The Toxicity Evaluation of Phragmanthera incana (Klotzsch) Growing on Two Plant Hosts and Its Effect on Wistar Rats Haematology and Serum Biochemistry

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1 Ademi Journl of Plnt Sienes 6 (2): 92-98, 201 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 201 DOI: /idosi.jps The Toxiity Evlution of Phrgmnther inn (Klotzsh) Growing on Two Plnt Hosts nd Its Effet on Wistr Rts Hemtology nd Serum Biohemistry 1 2 O.T. Ogunmefun, T.R. Fsol, A.B. S nd O.A. Oridup 1 Deprtment of Biologil Sienes, College of Sienes, Afe Blol University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeri 2 Beprtment of Botny, Fulty of Siene, University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri Deprtment of Physiology, Biohemistry nd Phrmology, Fulty of Veterinry Mediine University of Idn, Idn, Nigeri Astrt: Vrious studies on Phrgmnther inn (mistletoe) did not intensify toxiity. Toxiologil evlution of Phrgmnther inn, speies of mistletoe growing on two plnt hosts nmely Coo (Theorom o) nd Kolnut (Col nitid) in South-western Nigeri ws rried out with the oservtion of Wistr rts hemtologil nd serum iohemil hnges for period of thirty-dy dministrtion. Aute toxiity nd su hroni toxiity tests were rried out using stndrd methods. Only femle Wistr rts of verge weight 150g were used. In ute toxiity, rts were dministered orlly with methnoli extrt of Phrgmnther inn using 1000, 2000, 000 nd 5000mg/kg doses respetively, while oservtions were mde over period of twenty four hours to seven dys. However, for su hroni toxiity tests on methnoli extrt of the mistletoe hrvested from oo nd kolnut were lso dministered orlly to femle rts using 200, 400, 600 nd 800mg/kg doses oserved for thirty dys. Hemtologil studies nd serum iohemil nlysis were rried out on the lood smples of eh of the rts. The results showed tht the mistletoe speies Phrgmnther inn is reltively sfe for use s there ws no deth reorded for oth the ute nd suhroni toxiity tests. Though, ution should e tken in its dministrtion s there were reords some dverse helth onditions in the suhroni toxiity tests espeilly with the higher doses. The hemtologil prmeters nlysed were pked ell volume, hemogloin, red lood ell, men orpusulr volume, men orpusulr hemogloin onentrtion, men orpusulr hemogloin, white lood ell, neutrophil, lymphoyte, monoytes nd eosinophils. Serum iohemil prmeters nlysed were totl protein, lumin, ure, retinine, sprtte trnsminse, Alnine trnsminse, lnine phosphte, triglyeride, gluose, iliruin, holesterol, high density lipoprotein nd low density lipoprotein. Sttistil nlysis ws rried out on the results of these prmeters to hek for their signifine. Key words: Col nitid Hemtology Phrgmnther inn Serum iohemistry Theorom o Toxiity INTRODUCTION nd erries red. The plnt is very vrile in shpe nd size of the flowers nd leves. It s found on Alhorne Phrgmnther inn is woody prsiti shru, stneifoli, Anrdium oidentle, Aleurites stems to 2m long; of seondry jungle nd ush svnn mollun, Buhini monndr, Bomx sessile [2]. res; from Sierr Leone to West Cmeroons nd Phrgmnther inn, mistletoe speies growing Fernndo Po Islnd (gulf of Guine tht forms prt of on oo nd kolnut whih re two mjor tree rops in Equtoril Guine) nd extending ross the Congo sin the South-western Nigeri ws rried out to evlute its to Zire nd Angol. The plnt is very vrile in form, toxiity to hek the sfety in usge s this mistletoe is ommon nd widely distriuted [1]. Young prts nd limed to e useful ethnomediinlly for treting vrious perinth more or less densely overed with rown hirs ilments. Corresponding Author: O.T. Ogunmefun, Deprtment of Biologil Sienes, College of Sienes, Afe Blol University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeri. 92

2 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, 201 Mistletoe is ommon nme for vrious prsiti These ompounds t diretly on the utonomi plnts elonging to mostly Lornthee fmily. Mistletoe nervous system, while the erries ontin lkloids is espeilly interesting otnilly euse it is prtil nd toxi sustnes nd should not e ingested [1]. prsite ( hemiprsite ) []. As prsiti plnt, it The ethnootnil phytohemil nd minerl nlyses grows on the rnhes of trunk of trees nd tully of this mistletoe speies hs een rried out y sends out hustori tht penetrte into the tree nd tke Ogunmefun, et l. [ 2]. up nutrients [4]. Mistletoe is lso ple of growing on its own; like other plnts s it n produe its own food MATERIALS AND METHODS y photosynthesis. Mistletoe, however, is more ommonly found growing s prsiti plnt. Plnt Smple Colletion: The mistletoe (Phrgmnther In West Afri, mistletoes re found on mny inn) growing on Coo (Theorom o) nd indigenous trees nd numer of tree rops of eonomi Kolnut (Col nitid) were olleted long with its leves importne, inluding sheutter, neem [5], oo [6] nd nd stem rk of the respetive hosts. The olletion ws ruer [7, 8]. In the Southwestern Nigeri, mistletoe is done t Alesn Oolode, Owo, Ondo Stte, Nigeri fter ommonly found growing espeilly on tree rops like whih identifition nd uthentition ws done t the oo (Theorom o L.), kol (Col nitid (Vent.) Forestry Reserh Institute of Nigeri herrium. A Shott & Endl. or Col umint (P. Beuv.) Shott & vouher speimen of Phrgmnther inn with Endl.), offee (Coffe Ari L.), ush mngo (Irvingi Forestry Herrium Index (FHI) ws sumitted t gonensis) (Aurey-Leomte ex O. Rorke) Bill. the Botny Deprtment herrium of the University of Mistletoe n lso e found growing on itrus plnts like Idn. ornge (Citrus sp.), guv (Psidium gujv L.) et. The mistletoe tht is ommonly used s Christms Extrtion of Plnt Smple: The dry milled smples of the deortion [Phordendron flvesens (Pursh Nutt.)] is mistletoe speies on oth oo nd kolnut trees were ntive to North Ameri nd grows s prsite on trees. extrted with solute methnol using old extrtion The other type of mistletoe, Visum lum L., is of method for seventy-two hours nd were onentrted Europen origin [4]. In Nigeri, the Hus nd Fulni using rotry evportor. The onentrted extrt ws tries of Northern Nigeri use mistletoe in the tretment of further dried on wter th t very low temperture of ners nd inflmmtions [9]. The Afrin mistletoe, 40 C to eliminte ll solvents. Lornthus engwensis L. (Lornthee), hs een widely used in Nigeri folk mediine to tret Dietes mellitus Experimentl Animls: Fifty-four femle Wistr rts ged [10] weeks old weighing verge of 0.15±0.6 kg ws Mistletoe is used minly in Europe s tretment for used for this study. The rts were pled on growers ner [11]. While Amerin mistletoe is toxi, Europen pellet produed y Cps Feed Mill Nigeri Limited nd mistletoe is onsidered to hve mediinl properties till were given suffiient wter d liitum. Rts were divided tody. Currently, it is est known s n dditionl therpy into groups of five rts eh. with other drugs nd or rdition for treting ner. Mistletoe extrts (Phrgmnther inn) were Awy from superstitious eliefs, mistletoe hs een used dministered to rts t vrying quntities of 1000, 2000, in mediine to prove muh of its older frme s ll 000 nd 5000 mg/kg doses were used for ute toxiity heler. The white-erried mistletoe (Visum lum) hs tests while for su-hroni toxiity tests were 200, 400, 600 een doumented s trditionl tretment for dietes nd 800 mg/kg doses used for oth the mistletoe nd high lood pressure. Mistletoe extrts represent the hrvested from Coo (Theorom o) nd Kolnut most unorthodox onology therpy in Germny. (Col nitid) trees. Mistletoe is lso useful for the tretment of insomni s it relxes musles, lms the nerves, eses plpittion, Aute Toxiity Tests: The mistletoe extrt migrine, nervousness nd pins. It hs lso een (Phrgmnther inn) ws dministered to only femle oserved to slow down the ttk of epilepsy nd for rts tht were ross-red etween lk nd lino rts treting firoids. Mistletoe is used to tret rthritis, (Wistr rts) for ute toxiity tests. Different doses rheumtism nd gout s it inreses the prodution of rnging from 1000 to 5000 mg/kg were dministered to the urine nd the elimintion of toxi wste from the system rts tht were kept under the sme ondition y orl route [12]. Mistletoe leves ontin holine nd etylholine. using rt nnul fter whih oservtion were mde over 9

3 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, 201 period of 24 hours to seven dys. The diluent used nemi to our in the treted groups for mistletoe eing olive oil s the extrt is oily nd not esily misile growing on oth oo nd kolnut sine there ws in wter. The weight of extrt in milligrm per ody redution in the hemogloin men vlues t higher doses weight of rt in kilogrm ws used (mg /kg.w.). (Tles 1 & 2). The men pked ell volume (PCV) ws lso lowered (P<0.05) (Tles 1 & 2) inditing tht Suhroni Toxiity Tests: Thirty - eight (8) lk & Phrgmnther inn does not reltively possess white rts of verge weight 150g (0.15±0.6 kg) were kept hemtini property ut my use nemi. under the sme ondition nd were dministered with The Men Corpusulr Hemogloin (MCH) different doses of the mistletoe extrt (Phrgmnther (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05) nd the Men Corpusulr inn) rnging from 200 to 800 mg/kg over period of Hemogloin Conentrtion (MCHC) (P<0.001) vlues 0 dys y orl route using rt nnul. were inresed when ompred with the ontrol men The weight of extrt in milligrm per ody weight of vlues showing tht the extrt inresed the oxygen rt in kilogrm ws used (mg /kg.w.). Rts whih were rrying pity of the erythroytes (Tles 1 & 2). The not dministered with ny extrt were used s ontrol. Men Corpusulr Volume (MCV) vlues were lowered in Blood smples for hemtologil studies nd serum rts dministered with mistletoe on oo nd kolnut; iohemil nlysis were olleted using EDTA ottles, only with the dministrtion of 200 mg/kg dose ws n heptinized pillry tues nd lithium heptinized ottles inrese in the vlue of MCV (121.42±18.18fl) in rts respetively. dministered with mistletoe on oo while very slight inrese ws notied t 400 mg/kg dose in rts Sttistil Anlysis: The results presented in this work dministered with mistletoe on Kolnut (95.0±.64fl) re men ± stndrd error of men (men ± SEM). The ompred to the ontrol (95.0±5.10fl). MCV ws men vlues for eh dose of oth the hemtologil nd signifint t 800 mg/kg dose in Coo nd 200 mg/kg serum iohemistry prmeters were ompred with their dose in Kolnut (P<0.01, P<0.05) (Tles 1 & 2). ontrol using the one wy ANOVA y the sttistil White lood ell (WBC) ws inresed t ll doses of pkge for soil siene (SPSS) nd the desriptive the extrt ut with 800 mg/kg dose, it ws notiele tht sttistis nd student t-test to show the level of the inrese ws not s high when ompred to other signifine of different doses of the mistletoe lower doses nd signifint t 600 mg/kg dose in Coo dministered on the rts. The vlues were onsidered (P<0.05) (Tles 1 & 2). The men Lymphoyte vlues signifint t proility levels of P<0.05 [14]. were lowered showing tht the immunologil sttus of the ody ws not enhned [16]. The men monoyte RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Mono) vlues were lso lowered in the test groups; only in 600 mg/kg dose in Coo nd Kolnut ws the The ute toxiity test showed tht there ws no monoyte found to inrese ompred with the ontrol deth reorded for ll doses dministered ( (Tles 1 & 2). Like neutrophils, eosinophils respond mg/kg ody weight) for the mistletoe hrvested from hemottilly to teril produts nd omplement oth oo nd kolnut for over fourteen dys. The rts frgments [17]. Eosinophils men vlues were inresed rther exhiited good physil hnges y their glittering with the higher doses ( mg/kg). However, there olors nd inrese in weight. The su-hroni toxiity were no signifint differenes in ll doses dministered tests rried out showed tht reltive to the rts in the for lymphoyte, monoyte, neutrophils nd eosinophils ontrol groups, the men Red Blood Cell (RBC) nd in oth mistletoe hrvested from Coo nd Kolnut Hemogloin onentrtion (H) vlues of the rts in the (Tles 1 & 2). test groups were oserved to hve redued espeilly Reltive to the rts in the ontrol group, there ws n with the higher doses (P<0.001, P<0.01) (Tles 1 & 2) inrese t ll doses of the totl protein (T.P) levels in rts similr to the findings of Fsnu nd Oyedpo [15]. in the test groups for the mistletoe hrvested from oo. Hemogloin men vlues were inresed t lower Plsm proteins re predominntly synthesized y doses (200 nd 400 mg/kg) for the rts dministered with heptoyte [18, 19] whih is the sis of ssumption tht mistletoe growing on oo ut it ws inresed in the the inresed level of serum proteins in this study is rts dministered with mistletoe growing on kolnut t diret effet of Phrgmnther inn on hepti 400 mg/kg dose (Tles 1 & 2). This is n indition tht funtions, espeilly on protein synthesis. Totl t higher doses there is tendeny for hypohroni protein ws signifintly higher thn the ontrol only t 94

4 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, 201 Tle 1: Hemtology of rts dministered with methnol extrt of Phrgmnther inn hrvested from Theorom o Prmeters 200mg/kg 400mg/kg 600mg/kg 800mg/kg Control PCV % 44.80± ± ± ± ±0.05 H g/dl 14.9± ± ± ± ± RBC 10 /µl.94± ± ± ± ±0.01 MCV fl ± ± ± ± ±5.10 MCHC g/dl.±0.002.±0.002.±0.00.2± ±0.55 MCH pg 40.46± ± ± ± ±0.45 WBCx10 /µl 11.46± ± ± ± ±0.0 Neut x10 /µl 25.00± ± ± ± ±0.05 Lympx10 /µl 71.60± ± ± ± ±0.02 Monox10 /µl 2.40± ± ± ± ±0.0 Eosinx10 /µl 1.20± ± ± ± ±0.01 Key: PCV - Pked Cell Volume, HB - Hemogloin, RBC- Red Blood Cell, MCV Men Corpusulr Volume, MCH Men Corpusulr Hemogloin, MCHC Men Corpusulr Hemogloin Conentrtion, WBC - White Blood Cell, Neut - Neutrophil, Lymp - Lymphoyte, Mono - Monoytes, Eosin Eosinophil, = P<0.001 (signifint t 0.001), = P<0.01 (signifint t 0.01), = P<0.05 (signifint t 0.05) Tle 2: Hemtology of rts dministered with methnol extrt of Phrgmnther inn hrvested from Col nitid. Prmeters 200mg/kg 400mg/kg 600mg/kg 800mg/kg Control PCV % 4.00± ± ± ± ±0.05 H g/dl 14.± ± ± ± ± RBC 10 /µl 5.0± ± ± ± ±0.01 MCV fl 85.66± ± ± ± ±5.10 MCHC g/dl.2±0.00.±0.00.±0.00.± ±0.55 MCH pg 28.55± ± ± ± ±0.45 WBCx10 /µl 12.9± ± ± ± ±0.0 Neut.x10 /µl 0.60± ± ± ± ±0.05 Lymp.x10 /µl 66.40± ± ± ± ±0.02 Mono.x10 /µl 2.40± ± ± ± ±0.0 Eosin.x10 /µl 0.60± ± ± ± ±0.01 Key: PCV - Pked Cell Volume, HB - Hemogloin, RBC- Red Blood Cell, MCV Men Corpusulr Volume, MCH Men Corpusulr Hemogloin, MCHC Men Corpusulr Hemogloin Conentrtion, WBC - White lood ell, Neut - Neutrophil, Lymp - Lymphoyte, Mono - Monoytes, Eosin Eosinophils, = P<0.001 (signifint t 0.001), = P<0.01 (signifint t 0.01), = P<0.05 (signifint t 0.05) Tle : Serum iohemistry of rts dministered with methnol extrt of Phrgmnther inn hrvested from Theorom o. Prmeters 200mg/kg 400mg/kg 600mg/kg 800mg/kg Control T.P g/dl 8.85± ± ± ± ±0.14 Al g/dl 5.16± ± ± ± ±0.2 Ure mg/dl 25.41± ± ± ± ±1.86 CRT mg/dl 0.68± ± ± ± ±0.05 AST U.I/I 109.9± ± ± ± ±1.07 ALT U.I/I 20.7± ± ± ± ±1.12 ALP U.I/I 41.54± ± ± ± ±7.74 TG mg/dl 60.4± ±.5 78.± ± ±5.18 Glu mg/dl 61.15± ± ± ± ±7.16 Bil mg/dl 1.20± ± ± ± ±0.0 Chol mg/dl 94.10± ± ± ± ±7.58 HDL mg/dl 44.59± ± ± ± ±5.11 LDL mg/dl 5.45± ± ± ± ±4.9 KEY: T.P - Totl protein, Al - Alumin, CRT - Cretinine, AST - Asprtte Trnsminse, ALT - Alnine Trnsminse, ALP - Alnine phosphte, TG - Triglyeride, Glu Gluose, Bil - Biliruin, Chol - Cholesterol, HDL - High Density Lipoprotein, LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein, = P<0.001 (signifint t 0.001), = P<0.01 (signifint t 0.01), = P<0.05 (signifint t 0.05) 95

5 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, 201 Tle 4: Serum iohemistry of rts dministered with methnol extrt of Phrgmnther inn (Mistletoe) hrvested from Col nitid (Kolnut). Prmeters 200mg/kg 400mg/kg 600mg/kg 800mg/kg Control T.P g/dl 7.54± ± ± ± ±0.14 Al g/dl 4.7± ± ± ± ±0.2 Ure mg/dl 1.28± ± ± ± ±1.86 CRT mg/dl 0.70± ± ± ± ±0.05 AST U.I/I ± ± ± ± ±1.00 ALT U.I/I 18.60± ± ± ± ±1.12 ALP U.I/I 7.09± ± ± ± ±7.74 TG mg/dl 80.28± ± ± ± ±5.18 Glu mg/dl 64.62± ± ± ± ±7.16 Bil mg/dl 1.15± ± ± ± ±0.0 Chol mg/dl 88.27± ± ± ± ±7.58 HDL mg/dl 42.87± ± ± ± ±5.11 LDL mg/dl 26.70±.07.01± ± ± ±4.9 KEY: T.P - Totl Protein, Al - Alumin, CRT - Cretinine, AST - Asprtte Trnsminse, ALT - Alnine Trnsminse, ALP - Alnine phosphte, TG - Triglyeride, Glu Gluose, Bil - Biliruin, Chol - Cholesterol, HDL - High Density Lipoprotein, LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein, = P<0.001 (signifint t 0.001), = P<0.01 (signifint t 0.01), = P<0.05 (signifint t 0.05) 400 mg/kg dose in Coo (P<0.05). There ws reverse of Alnine Phosphte (ALP) ws lowered dosethis sitution in Kolnut nd signifintly lower thn the dependently in the rts dministered with mistletoe on ontrol t 600 mg/kg dose (P<0.05). The totl protein ws oth oo nd Kolnut ompred with the ontrol exept lowered t other doses exept 200 mg/kg dose in Kolnut for 800 mg/kg dose in Kolnut mistletoe where there ws where there ws non-signifint inrese reltive to the n inrese in ALP men vlue reltive to the ontrol nd ontrol. The inrese in totl protein level y mistletoe ws signifintly lowered t 200 mg/kg dose (P<0.01) hrvested from Coo indited rise in the level of (Tle 4). gloulin portion of the totl protein funtioning to omt Ure men vlues were inresed signifintly t ll infetions in the rts (Tles & 4). doses in the mistletoe on Coo while for mistletoe on There ws n inrese t ll doses in the lumin Kolnut, ure levels were lowered t ll doses with (Al.) levels in test niml groups for mistletoe hrvested 400 nd 600 mg/kg doses signifintly lowered reltive to from oth Coo nd Kolnut (Phrgmnther inn) the ontrol (P<0.05, P<0.001) respetively (Tles & 4); reltive to the ontrol inditing tht the liver ws not n indition tht mistletoe on oo ould e dmged. Alumin ws signifintly higher t ll doses nephrotoxi in ddition to inrese in retinine (CRT) dministered on rts in oth Coo nd Kolnut reltive men vlues t ll doses in the two plnts whih is to the ontrol (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05) exept in mistletoe strong indition of renl injury [20]. on Kolnut where there ws non signifint inrese t Triglyeride level (TG) men vlues inresed 200 mg/kg dose (Tles & 4). dose-dependently reltive to the ontrol in oth Coo Derese in Alnine Ttrnsminse (ALT) nd nd Kolnut mistletoe exept the 200 mg/kg dose in lnine phosphte (ALP) men vlues lso proves further mistletoe hrvested from Coo where TG level ws tht there ws no dmge to the liver. Only Asprtte lowered; this indites tht t higher doses, there is high Trnsminse (AST) men vlues were inresed whih risk of TG eing umulted whih is d ft nd n ould e n indition of dmge to some other orgns. led to hert disese (Tles & 4). Gluose levels were Asprtte trnsminse levels in mistletoe on oth Coo lowered in the test groups for the mistletoe hrvested nd Kolnut were signifintly higher t ll doses from Coo nd Kolnut ompred with the ontrol dministered ompred with the ontrol (P<0.001, P<0.01, inditing tht Phrgmnther inn hs nti-dieti P<0.05) (Tles & 4). Alnine trnsminse (ALT) men properties (Tles & 4) similr to the findings of Fsnu vlue ws inresed only t the highest dose (800 mg/kg nd Oyedpo [15]. Gluose men vlue ws signifintly ody weight) (P<0.001) while with ll other lower doses, lowered t P<0.05 in the 600 mg/kg dose in Kolnut; only there ws derese in ALT vlues reltive to the ontrol t 800 mg/kg dose ws n insignifint inrese in gluose in Coo (Tles ). ALT men vlues were lowered t ll men vlue in the test group for mistletoe hrvested from doses in rts dministered with mistletoe hrvested from Kolnut (72.7±.6mg/dl) reltive to the ontrol t kolnut (Tle 4) ±7.16mg/dl (Tle 4). 96

6 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, 201 Cretinine level inresed dose-dependently in REFERENCES test groups for mistletoe hrvested from Coo nd Kolnut similr to the findings of Fsnu nd Oyedpo [15]. Biliruin men vlues were lso signifintly inresed t ll doses reltive to the ontrol in oth plnts hving P vlues of P<0.001 nd P<0.01 in ll doses dministered inditing tht rin ells ould hve een dmged (Tles & 4). Cholesterol nd Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (oth referred to s d fts) levels were lowered in ll test groups for Coo nd Kolnut showing tht Phrgmnther inn exhiits lipolyti effet t ll doses dministered whih is desirle qulity for plnt like Phrgmnther inn (Tles & 4), mistletoe speies used s n ll-rounder eonomi plnt to tret hypertension, dietes, ner, inflmmtions, holer, firoids, migrine, gstrointestinl trt nd wound infetions [8, 10, 21, 22]. The High density Lipoprotein Levels (HDL) inresed signifintly in ll test groups for mistletoe hrvested from Coo nd Kolnut exept for 200 mg/kg dose in the mistletoe on Kolnut where HDL ws non-signifintly lowered reltive to the ontrol rts; this proves tht the extrt from Phrgmnther inn tully ws responsile for the weight gin in the test groups y inrese in the levels of the HDL whih is good ft. CONCLUSIONS The toxiity test results re interesting lues to the resons why mistletoe is ommonly used in ethnomediine in treting mny diseses nd ilments; s this study showed tht Phrgmnther inn is reltively sfe for use nd helps in preventing hert diseses y lowering the levels of low density lipoprotein nd totl holesterol. High density lipoprotein levels whih is good ft were inresed y the mistletoe. The gluose levels were lso lowered onferring its qulity s n ntidieti gent nd ould e the reson why it is eing used in ethnomediine to tret dietes. However, the use in ethnomediine should e with ution s this mistletoe lowers the pked ell volume, hemogloin (t higher doses) nd red lood ell. The effet of the extrts in using inrese to the totl iliruin level should lso serve s ution in its use in ethnomediine s it n hve dverse effet on the rin ells espeilly with the higher doses. 1. Burkill, H.M., The Useful Plnts of West Tropil Afri, pp:. 2. Flor of West Tropil Afri (F.W.T.A.) ed , Phrgmnther inn in Kew Bull Redmond, W.A., Mistletoe Mirosoft Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, W.A.: Mirosoft Corportion. 4. Willims, S.S., Mistletoe. Grden Line Porpouri Misellneous/Mistletoe.Http: grdenline. ussk./ mis/mistletoe.html. 5. Bright, E.O. nd B.A. Okusny, Infesttion of plnts in Bdeggi y Tpinnthus dodoneifolius (DC) Dnser nd T. gloiferus (A. Rih) Vn Tiegh. Niger. J. Weed Si., 11: Prker, C. nd C.R. Rihes, 199. Prsiti Weeds of the World: Biology nd Control. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, pp: Gill, L.S. nd H.I. Onyie, Mistletoes on ruer trees in Nigeri. Hustorium, 2:1-2. Am-Eursin J. Sust. Agri., 1(1): Guyot, J. nd O.E. Ntwng, Note on the suseptiility of six Heve Clones to Phrgmnther pitt. Plnttions, Reherhé, Developments, 5(5): Aukr, M.S., A.M. Mus, A. Ahmed nd I.M. Hussini, The Pereption nd Prtie of Trditionl Mediine in the Tretment of Cners nd Inflmmtions y the Hus nd Fulni Trie of Northern Nigeri. J. Ethnophrmol. III, : Copyright 2007, Elsevier Irelnd Ltd. 10. Itomi, D. K., Bikomo E. O., Temple V. J Antidieti Properties of the Afrin Mistletoe in Streptozotoin-indued Dieti Rts. J. Ethnophrmol., 4(1): Ntionl Cner Institute, Mistletoe Extrt (PDG) Ntionl Cner Institute. 12. Anselm, A., Nture Power. A Christin Approh to Herl Mediine OSB, rd Edition Pulition, Nigeri. 1. Dutt, A.C., Botny for Degree Students. th 6 Edition. Oxford University Press, pp: Steel, R.G.D. nd J.I.I. Torrie, Priniples nd Proedure of Sttistis: A iometri pproh. MGrw Hill: New York, USA, pp: Fsnu, P.O. nd O.O. Oyedpo, Phytophrmology nd therpeuti vlues: Reent Progress in Mediinl Plnts, 19(1):

7 Ad. J. Plnt Si.,6 (2): 92-98, Guyton, A.C. nd J.E. Hll, Resistne of the 21. Deeni, Y.Y. nd N.M. Sdiq, Antimiroil ody to infetion: II. Immunity nd llergy. In: Properties nd Phytohemil Constituents of the th Textook of Medil Physiology, 11 edn. Guyton, Leves of Afrin Mistletoe (Tpinnthus A.C. nd Hll, J.E. Ed. Sunders Pulishers, dodoneifolius) (DC) Dnser) (Lornthee): An Phildelphi, pp: 440. Ethnomediinl Plnt of Huslnd, Northern Nigeri. 17. Aln, H.R., Hemogrm Interprettion for J. Ethnophrm., 8(): Dogs nd Cts. Rlston Purin Compny Clinil 22. Hogy, S., Hrvesting Rel Mistletoe for Hndook Series. Christms. Hogy Soins De., Ling, T.J. nd G. Grieninger, Diret effet of 2. Ogunmefun, O.T., T.R. Fsol, A.B. S nd insulin on the synthesis of speifi plsm proteins. O.A. Oridup, 201. The Ethnootnil, iphsi response of heptoytes ultured in serum- Phytohemil nd Minerl Anlyses of nd hormone-free medium. Pro. Ntl. Ad. Si., Phrgmnther inn (Klotzsh), speies of USA, 78: mistetoe growing on three plnt hosts in South- 19. Jefferson, L.S., W.S. Lio, D.E. Pevy, T.B Miller, western Nigeri. Int. J. Biomed. Si., 9(1): -40. M.C. Appel nd J.M. Tylor, 198. Dietes-indued ltertions in liver protein synthesis. Chnges in reltive undnes of mrn for lumin nd other plsm proteins. 20. Mzze, R.I., C.M. Clln, S.T. Glvez, D.R.N. Letii nd D.B. Myer, The effets of sevoflurne on serum retinine nd lood ure nitrogen onentrtions: retrospetive, twenty-two-entre, omprtive evlution of renl funtion in dult surgil ptients. Anesthes. Anl., 90: