortr nd pestle whih ws then trnsferred into tue nd solution ws shken well. Applition of Billus megterium to the 1 ml of 5 mm p- nitrophenyl phosphte solution ws rhizosphere of five vrieties of te plnts in the dded to the tue. All the tues long with ontrol were experimentl field resulted in n inrese in growth in llowed to inute t 37 C for 1 hour. After inution, terms of inrese in lef numers nd numer of rnhes. 2 ml of solution ws trnsferred into entrifuge tues. Inrese in numer of leves ws signifint fter 12 Centrifugtion ws done t 10,000 r.p.m for 2 min t 4 C. months of pplition, wheres initil lef numer nd Finlly the superntnt ws tken nd 4.0 ml of 100 mm st inrese in lef numer fter 6 months of 1 pplition NOH ws dded to it in test tue nd mixed well for were insignifint. Similr trend ws lso oserved in se termintion of retion. Three ml. of this mixture ws tken of inrese in rnh numers (Tle 1). In study in uvette (volume 4 ml.) nd sorne t 400 nm ws onduted on groundnut, Kishore et l. [22] reported noted for determintion of the mount of p-nitrophenol tht Billus firmis GRS123, B. megterium GPS 55 nd lierted. Enzyme tivity ws expressed s one µmol P. eruginos GPS 21 promoted seedling emergene, root p- nitrophenol lierted/se/g of soil. The proedure for length, shoot length, dry weight nd pod yield. In potted the ssy of lkline phosphtse ws similr to id plnts, pplition of B. megterium reveled tht phosphtse exept tht for enzyme extrtion nd inrese in height nd numer of leves fter 2 months inution 100 mm sodium ironte uffer (ph 10.0) were signifint ut initil height nd lef numers were ws used. insignifint (Tles 2 & 3). Growth promotion ws lso studied in terms of inrese in numer of leves in T- Estimtion of Phenolis nd Totl Chlorophyll Contents: 17/1054 in omprison to ontrol plot in the experimentl Totl phenols were extrted nd estimted from te field of Te Estte (Tle 4). Sttistil nlysis (ANOVA) leves following the method of Mhdevn nd Sridhr reveled signifint inrese in no. of leves y [20]. Quntifition of totl phenol ws done using pplition of the terium. Severl speies nd strins stndrd of ffei id. Extrtion nd estimtion of of Billus hve lso een reported to indue plnt hlorophyll ontents were performed y stndrd growth promotion (seed germintion, seedling emergene, methods [21]. inrese in shoot nd root iomss et.) nd disese resistne in rop plnts. These inlude B. pumilus on Development of Bioformultions: Three ioformultions uumer, tomto [23, 24], te [25] nd B. spherius on were prepred- using sw dust, rie husk nd te wste. uumer [24]. The ility of B.megterium to inrese For the preprtion of ioformultions, 2.5 g of roxy lef numer nd iomss is espeilly importnt in te methyl ellulose sodium slt (Himedi) ws dded to plnttions sine te is ultivted for its leves. 106

4 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 Tle 1: Effet of pplition B. megterium on rnh nd lef numers of te plnts in field No. of leves No. of rnhes Te vrieties Tretment Initil After 6 months After 12 months Initil After 6 months After 12 months TV-18 Control B.megterium 11 ± ± ±1.6 3 ±0.5 4 ± ± ± ± ±1.5 4 ±1.0 9 ± ±1.1 TV-23 Control B.megterium 13 ± ± ±1.0 2 ±0.4 3 ± ± ± ± ±0.9 3 ±0.5 5 ± ±0.8 TV-25 Control B.megterium 12 ± ± ±0.8 2 ±0.6 3 ± ± ± ± ±0.7 3 ±0.7 8 ± ±1.1 TV-26 Control B.megterium 14 ± ± ±2.9 5 ±1.0 8 ± ± ± ± ±2.8 4 ±0.8 8 ± ±1.2 T-17 Control B.megterium 13 ± ± ±1.9 4 ±0.6 4 ± ± ± ± ±1.6 4 ±0.4 5 ± ±1.8 CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) , Men of 30 replite plnts/tretment; Differenes etween ontrol nd tretment in eh vriety insignifint when supersript sme ( ), signifint when, supersript different ( P=0.05;, P=0.01) Tle 2: Effet of pplition of B.megterium on height of plnts(± s.e.) nd lef numers(± s.e.) of te grown in potted ondition Height (m) Lef numers Te vrieties Tretment Initil After 2 months Initil After 2 months TV-18 Control 08.0 ± ±1.2 (2) 26.0 ± ±1.6(3) B. megterium 09.0 ± ±1.5(12) 29.0 ± ±1.4(9) TV-23 Control 11.0 ± ±1.3(3) 29.0 ± ±1.8(5) B. megterium 13.0 ± ±1.8(17) 32.0 ± ±2.3(15) TV-25 Control 14.0 ± ±1.1(3) 26.0 ± ±2.7(6) B. megterium 13.0 ± ±1.2(11) 29.0 ± ±2.9(12) TV-26 Control 12.0 ± ±1.5(6) 22.0 ± ±2.4(7) B. megterium 15.0 ± ±1.4(16) 22.0 ± ±3.0(17) T-17 Control 10.2 ± ±1.5(6) 17.1 ± ±1.8(4.1) B. megterium 12.0 ± ±1.7(10.5) 17.2 ± ±2.6(17.8) CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) , Men of 10 replite plnts/tretment; Differenes etween ontrol nd tretment in eh vriety insignifint when supersript sme ( ), signifint when, supersript different ( P=0.05;, P=0.01); Figures in prenthesis indite the inrement over period of 2 months Tle 3: Biomss of te leves of potted te plnts 2 months fter pplition of B.megterium Te vrieties Tretment Fresh weight (g) Dry weight tken fter 7 dys (g) TV-18 Control 04.5 ± B. megterium 15.0 ± TV-23 Control 09.0 ± B. megterium 25.0 ± TV-25 Control 10.0 ± B. megterium 18.0 ± TV-26 Control 02.0 ± B. megterium 15.0 ± T-17 Control 06.0 ± B. megterium 20.0 ± CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) , Men of 10 replite plnts/tretment; Differenes etween ontrol nd tretment in eh vriety insignifint when supersript sme ( ), signifint when, supersript different ( P=0.05;, P=0.01); Figures in prenthesis indite the inrement over period of 2 months 107

5 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 Tle 4: Effet of B.megterium on lef numers of 8 yr old te plnts (T-17/1054) Men lef numer Te vrieties Tretments After 2 months After 4 months Inrement in lef numer T-17/1054 Control 159± ± T1 (B.megterium treted) 184± ± Men lef no. of 40 replites; Tretments were pplied to 8 yr. old ushes soon fter pruning; Differenes etween ontrol nd tretments signifint t P=0.01, st 4 months fter 1 tretment Tle 5: Phosphte ontent of soil, roots nd leves of treted nd ontrol plnts in field Phosphte ontent (µg/g) Te vrieties Tretment Soil Root Lef TV-18 Control 121.2± ± ±3.6 B. megterium 77.2± ± ±2.8 TV-23 Control 76.4± ± ±1.7 B. megterium 27.5± ± ±2.9 TV-25 Control 92.6± ± ±2.3 B. megterium 70.0± ± ±2.5 TV-26 Control 72.0± ± ±2.8 B. megterium 34.5± ± ±3.0 T-17 Control 134.6± ± ±1.9 B. megterium 110.2± ± ±2.7 CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) Averge of 3 replite sets Tle 6: Phosphte ontent of soil, root nd leves of treted nd ontrol potted plnts Phosphte ontent (µg/g) Te vrieties Tretment Soil Root Lef TV-18 Control 156.3± ± ±2.4 B. megterium 101.7± ± ±3.5 TV-23 Control 92.7± ± ±1.9 B. megterium 37.1± ± ±2.8 TV-25 Control 116.6± ± ±3.0 B. megterium 62.2± ± ±2.5 TV-26 Control 81.0± ± ±1.8 B. megterium 78.1± ± ±1.9 T-17 Control 135.8± ± ±1.8 B. megterium 107.5± ± ±2.9 CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) Averge of 3 replite sets B. megterium ould soluilize phosphte in vitro s omprison to ontrol (Tles 5 nd 6). Mximum evidened y the pperne of hlo zone round the phosphte ontent ws otined in the lef tissues. inoul in PVK medium. Estimtion of phosphte ontents Inrese in phosphte ontent ws sttistilly in roots nd leves s well s rhizosphere soil reveled signifint. Both id nd lkline phosphtse tivities tht while the soil P ontent deresed due to the tivity in rhizosphere soil of ll five vrieties were enhned of this phosphte soluilizing terium (PSB), root nd following pplition of the terium. Sttistil nlysis lef phosphte ontents showed n inrese oth in (ANOVA) of results showed tht differenes of ontrol treted te plnts in potted s well s field onditions in were signifintly different from tht of the tretment, ut 108

6 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 (A) (B) Fig. 1: Aid phosphtse tivities in rhizosphere soil of ontrol nd B.megterium treted plnts in pots (A) nd field (B) (A) (B) Fig. 2: Alkline phosphtse tivities in rhizosphere soil of ontrol nd B.megterium treted plnts in pots (A) nd field (B) (A) (B) Fig. 3: Totl phenol ontents of leves of te plnts grown in pots (A) or in field onditions (B) fter pplition of B. megterium no signifint differenes were evident mong the tretments (Figures 1 nd 2). Results, therefore lerly reveled B. megterium to hve the ility of phosphte soluiliztion in the soil, whih would e one of the mehnisms of oserved plnt growth promotion y B.megterium. PGPRs onvert insolule phosphorus (P) to n essile form to the plnts. Phosphte is often the limiting nutrient for miroil nd plnt growth in soil, phosphtses remove the phosphte from orgni ompounds nd onvert it in solule form to the plnts. Some PGPR iofertilizers lso influene the vilility of phosphte y sereting phosphtses for minerliztion 109

7 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 Tle 7: Chlorophyll ontent of leves of te vrieties following tretment with B.megterium Totl hlorophyll (mg/gm tissue) Te vrieties Tretment Field grown plnts Potted plnts TV-18 Control B.megterium TV-23 Control B.megterium TV-25 Control B.megterium TV-26 Control B.megterium T-17 Control B.megterium CD (P=0.05) (Tretments) (Vrieties) Men of 3 replites Tle 8: Effet of pplition of B.megterium s ioformultions on growth of te plnts in potted onditions 2 months fter tretment Te vrieties Tretment Initil height Finl Height Initil lef numers Finl lef numers TV-18 Control 19.0 ± ±1.5(7) 19 ± ±1.2(5.2) B. megterium 25.0 ± ±2.1 (5) 19 ± ±2.0(7.0) B.m+sw dust 20.0 ± ±1.2(7) 17 ± ±1.8(7.0) B.m+rie husk 19.5 ± ±1.1(12.5) 18.1 ± ± 2.1(9.9) B.m+te wste 21.0 ± ±1.8 (8.0) 22 ± ±2.4(5.0) TV-23 Control 22.4 ± ±1.7(2.6) 17.1 ± ±1.0(6.9) B. megterium 24.5 ± ±2.1(8.5) 19 ± ±1.9 (9.0) B.m+sw dust 24.0 ± ±2.5(14) 21 ± ± 2.3(11) B.m+rie husk 23.0 ± ±2.7(16) 18 ± ± 2.4(13) B.m+te wste 22.0 ± ±1.9(14) 19 ± ±1.4(10.7) TV-25 Control 21.4 ± ±1.9 (3.1) 19 ± ±1.8 (5.7) B.megterium 29.0 ± ±2.1 (3.0) 34 ± ±1.1(10.8) B.m+sw dust 27.0 ± ±1.3(2.0) 34 ± ± 2.1(11.2) B.m+rie husk 26.1 ± ±1.1(2.0) 31 ± ±1.8 (11.0) B.m+te wste 28.0 ± ±2.1(4.0) 30 ± ±11.9(10.8) TV-26 Control 22.4 ± ±2.3 (3.1) 17 ± ± 1.5(3.5) B. megterium 25.0 ± ±1.7(8.0) 19 ± ±2.2 (13) B.m+sw dust 22.0 ± ±1.1(7.2) 17 ± ±2.4(13) B.m+rie husk 21.0 ± ±1.8(10) 16 ± ±1.9(11) B.m+te wste 21.2 ± ±1.2(9.0) 18 ± ±1.7(8.2) T-17 Control 24.0 ± ±1.2(3.2) 18 ± ±1.8(1.9) B. megterium 25.0 ± ±2.1(9.0) 18 ± ±1.5(8.0) B.m+sw dust 22.0 ± ±2.3(11) 21 ± ±1.7(5.5) B.m+rie husk 25.2 ± ±2.2 (7.3) 19 ± ±1.8(8.0) B.m+te wste 27.0 ± ±1.9 (4.0) 20 ± ±1.1(8.3) CD (P=0.05) , Men of 10 replite plnts/tretment; Differenes etween ontrol nd tretment in eh vriety insignifint when supersript sme ( ), signifint when,, supersript different ( P=0.05; P=0.01); Figures in prenthesis indite the inrement over period of 2 months 110

8 World J. Agri. Si., 8 (1): , 2012 nd lef numers were insignifint mong the tretments ut in TV-25 & T-17, signifint results were oserved. In se of inrese in height nd numer of leves fter 2 months of pplition, there ws no signifint differene mong the queous suspension or different ioformultions though ll of them were signifintly higher thn ontrol (Tle 8). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Finnil help reeived from Deprtment of Fig. 4: Growth of B.megterium in ioformultions t Biotehnology, Ministry of Siene & Tehnology, different periods of inution Government of Indi, for this work is grtefully knowledged. of orgni phosphtes [26]. Shnkrih et l. [27] reported tht B. megterium lone, or in omintion with REFERENCES Agroterium wmori ould enhne phosphte soluiliztion nd inrese yield in sugrne. They 1. Kloepper, J.W. nd M.N. Shroth, Plnt growth suggested tht nutrient moiliztion ws one of the promoting rhizoteri on rdishes. IV. Interntionl mehnisms of inresing yield y the miroorgnisms. Conferene on Plnt Pthogeni Bteri. Angers. Applition of B. megterium in the soil inresed Frne., 2: umultion of phenolis in te leves (Figure 3). In field 2. Vessey, J.K., Plnt growth promoting grown plnts, totl phenol ontent in ontrol leves rhizoteri s iofertilizers. Plnt. Soil, rnged from mg/g tissue, while it inresed upto 255: mg/g in treted plnts. In se of potted plnts, in 3. Kloepper, J.W., Plnt Growth Promoting ontrol plnts the phenol ontent rnged from 8-18 mg/ g Rhizoteri s Biologil Control Agents. In: Soil tissue, wheres in se of treted plnts it inresed upto Miroil Eology- Applitions in Agriulturl nd 45 mg/ g. Results reveled inrese in totl hlorophyll Environmentl Mngement (F. Metting, Jr., editor)., ontent of leves from plnts grown in ontrol nd treted Mrel Dekker, New York, pp: plots nd pots in the tretment y B. megterium 4. M Pig, P., R.R. Belnger, T.C. Pulitz nd (Tle 7). Aility of B.megterium to promote growth in N. Benhmou, Inresed resistne to Ltu stiv lone, or in omintion with rusulr Fusrium oxysporium f.sp. rdiis- lyopersii in myorrhiz ws reported previously, who lso reported tomto plnts treted with the endophyti terium inresed umultion of hlorophylls nd rotenoids Pseudomons fluoresens strin Physiol. Mol. [28]. Aumultion of higher levels of phenolis in plnts Plnt. Pthol., 50: resistnt to vrious stresses hve een reported y 5. Chkrorty, U., B.N. Chkrorty, M. Bsnet nd severl uthors [29]. A.P. Chkrorty, Evlution of Ohrotrum The viility of the terium in formultions ws nthropi TRS-2 nd its tl sed formultion for tested during the storge period of 9 months t one- enhnement of growth of te plnts nd month intervl. Results reveled tht the isolte ws mngement of rown root rot disese. J. Appl. vile till 9 months of storge; B. megterium ould Miroiol., 107: survive in the rnge of 1 10.f.u/ml in ioformultions of 6. Jung, H.K. nd S.D. Kim, Purifition nd 7 sw dust, rie husk nd 1 10.f.u/ml in te wste hrteriztion of n ntifungl ntiioti from respetively (Figure 4). Applition of B. megterium in Billus megterium KL 39, ioontrol gent of ioformultions of sw dust, rie husk nd te wste led red-pepper phytophthor light disese. Koren. J. to signifint inrese in growth of te seedlings. The Miroiol. Bioteh., 31: growth ws mesured in terms of inrese in height nd 7. Rihrdson, A.E., Soil miroorgnisms nd numer of leves of seedlings two months fter phosphorous vilility. In Soil Biot: Mngement pplition. Inrese in growth ws more or less similr to in Sustinle Frming Systems. Eds. CE Pnkhurst, tht oserved y pplition of queous suspension of BM Doue nd VVSR Gupt., CSIRO, Vitori, the terium. Sttistil nlysis reveled initil height Austrli, pp:

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