Application of exogenous spermidine treatment for reducing of chilling on fruit quality and quantity of Valencia orange var.

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1 Interntionl Journl of Frming nd Allied Sciences Aville online t IJFAS Journl S/ ISSN IJFAS Appliction of exogenous spermidine tretment for reducing of chilling on fruit qulity nd quntity of Vlenci ornge vr. olind M. Reisi 1*, R. Bdei Smni 2, M. Honrvr 2. Young Reserchers nd Elite clu, Jiroft Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Jiroft, Irn 2. Deprtment of Horticulturl Sciences, Esthn Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Esthn, Irn Corresponding uthor: M. Reisi ABSTRACT: With due ttention to importnce of citrus s one of the most importnt horticulture nd exports crops of irn nd in order to incresing of shelf life nd qulity improvement of citrus, reserch in this field is necessry, nd the purpose in this study is improvement the Qulittive ndquntittivechrcteristics of ornge t storge vi Polymins ppliction. This experiment ws performed in fctoril se on completely rndomized locks design (CRBD) with three replictions during Tretment included three levels of Spermidine (0, 1 nd 1.5 mm) with control tht use pure wter nd tempertures t two levels (2 nd 4 C) nd incution storge period t three levels (one, three nd five weeks fter hrvest). The results indicted tht the effect of Spermidine on chilling-injury, weight of single fruit, TA, flvor index (TSS/TA), fruit weight loss nd TSS ws significnt. Effect of temperture on the mentioned chrcters (exceptionl TA) ws not significnt. The effect of storge period on the percentge of fruit weight loss, vitmin C, TSS, TA, percentge of fruit juice nd TSS/TA ws significnt. The est concentrtion in this experiment for reduce of chilling injury ws spermidine 1.5 mm (Fi 1 & 2). Keywords: Vlenci ornges, Spermidine, chilling-injury INTRODUCTION Citrus is memer of world's sutropicl fruits nd rutcee fmily. The Importnce of citrus fruits in order of high vitmin C nd nti-cncer effects. Ornges re second fruit fter pple tht people consumed in the world. Vlenci ornges is lte- seson fruit, high yielding tht trnsferred from spin to the other prts of the world (Fotuhighzvini, 1999; Wlheime, 2007). Food nd griculture orgniztion (FAO)reported irn with 4 million tons of citrus fruits production in 2010, It hs een rnked etween 20th mjor produced countries in world(fao, 2011). chilling injury nd freezing every few yers in irn nd mny citrus producing countries, inters severe dmge to citrus orchrds. Mny fctors ffected on freezing hrdening tht some of the them re geneticlly nd others hve physiologicl spect (Mirmohmmdi&Metodi, 2002). Freezing in citrus is one of the iggest environmentl fctors tht led to severe dmges to citrus producers (Fotouhi-Ghzvini, 2002). On the other inttention of growers to pproprite hrvesting time of fruits nd regultion of hrvesting time ccording to mrket demnd cused to chilling injury of citrus fruits on tree (Willis et l., 2008).Losses of griculturl products re griculturl issuesdue to numerous resons, such s filure to oserve the principles of proper hrvesting, hndling, trnsporttion nd storge of griculturl products. Amount of losses in developing countries nd in the cse of some crops like nn nd citrus re reported up to 50% (Fotuhighzvini, 1999). Polymines re the new group of plnt growth regultors tht the history of polymine iochemistry goes ck more thn 300 yers. They re low moleculr weight ctions nd with liner nitrogen groups present in ll living orgnisms. Polymines nd their

2 Intl J Frm & Alli Sci. Vol., 2 (S): , 2013 iosynthetic enzymes hve een implicted in wide rnge of metolic processes in plnts nd nimls, rnging from cell division nd orgnogenesis to protection ginst stress (Kur et l., 2013). The common Polymines re uiquitous in plnt cells, including putrescine, spermidine nd spermine. Spermidine increse the more longevity of fruits in storge nd decrese dmge of storge (Esn shri nd zokee khosroshhi, 2008). It is elieved tht Exogenous polymines cuses increse post hrvest life nd qulity improvement of fruits due to mintennce of firmness, reduce ethylene production, wter loss, dely chnges of color, solule solids, titrle cidity, nd fruit protection ginst chilling nd mechnicl injury.one of the most importnt effects tretment of exogenous polymine is increse tissue firmness during storge of fruits nd vegetles. increse firmness nd reducetissue softening were reported in mny horticulturl crops such s pple, strwerry, tomto, lemon nd plum (Wlheime, 2007; Zokee khosroshhi nd Esn shri, 2008). Yoshikw et l(yoshikw et l., 2007) stted tht effect of low tempertures with polymines, jsmontes, scisic cid on ntioxidnt ctivities cuses reduced low temperture injuries such s fruit crcking in pple fruits. Also its results showed tht scisic cid, jsmontes nd polymines my e ssocited with resistnce of chilling stress in pples fruits. Ned seyf et l (Seyf et l., 2008) investigted ppliction of polymines nd enzyldenine on nutritionl vlue of punic during storge period of punic. Results showed tht ppliction of spermine nd spermidineinduce cold cclimtion, which led to mintennce of memrne fluidity t low tempertures nd increse endogenous polymines, nd finlly reduced electrolyte lekge nd skin rowning in treted fruits. the im of this study is the improvement of qulittive nd quntittive trits of ornge vi Polymins ppliction t storge. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment ws crried out in 2010 t griculture nd nturl resources reserch center of jirooft, kermn province, in irn country. The re of jiroft re out 50 thousnds Km2 t est sought of kermn province ( 56', 17' to 59' 2' longitude nd 26' 43' to 29' 35' ltitude, m ASL, men of reltive humidity 50%, 48 C mximum of temperture, 0 C minimum of temperture, 150 mm Averge nnul precipittion ).The experimentl design ws fctoril study, sed on Rndomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replictions.the teretments were Spermidine in three levels (0, 1 nd 1.5 mm), tempertures t two levels (2 nd 4 C) nd storge period t three levels (one, three nd five weeks fter hrvest) tht their investigted onvlenci ornge ( Citrus sinensis L. Oseck vr Olind) with rootstock (Citrus urntium) t jirooft region.fruits were hrvestedrndomly of the four crdinl points of tree crown without injury to fruit with plstic gloves in erly morning nd plced in wooden oxes. Fruits were trnsported to lortory immeditely fter hrvest from the field. Then helthy nd uniform fruits isolted nd divided into groups tht 10 fruit in ech group nd it ws plced in plstic g, tht 5 fruits ech tretment used for initil experiments nd other hlf for chilling experiment. Fruits were wished with wter nd then ir dried inshde. After prepring of fruits ws treted with 1 nd 1.5 mm/l concentrtion of spermidine y dipping for 5 min. following tretments, fruit were plced in two isolted storge with 2 nd 4 C fter 1, 3 nd 5 weeks.after these times fruits were rought out from cold storge And then trnsferred into storge with 20 C, 85-90% reltive humidity during 1 week nd then evluted qulittive nd quntittive fctors nd cold dmge. Chrcters were mesured like tipchilling index, weight loss, percentge of juice, degree rix of juice (TSS), Vitmin C, totl cidity (TA), flvor index ( TSS/TA), weight of single fruit. The dt ws nlyzed using SAS version 9 nd the mens were compred y Duncn's multiple rnge test. chilling injury index clculted with formul: chilling injury index = sum (numer fruit ech group * score of chilling) Rte of lose weight with formul: 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS The result indicted tht effect of spermidine on weight of single fruit, TA, TSS/TA were significnt t 1% proility nd on chrcters weight loss of fruit nd TSS t 5% proility nd lso effect of spermidine on chrcters juice nd vitmin C ws not significnt. Temperture ws not significnt on none of the chrcters ( except TA t 1% level). Storge time ws significnt on chrcters percent of weight loss, vitmin C, TSS, TA t 1% proility, ut ws significnt on chrcters percent of juice nd TSS/TA t 5% proility nd it ws not significnt on fruit weight. Interction Effects of spermidine, temperture nd storge time were not significnt on mentioned chrcters. (Amin et l., Amin nd Rhemi, 2007) indicted tht effects of three polymines (spermine, 1293

3 Intl J Frm & Alli Sci. Vol., 2 (S): , 2013 spermidine nd putrescine) with concentrtion (0, 0.5, 1 nd 1.5 mm) in 3 nd 10 C on reducing of chilling on sweet lemon (Citrus limett)cused tht untreted fruits showed symptoms of chillings rown spotsnd skin necrosis In 3 C fter 2 weeks, wheres Treted fruits with polymines showed no symptoms of chilling in 3 C. nd reducing of chilling with incresing of spermidine nd spermine content hve positive correltion.effect of polymines in incresing of tissue firmness relted to linkge those to croxyl Group (-Coo) of pectic compounds in cell wlls. This linkge led towll stility tht is detectle immeditely fter tretment. It'spreventfrom ctivity of cell wll degrding enzyme such s pectin methylesterse, pectinesterse nd polyglcturonse nd led to reduce of fruit softening during storge period. decrese of fruit tissue softening during storge period in controlled tmosphere storge hve closely correltion with increse levels of endogenous polymines (Esn shri nd zokee khosroshhi, 2008). Yuko et l (Yuko et l., 1993) investigted effects of storge temperture on polymines content in four vrieties of vegetles nd results indicted tht reduced level of chlorophyll nd polymines in 20 nd 32 C,respectively. Wheres chlorophyll nd spermidine tend to remin in 2 C nd ut incresed level of putrescine. Bii et l (Bii et l., 2010) reported tht ppliction of endogenous putrescine on improvement effects of high temperture in flower nd fruit development of cotton cused increse level of putrescine in cotton flowers nd this ction despite of negtive effects of increse in temperture cused increse of seed set. Vlero et l (Vlero et l., 2002) reported tht ppliction of free polymines (spermine, spermidine nd putrescine) nd scisic cid in two stge of fruit ripening of lemon when icolor nd complete yellow fruit cused increse tissue firmness compred to control fruits in first stge of ripening. Treted fruit with putrescine indicted high level of firmness nd lowest of weight loss compred to treted fruits with clcium nd control fruits during storge period. Chilling injury index Results of this experiment indicted tht effect of espermidine on chilling index ws significnt (tle1).so tht most of chilling injury percentrelted to control tretment with men of score 1.72 nd lest otined in spermidine 1.5 mmwith men 10. ). According these results cn sy tht with incresing concentrtion of spermidine reduced percent of chilling injury, nd est concentrtion ws spermidine 1.5 mm for reducing chilling injury( Fig 1 & 2). (Ggoet l., 2008) were reported tht reltion of polymines in control of chilling sensitivity of corn genotype indicted tht cold injury in roots relted with spermidineconcentrtion.otined results in this study corresponded with Ggoet lresults. Weight of fruit single Effect of exogenous spermidine on weight of fruit single ws significnt t 1% proility. The highest weight ws control with men of weight g nd it ws lowest in tretment spermidine 1 mm per liter with men of weight g (tle 2). (Rmeznin et l., Rmeznin et l., 2010) stted tht ppliction of spermidine on pomegrnte fruit cused reduced weight loss nd incresed mount of juice thn control fruits nd cused improvement of low temperture on qulity of pomegrnte fruits during cold storge. Percentge of weight loss Weight loss percent of ornge ffected y spermidine tretment significntly (p<0.05). the comprison mens indicted tht spermidine 1.5 mm per liter hs highest of weight loss with 4.78% nd control hs lest of weight loss with 3.85% (tle2). Zokee Khosroshhi & Esn shri (Zokee khosroshhi et l., 2007) stted tht storge life of strwerry fruits ws significntly incresed y the use of putrescine nd it cused lso preventd the softening of fruit flesh weight loss during the storge. TSS Effect of spermidine on TSS ws significnt t 5% proility. Highest rte of TSS ws relted to the 1 mm per liter spermidine with 9.42% nd lowest rte ws relted to control with 8.67% (tle 2). Zokee khosroshhi & esn shri (Zokee khosroshhi nd Esn shri, 2008) stted tht ppliction of putrescine on post hrvest life of 1294

4 chilling injury Intl J Frm & Alli Sci. Vol., 2 (S): , 2013 strwerry, pricot, pech nd sweet cherry cused ethylene production nd juice losses were decresed significntly nd use of putrescine prevented the softening of fruit flesh nd lso ppliction of putrescine incresed TSS rte in sweet cherry. TA TA rte ffected y spermidine significntly (p<0.01). Highest rte of cidity ws relted to control with nd lowest rte occurred in 1 mm per liter spermidine with 0.95 (tle 2). Mirdehghn & Rhemi(Mirdehghn nd Rhemi, 2002)stted tht ppliction of polymines on storge life of pomegrnte prevented rowning of skin nd weight loss of fruit nd it lso delyed in cidifiction process, solule solids nd trnspirtion rte. TSS/TA Effect of spermidine on TSS/TA ws significnt t 1% proility. Lowest rte of TSS/TA ws relted in control with 7.76 nd highest rte es relted in 1 mm per liter spermidine with 9.66 (tle 2). Serrno et l (Serrno et l., 2003) stted tht effectof putrescine on post hrvest life of four plum cultivrs incresed shelf life,delyed ripening process nd higher qulity ttriuted when compred with controls ws significntly for ll vultivrs. DISCUSSION According to otined results tretment of exogenous spermidinehve desired effectsin order to reduce the effect of chilling on qulity nd quntity of Vlenci ornge fruits vr. olind. The est concentrtion in this experiment for reduce of chilling injury ws spermidine 1.5 mm (Fi 1 & 2). Polymines with linkge to cell memrne cused memrne stility nd preservtion wxes of cuticle lyer nd so they hve importnt role in reduced wter exchnges vi fruit skin. Pretretments tht reduced symptoms of chilling injury, cused incresing of polymine levels.lsoin mny cropssuch s lemon, tngerine, grpe fruit, pumpkin, cucumer, eggplnt nd pepper ssocited with incresing polymine levels. So it is elieved tht polymines with preservtion stility nd helth of cell memrne cn protected plnt orgns ginst cold injury(esnshri nd Aokekhosroshhi, 2008). Polymines of Putrescine, spermidine nd sperminect s disinfectnt, ecuse their cpcity hve chnged in linkge with ionized compounds in cell memrnend sor free rdicls, So their cused stiliztion lipids nd prevention of memrne degrdtion (Serrno et l., 1996). According to study results recommended tht results in this reserch mtched in lrge scle nd performed with coopertion nd consulttion ofcitrus expert. And so looks higher concentrtion this plnt growth regultor to e effective in freezing temperture tht its require to more reserch.lsoit seems necessry tht using of hormone s exogenous form efore chilling occurrence in region with folige ppliction on citrus trees instnce spermidine 1 Mm spermidine 1.5 Mm chilling injury index Figure 1. Compring the men of vrious concentrtions effect of spermidine on the chilling injury index c 1295

5 chilling injury Intl J Frm & Alli Sci. Vol., 2 (S): , instnce one week fter hrvest three week fter hrvest Figure 2. Compring the men of interction effect of spermidine nd different storge time on the chilling injury index Tle 1. Vrince nlysis of the chrcteristic studied Men squres S.O.V D.F Chilling injury Percent fruit Percentge of fruit Fruit index juice weight weight TSS TA Vitmin C TSS/TA repliction Spermidine (A) ** ns 4.374* 11520/6** 2.689* 0.127** ns ** Temperture (B) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Storge time (C) ** * ** ns 3.923** 0.059** ** 6.153* Interction A*B ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Interction A*C ** ns ns ns ns ns 52/682 ns ns Interction B*C * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Interction A*B*C ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns error C.V ns: non-significnt, **,* : Significnt t 1% nd 5% of proility levels, respectively Tle 2. men comprison of the trits in the Vlenci ornge fruits vr Olind Tretment Percent fruit Percentge juice of fruit weight Fruit weight TSS TA Vitmin C TSS/TA instnce Spermidine 1mM c Spermidine 1.5mM Men in ech column with similr letters not significtly different t 5% of proility level using dncn s multiple REFERENCES five week fter hrvest instnce spermidine 1Mm spermidine 1.5Mm spermidine 1Mm spermidine 1.5Mm Amin H nd Rhemi M Investigtion of effect of polymines on chilling control in lemon. 5 th Congress of Irnin for horticulturl science. Shirz. Bii AC, Oosterhuis DM nd Gonis ED Exogenous Appliction of Putrescine Ameliortes the Effect of High Temperture in Gossypium hirsutum L. Flowers nd Fruit Development. Journl of Agronomy nd Crop Science, 196: Esn shri M nd Zokee khosroshhi M Polymines nd horticulturl science. Puliction of Bu-li Sin University. Hmedn. P 293. FAO (Food nd Agriculturl Orgniztion) FAOstt. Crop production Avlile online: Fotuhi ghzvini R Growing of citrus in irn. Pulictio of Giln university. P

6 Intl J Frm & Alli Sci. Vol., 2 (S): , 2013 Kur B, Jwndh SK, Singh H nd Thkur A Effect of putrescine nd clcium on colour chnges of stored pech fruits. Interntionl journl of griculture, environment & iotechnology. 6(2): Mir dehghn SH nd Rhemi M Reducing of chilling dmge of pomegrnte (punic grntum L.CV.) with lterntive heting. Irnin Journl of griculture science. 33(1): Rmeznin A, Rhemi M, Mftoun M, Kholderin B, Eshghi S, Sfizdeh MR nd Tvllli V The meliortive effects of spermidine nd clcium chloride on chilling injury in pomegrnte fruits fter long- term storge. Fruits 65: Serrno M, Mrtinez-Romero D, Guille n F nd Vlero D Effects of exogenous putrescine on improving shelf life of four plum cultivrs. posthrvest Biology nd Technology 30: 259-/271. Seyf SN, Aotlei A nd Zkerin A Investigtion of effect of polymine nd enzyldenine on mintennce of nutritionl properties of pomegrnte (Punic grntum L.) during storge period. 18 th Ntionl congress on food technology. Mshhd. Vlero D, Mrtinez-Romero D nd Serrno M The role of polymines in the improvement of the shelf life of fruit. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 13: Wlheim L Citrus: complete guide to selecting & growing more thn 100 vrieties for Cliforni, Arizon texs, the gulf cost nd florid. Trnsltor: Dneshgr, K. puliction of Mrze dnesh. P 160. Wills R, McGlsson B, Grhm D nd Joyce D Posthrvest: n introduction to the physiology nd hndling of fruit, vegetles nd ornmentls. Trnsltor: Rhemi, M. Shirx university puliction. P 437. Yoshikw H, Hond C nd Kond S Effect of low-temperture stress on scisic cid, jsmontes, nd polymine in pples. Plnt Growth Regul 52: Yuko T, Koh-Jchi Y,Yoichi N nd Hideki O Effects of storge Tempertures on polymine content of some Lefy Vegetles.J.Jpn.Sco.Hort.Sci.62(2): Zokee khosroshhi M, Esn-shri M nd Ershdi A Effect of exogenous purescine on post-hrvest life of strwerry (Frgri nnss Duch.) fruit, cultivr Selv.Scienti Horticulture. 114: Zokee khosroshhi M, Esn-shri M Effect of putrescine ppliction on post-hrvest life nd physiology on strwerry, pricot, pech nd sweet cherry fruits. JWSS- Isfhn university of technology. 12(45):