Assessment of the Effect of Zinc Sulfate Biofortification on the Quantity and Quality Characteristics of Spring Wheat Cultivars

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1 Advnces in Bioreserch Adv. Biores., Vol 7 (1) Jnury 2016: Society of Eduction, Indi Print ISSN ; Online ISSN Journl s URL: CODEN: ABRDC3 ICV Vlue 8.21 [2014] Advnces in Bioreserch ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessment of the Effect of Zinc Sulfte Biofortifiction on the Quntity nd Qulity Chrcteristics of Spring Whet Cultivrs Amin Asi, Friorz Shekri, Seyed Bhmn Mousvi, Nser Sghni Deprtment of Agronomy nd Plnt Breeding, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Mrgheh Corresponding uthor: A.si25@yhoo.com ABSTRACT Given the extent of zinc deficiency in the Irnin soils nd humn society, iofortifiction of whet nd other highly consumed foods with zinc content is one of the mjor chllenges to lower zinc deficiency in plnt communities nd consequently in humn societies. Accordingly, in this study, fctoril experiment ws performed with 3 replictions using rndomized complete lock design to ssess zinc iofortifiction impct on whet. The study fctors included the 2 cultivrs of Shiroodi nd Art spring whet nd 7 zinc sulfte fertilizer tretments consisting of control (no sprying), sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the ooting stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the ooting stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the milky stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the milky stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the dough stge, nd sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the dough stge of the grin conducted in the reserch field of College of Agriculture, University of Mrgheh. The results otined showed tht sprying of zinc sulfte incresed thousnd kernel weight, economic yield, hrvest index in the milky, nd grin zinc concentrtion in the ooting stge, while Art cultivr ws further ffected y the sprying compred to Shiroodi cultivr. Thus, from this experiment, it is concluded tht sprying whet with zinc sulfte cn led to improved yield nd enhnced zinc concentrtion of the grin. Key Word: Biofortifiction, Zinc Sulfte, Hrvest Index, Zinc Content, Whet Received 24/07/2015 Accepted 29/11/ Society of Eduction, Indi How to cite this rticle: Amin A, Friorz S, Seyed B M, Nser S. Assessment of the Effect of Zinc Sulfte Biofortifiction on the Quntity nd Qulity Chrcteristics of Spring Whet Cultivrs. Adv. Biores., Vol 7 [1] Jnury 2016: DOI: /r INTRODUCTION Whet is the first cerel in terms of nutritionl vlue nd the most importnt crop in the world. Becuse of rod comptiility with cultivr of wether conditions, the mentioned plnt owns higher scttering rnge thn ny other plnts [13]. The cultivtion of crops, especilly whet, comprises the min griculturl ctivity in semi-rid res of the world, especilly Irn [12]. Humns need t lest 22 elements for helth [35, 36, 14 nd 15], which must e provided with proper nutrition. However, more thn two-thirds of the world's popultion is fcing the lck of one or more of n element of micronutrients in their diets. From mong the elements, zinc nd iodine ccount for the highest deficiencies in nutrition fter iron [10]. This is more relted to the lck of food diversity or smll mounts of these elements in the mels. The deficiencies could e overcome y creting diversity in the diet, using supplements, enriching foods, enhncing concentrtions, nd providing iovilility of micronutrients in the products. Due to the fct tht in mny cses, there is no possiility of creting diversity in the diet ecuse of poverty or lck of ccess to food cultivr, the est solution to the prolem would e ddition of micronutrients such s zinc tht provides mjor contriution to humn nutrition to the foods [17]. Like in humns, nutrients ply very importnt role in feeding nd incresing yield of plnts [7]. Lck of nutrients cuses limited plnt growth nd eventul reduction of plnt yield. Bsed on plnt quntittive needs, the essentil elements re divided into the two groups of micronutrients nd mcronutrients. Micronutrients improve plnt generl conditions nd ct s ctlyst in the iochemicl rections in plnts [24]. Irnin griculturl soils own very smll mount of micronutrients, the soluility of which is ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

2 low due to the clcreous property, high ph, nd low orgnic mtter of the soil, icronted irrigtion wter, drought nd slinity stress, nd persistence of unlnced use of fertilizers [1]. Zinc is n essentil element for plnt growth nd its constnt nd continuous use is necessry for plnt optiml growth nd mximum yield chievement [8]. This element is either used s prt of enzymtic structure or cts s the regulting cofctors in lrge numer of enzymes. Zinc is used to mke DNA (2, 22, 5 nd 37). Aside from this, it plys role on the evolution of memrne structure nd its stility ginst vrious injuries [28]. Zinc deficiency in clcreous soils is considered s mjor prolem for plnt nd humn nutrition. Typiclly, its sorle mount y plnt is less thn 0.7 mg/kg in the Irnin soils, while this mount should e out 1 mg/kg t optimum conditions. Plnts tht grow in such soil suffer from zinc deficiency. In ddition, the unlnced use of fertilizers, especilly, excessive nd undnt ppliction of phosphte nd nitrogen-contining fertilizers, unprevlence of zinc-contining fertilizers, nd the dverse effect of phosphorus on zinc reduce the sorption of this element in griculturl products [28]. Zinc deficiency in humns cn e solved y incresing its concentrtion in cerels (22 nd 10). An importnt strtegy for enhncing the concentrtion of micronutrients in grins is plnt fertiliztion with soil or sprying [7 nd 4]. Sprying is one of the primry methods in zinc ppliction. For exmple, in study in Egypt, zinc sprying significntly incresed ll the plnt growth prmeters in rod ens [32]. This technique lso enhnced millet seed yield due to zinc pproprite concentrtion [40]. Furthermore, zinc sprying douled its concentrtion in corn grins [26 nd 38]. Velu et l [34]y using different methods of zinc sulfte ppliction in different cultivrs of whet, Volvo et l. oserved tht it not only increses yield significntly, ut lso the concentrtion of this element in whet grin, thus leding to enriched grins. Through the exmintion of the effects of iron, mngnese, zinc, nd copper on the yield nd qulity of whet grin in the clcreous lnds of Dorudzn re in Shirz, Ziein nd Mlkooti [39] reported tht seed yield enhnces y the consumption of micronutrients. But given tht zinc sprying rings out vrious results in different developmentl stges nd no consistent results re ville from multiple studies, the current reserch investigted the effects of zinc sulfte t different sprying times on whet seed yield, yield components, nd zinc content. Given the extent of zinc deficiency in the Irnin soils nd humn society, iofortifiction of whet nd other highly consumed foods with zinc content is one of the mjor chllenges to lower zinc deficiency in plnt communities nd consequently in humn societies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The investigtion ws conducted in the reserch field of Mrgheh University of Agriculture locted in the south of Est Azerijn province in the city of Mrgheh in Geogrphiclly, the re is locted within 37/37 North Ltitude nd 46/27 Est Longitude nd t height of 1475 m ove se level. The study ws implemented with 3 replictions y using fctoril experiment with rndomized complete lock design. The study fctors included 2 cultivrs of Spring, Shiroodi, nd Art whet ssocited with 7 zinc sulfte fertilizer tretments consisting of control (no sprying), sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the ooting stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the ooting stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the milky stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the milky stge, sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte in the dough stge, nd sprying of 0.5% zinc sulfte plus ure in the dough stge of the grin, which comprised totl of 42 tretment comintion. Ech testing plot size ws determined to e 6 m 2 nd the seeds were cultivted in 6 rows per plot y regrding the distnces of 20 cm nd 1 cm etween nd on the rows in ech plot, respectively. During the cultivtion, topdressing fertilizer ws relesed y hndsprying in the 3-4 lef stge only once. Frm irrigtion ws performed y flooding nd the first irrigtion egn with the end of plnting opertion. The next irrigtions were pplied every 7 dys, tking into ccount the sesonl rins. Weed comt opertion ws conducted s hnd weeding in the field during the project implementtion. To study the chrcteristics of the field experiment, two-row side plnttions of 25 cm from the eginning nd end of ech plot were considered s the mrginl effect, ut were excluded t the time of smpling. The chrcteristics nd their method of mesurement were s follows: The numer of spikes per unit re: Ech test plot ws otined y counting the numer of fertile spikes in 1 m 2. Seed numer per spike: Their numer ws counted in 15 spikes nd then their verge ws estimted for 1 spike. Thousnd Kernel Weight (TKW): For its precise mesurement, 3 smples of 1,000 kernels of seeds per plot (in ech itertion) were counted seprtely fter hrvesting nd weighed y sensitive scles. The verge of the resulting numers ws considered s the TKW of the desired tretment in ech itertion. ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

3 The numer of fertile tillers: The fertile spikes of ech of the 15 plnts hrvested were counted nd their verge ws regrded s the numer of fertile tillers per plnt for the tretments. Biomss: After elimintion of the mrginl effect, n re of 1 m 2 of the competing plnts ws hrvested nd dried in the sun for 5 dys to determine the iomss. Then, the totl weight of ech plot in the mentioned re ws mesured y n exct scle nd used s iomss in the estimtes fter converting it to unit re (kg/h), iologicl function. Seed yield: The plnts hrvested from 1 m 2 were threshed nd their grin weights were recorded s the seed yield per unit re (kg/h) fter weighing. Hrvest Index (HI): HI percentge ws clculted sed on constnt moisture nd dry sun from the following reltion: HI = (economic yield / iomss) 100 Grin protein content: The protein content of the grsins hrvested seeds from the experimentl plots ws mesured in triplicte with the use of Zeltex (ZX50) seed portle nlyzer device. In ech mesurement, the device shows 2 numers for grin protein content nd the verge of these two numers is considered s one repetition. Seed zinc concentrtion: Mesurement of the zinc concentrtion of the seeds hrvested from the experimentl plots ws performed y using wet shing [16] in the lortory of the Deprtment of Chemistry, University of Mrgheh nd with the help of the tomic sorption spectrophotometer (Shimdzu) nd the zinc concentrtions of the seeds were susequently determined. After testing the normlity of dt distriution nd homogeneity of vrinces, nlysis of vrince ws conducted s fctoril for the field chrcteristics sed on rndomized complete locks. All the sttisticl nlyses nd men comprisons were performed using SPSS softwre. For the comprison of mens, Duncn s multi-rnge method ws used t proility level of 5%. Drwing of the shpes ws crried out y utilizing Excel softwre. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bsed on the results of the current study, the numer of tillers per plnt nd the numer of spike per unit re were not ffected y the sprying nd cultivr (Tle 1). Among the ville cultivrs, Art cultivr represented greter numer of spikes compred to Shiroodi cultivr though the difference ws not significnt. It should e noted tht there is no possiility of producing fertile spikes in the potentil numer of the plnt tillers since the emergence of seedlings until producing 6-8 visile leves on the min stems [33] nd fter the 4-6 lef stge [19]. Thus, it is ovious tht sprying zinc sulfte in the reproductive nd seeding stges in the present study could hve hd no impcts on the mentioned trits. Khn et l [19] reported tht soil zinc sulfte ppliction leds to incresing whet yield with the increse of spikes per unit re. To, the results of Shekri et l [29] confirmed the ove finding y demonstrting tht only the ppliction of soil zinc sulfte ws le to significntly enhnce the numer of spikes per unit re compred to the control nd sprying tretments. Tle 1. Anlysis of vrince squres of the trits ffected y the use of zinc sulfte tretments nd drought stress. Sources of Vrition Df numer of Spikes numer of tillers TKW numer of grins per Yield Biologicl Yield Hrvest Index spike Zinc Sulfte * * ** Cultivrs * * * * Zinc * Sulfte*Cultivrs Error **Significnt t 1 % * Significnt t 5% ns Not-Significnt Bsed on the results of the nlysis of vrince (Tle 1), seed numer per spike ws not ffected y zinc sulfte tretment, ut the figures reveled significnt differences in the view of this trit. Also, zinc sulfte interctions in the cultivrs were not significnt sed on this chrcteristic (Tle 1). From mong the cultivrs, The cultivr Art hd greter numer of grins per spike compred to Shiroodi (Figure 1). The results of this reserch were expected since zinc sulfte ws pplied fter the formtion of grins per spike from phenologicl viewpoint. In other words, chievement of such result is norml with regrd to zinc sprying stges in the current test, including the ooting nd susequent stges. In fct, fter the ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

4 rrivl of plnt t the reproductive stge (fter the formtion of doule ridges in APX) coinciding with the onset of the internodes, initition of the end spikes would occur (11). The numer of grins per spike Shiroodi Cultivrs Figure 1. Chnges in the numer of grins per spike in whet According to the results of the dt nlysis of vrince (Tle 1), it ws found tht the effect of zinc sulfte sprying t the level of 5% is significnt on TKW components. Accordingly, from mong the sprying of zinc sulfte tretments, the highest TKW relted to the use of zinc sulfte with ure in the milky stge of the grins (Figure 2). Within the entire sprying process, the gretest effect on TKW ws otined when zinc sulfte ws used with ure, the vlues of which were significntly different from those of pure zinc sulfte. The men comprison of the min effects of zinc sulfte sprying on TKW components in the study cultivrs indicted tht seeds Shiroodi grins hd higher TKW compred to Art grins (Figure 3). Due to the fct tht the sprying ws crried out during the grin filling nd tking into ccount tht the element deficiency is considered s one of the most importnt fctors in reducing yields in the mentioned scope (14), sprying of zinc sulfte with ure with direct effect on grin filling on the one hnd nd retrdtion of ging of the photosynthesizing orgns resulting in incresing lef re durtion (LAD) on the other hnd cn led to improved TKW. It should e noted tht due to the lrger numer of grins per spike in Art cultivr, the ssimiltes produced were distriuted mong greter numer of seeds nd, therefore, the shre of ech grin ws reduced compred to when less numer of grins existed nd the ssimiltes received y ech grin were greter. Similr results were reported y Soleimni [31] nd Pol Shekne Phlevn et l [27]. In nother study, the effect of zinc sprying ws exmined on red whet t the grin filling stge nd it ws oserved tht zinc sprying incresed TKW in some of the study cultivrs [25]. Art thousnd kernel weight (g) e Control d sprying sprying zinc zinc-booting plus urestge Booting stge c sprying zinc-milky stge sprying zinc plus uremilky stge d sprying zinc-dough stge c sprying zinc plus uredough stge Zinc sulfte tretments Figure 2. Chnges in thousnd kernel weight y sprying the compounds of zinc sulfte Zinc sulfte tretments did not show significnt differences in terms of iomss. However, there were significnt differences mong the cultivrs sed on this trit (Tle 1). In this regrd, Art cultivr hd higher iomss compred to Shiroodi cultivr (Figure 4). As mentioned in the cse of numer of seeds per plnt, plnt iomss ws completed efore the sprying tretment nd hence the tretments hd no effects on this feture. In similr reserch, Khn et l [18] confirmed the sme result. ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

5 Thousnd kernel weight (g) Shiroodi Art Shiroodi Art Cultivrs Cultivrs Figure 3. Chnges in Thousnd kernel weight in Figure 4. iologicl yield chnges in whet whet From mong the min effects, only the use of zinc sulfte hd significnt effect on economic yield nd the cultivrs did not show significnt difference in terms of this trit (Tle 1). From mong the zinc sulfte sprying tretments, the est economic yield ws otined when the fertilizer ws spryed with ure. Also, concerning the time of sprying, the est time ws t the milky stge. It seems tht regrding TKW significnce in the evlution of yield components, the significnce of the mentioned trits ws relted to this prt of prctice. As mentioned ove, y ffecting the process of photosynthesis nd incresing LAD, zinc sulfte led to the enhncement of the grin filling durtion nd eventully TKW. With respect to the forementioned issues, Shiroodi seeds were lrger thn Art seeds, while seed numer per spike ws reverse in the former cultivr. Thus, the higher economic yields in Shiroodi nd Art cultivrs could e ffected y TKW nd seed numer per spike, respectively. In this wy, y hving strong point, ech cultivr represented similr economic yield. The interction etween zinc sulfte ppliction nd the cultivrs ws significnt sed on economic yield (Tle 1). According to Figure 5, it is oserved tht the use of pure zinc sulfte is etter thn its ppliction with ure for Art cultivr sed on economic yield, while the ppliction of zinc sulfte ssocited with ure hs higher effect on the improvement of this trit in the cse of Shiroodi cultivr (Tle 3). Byordi nd Mmedov [6] showed tht the use of zinc incresed Rpeseed yield. In generl, it ppers tht depending on the cultivr, the type of zinc fertilizer used, time of ppliction, mount of fertilizer, nd the interction with environmentl fctors, the consumption of this element cn enhnce the numer of spikes, Numer of spikes per squre meter, grin weight, strch, protein, indole cetic cid (IAA), dely ging, nd thus increse the yield. Pol Shekne Phlevn et l [27] nd Soleimni [31] oserved tht zinc sulfte incresed whet seed yield. A numer of reserchers consider zinc fertilizer ppliction eneficil for the improvement of yield nd yield components [9, 30 nd 17]. Biologicl Yeild (g/m2) Control sprying zinc- Booting stge Figure 5. Chnges in economic yield y sprying the compounds of zinc sulfte Hrvest Index (HI) represents the mounts of stored nd sent mterils in nd from the grin nd generlly the entire mteril produced within the vegettive nd reproductive periods, which is lwys emphsized y reserchers s vlule trit in evluting the production of crops (11). Zinc sulfte tretments t the level of 5% showed significnt differences sed on hrvest index (Tle 1). In this regrd nd in most cses, the use of zinc sulfte incresed HI. In prticulr, in the milky stge, it ws remrkle compred to control nd other sprying tretments (Figure 7). It hs een reported tht ny Biologicl Yeild (g/m2) sprying zinc plus ure- Booting stge 0 sprying zincmilky stge Zinc sulfte tretments sprying zinc plus ure-milky stge sprying zincdough stge sprying zinc plus ure-dough stge ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

6 fctors tht llevites the existing limittions to plnts will led to the improvement of HI t the reproductive nd mture stges of whet. One of these cses is the iovilility nd optimiztion of plnt nutrition (28). It should e noted tht t the time of whet seeding, plnt root orgn is ctully disled. Therefore, sprying of micronutrients cn improve HI (41). Also, whet cultivrs hd significnt differences sed on HI. From mong the cultivrs, Shiroodi cultivr represented greter hrvest index thn Art cultivr (Figure 8). In study, Bkht et l [3] reported tht zinc sulfte enhnces hrvest index in whet. Tle 3. compre mens of economic yield in Hom cultivrs under the influence of Zinc Sulfte nd drought stress Sprying Zinc Plus Ure-dough Stge Sprying Zinc-Dough Stge Economic Yield Sprying Sprying Zinc Plus Zinc-Milky Ure-Milky Stge Stge Sprying Zinc Plus Ure- Booting Stge Sprying Zinc- Booting Stge Control c c Tretment Art Shiroodi According to Figure 9, ll the levels of zinc sulfte sprying incresed grin zinc concentrtions compred to the control seeds. Also, mong the sprying tretments, sprying t the ooting stge hd greter effect on the grin zinc reserves. From mong the cultivrs, the seed zinc mount of Art cultivr ws significntly higher thn tht of Shiroodi cultivr. Assessment of the men comprisons of the tretments reveled tht sed on the iofortifiction of seed zinc, the use of zinc sulfte in the tretments of the ooting nd dough stges hd the highest ccumultion of this element in the Art cultivr. Accordingly, the lowest grin zinc concentrtion ws relted to the control tretment of Shiroodi cultivr. Furthermore, Ozturk et l [23] showed the highest zinc levels of the grin re otined when sprying it t the milky stge. Ckmk et l [9] nd Kutmn et l [21] noted tht zinc sprying of whet leves is much more effective in incresing the grin zinc concentrtion thn its soil ppliction nd its use in the erly stges of seed development cn e further eneficil. They lso stted tht the repetition of this prctice cn significntly enhnce zinc concentrtion of the grin. In ddition to the ove study, Zhng et l [38] concluded tht the use of Zn iofortifiction in whet cuses n increse of the grin zinc concentrtion y 50% nd tht of the flour up to 76%. Tle 4. compre mens of Zinc Content in Hom cultivrs under the influence of Zinc Sulfte nd drought stress Zinc Content Tretment Sprying Zinc Plus Sprying Zinc-Dough Sprying Zinc Plus Sprying Zinc-Milky Sprying Zinc Plus Ure- Sprying Zinc-Booting Control Ure-dough Stge Stge Ure-Milky Stge Stge Booting Stge Stge 0.38 c 0.28 g 0.3 e 0.3 e 0.29 f h Art 0.28 g 0.32 d 0.32 d c 0.29 f 0.21 i Shiroodi The results of the present reserch reveled tht the types of cultivr nd zinc sulfte ppliction hd no significnt effects on the components of grin protein content. Shekri et l (2015) stted tht the use of zinc sulfte hd no significnt impct on grin protein level. Unlike in this study, Sdri nd Mlkooti reported tht Zinc sulfte consumption increses protein content esides yield enhncement. Omidin et l. showed tht zinc sulfte sprying hs significnt effect on cnol seed protein content. REFERENCES 1. Allowy, B.J. (2009). Soil fctors ssocited with zinc deficiency in crops nd humns. Environ. Geochem. Helth., 31: Amerger, A. (1982). Micronutrients nd other iron prolems in Egypt. Short communiction. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 5: Bkht J., R. Shh, M. Shfi, nd M. Amnkhn, Pkistn Journl of Botny, (2010). 42: Bouis, H.E. nd Welch, R.M. (2010). Biofortifiction: A sustinle griculturl strtegy for reducing micronutrient mlnutrition in the glol south. Crop Sci., 50: Brodley, M. R., Philip, J., W, Hmmond, J. P., Zelko, I. nd Alexnder L. (2007). Zinc in plnts. New Phytologist,173: ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

7 6. Byordi, A. nd Mmedov, G. (2010) Evlution of Appliction Methods Efficiency of Zinc nd Iron for Cnol (Brssic npus L.). Notule Scienti Biologice, 2, Ckmk, I. (2002). Plnt nutrition reserch: Priorities to meet humn needs for food in sustinle wys. Plnt nd Soil., 247: Ckmk, I. (2008). Enrichment of cerel grins with zinc: Agronomic or genetic iofortifiction? Plnt Soil., 302: Ckmk, I., Klyci, M., Ky, Y., Torun, A.A., Aydin, N. nd Wng, Y. (2010). Biofortifiction nd Locliztion of Zinc in Whet Grin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: Ckmk, I., Pfeiffer, W.H., McClfferty, B., (2010). Biofortifiction of durum whet with zinc nd iron. Cerel Chem. 87, Fgeri NK, Bligr VC, Clrk R. (2006). Physiology of crop production. ISBN-13: ISBN-10: Frmrzi Monireh, Hong Yng, Riner Schulin, Krim C. Aspour. (2010). Modeling whet yield nd crop wter productivity in Irn: Implictions of griculturl wter mngement for whet production. Agriculturl Wter Mngement Ficco, D.B.M., C. Riefolo, G. Nicstro, V. De Simone, A.M. Di Gesu, R. Beleggi, C. Pltni, L. Cttivelli, P. De Vit., Phytte nd minerl elements concentrtion in collection of Itlin durum whet cultivrs. Field Crops Reserch 111, Grhm, R.D., nd Rengel, Z. (1993). Genotypic vrition in zinc uptke nd utiliztion y plnts. In: Roson, A. D. (Ed.), Zinc in soils nd plnts. Kluwer cdemic Pulishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlnds. 15. Grhm, S. A. (2007). Lythrcee. In K. Kuitzki (Ed.), The fmilies nd gener of vsculr plnts Vol Jon, C. Loon, v Anlyticl tomic sorption spectroscopy. Acdemic Press Inc.Chpter 5:Anlysis of Orgnic Compounds., pges: Ky, Y., Ky, Y., Arisoy, R. Z., Göcmen, A. (2002). Vrition in grin yield nd qulity trits of red whet genotypes y zinc fertiliztion. Pk. J. Agronomy., 1: Khn, M. A., Fuller, M. P. nd Bloch, F. S. (2008). Effect of soil pplied zinc sulphte on whet (Triticum estivum L.) grown on clcreous soil in pkistn. Cerel Reserch Communictions. 36: Kiry, E. J. M., (1983). Development of the cerels plnt. In Wright, D. W. (Editor), The yield of cerels. Royl Agriculturl Society of Englnd, London. 20. Kutmn, U. B. Yildiz, B. Ozturk, L. nd Ckmk, I. (2010). Biofortifiction of durum whet with zinc through soil nd folir pplictions of nitrogen. Cerel Chem., 87: Kutmn, U.B., Yildiz, B., Ckmk, I., (2011). Improved nitrogen sttus enhnces zinc nd iron concentrtions oth in the whole grin nd the endosperm frction of whet. J. Cerel Sci. 53, Mrschner, H. (1995). Minerl nutrition of higher plnts. 2 ed. London: Acdemi. 23. Ozturk, L., Yzici, M.A., Yucel, C., Torun, A., Cekic, C., Bgci, A., Ozkn, H., Brun, H. J., Syers, Z. nd Ckmk, I. (2006). Concentrtion nd locliztion of zinc during seed development nd germintion in whet. Physiol Plnt., 128: Ptil, B.C., Hosmni, R.M., Ajjpplvr, P.S., Nik, B. H., Smith, R.P. nd Ukkund, K.C. (2008). Effect of folir ppliction of micronutrients on growth nd yield components of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Krntk Journl of Agriculturl Sciences, 21: Peck, A. W. McDonld, G. K. nd Grhm, R. D. (2008). Zinc nutrition influences the protein composition of flour in red whet (Triticum estivum L.). J. Cerel Sci., 47: Pol Shekne Phlevn., M.R, Keykh, G. A., Estem, G. R., Akrimoghddm, H., Kohkn, S.A. nd Nroueird, M.R. (2006). The study of effects Zn, Fe nd Mn on qulity of grin whet. 18th World Congress of Soil Science, July 9-15, Phildelphi, Pennsylvni, USA. 27. Shhid S, Billington RW, Hill RG et l. (2010). The effect of ultrsound on the setting rection of zinc polycroxylte cements.j Mter Sci Mter Med vol. 21, (11) Shekri Friorz, Hossnieh Mohmmdi, Alirez Pourmohmmd, Armen Avnes, Mohmmd Bgher Khorshidi. (2015). Spring Whet Yielding And The Content Of Protein And Zinc In Its Grin Depending On Zinc Fertilistion. Electronic Journl Of Polish Agriculturl Universities. Volume 18. Issue Singh, Y.P. (2004). Effect of nitrogen nd zinc on whet irrigted with lkli wter. Annls of Agric Res., 25: Soleimni, R. (2006). The effects of integrted ppliction of micronutrient on whet in low orgnic cron conditions of lkline soils of western Irn. 18th World Congress of Soil Science, July 9-15, Phildelphi, Pennsylvni, USA. 31. Thlooth, A.T., Tifik, M.M. nd Mgd Mohmed, H. (2006). A comprtive study on the effect of folir ppliction of zinc, potssium nd mgnesium on growth, yield nd some chemicl constituents of Mungen plnts grown under wter stress conditions. World Journl of Agriculturl Sciences, 2: Thoms, H., nd Smrt, C.M. (1993). Crops tht sty green. Ann Appl Biol., 123: Velu, G., Singh, R.P., Huert-Espino, J., Peñ-Butist, R.J., Arun, B., Mhendru- Singh, A., Yqu Mujhid, M., Sohu, V.S., Mvi, G.S., Cross, J., Alvrdo, G. Joshi, A.K., Pfeiffer, W.H., (2012). Performnce of iofortified spring whet genotypes in trget environments for grin zinc nd iron concentrtions Field Crops Res. 137, 261e Welch, R.M., nd Grhm, R.D. (2004). Breeding for micronutrients in stple food crops from humn nutrition perspective. J. Experimentl Botny., 55: ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi

8 35. White, P.J., Brodley, M.R., Greenwood, D.J., Hmmond, J.P. (2005). Proceedings of interntionl Fertilizer Society 568. Genetic modifictions to improve phosphorus cquisition y roots. IFS: York, UK. ISBN Yng, Z. nd Volker R. (1999). Physiologicl nd genetic spects of micronutrient uptke y higher plnts. In: G. Gissel-Nielsen nd A. Jensen (eds.). Plnt nutrition-moleculr iology nd Genetics. Boston: Kluwer Acdemic Pulishers, pp Zhng Y.Q., Sun Y.X., Ye Y.L., Krim M.R., Xue Y.F., Yn P., Meng Q.F., Cui Z.L., Ckmk I., Hng F.S., Zou C.Q. (2012): Zinc iofortifiction of whet through fertilizer pplictions in different loctions of Chin. Field Crops Reserch, 125: Ziein, A. H., nd M. J. Mlkooti. (2002). Effects of Fe, Mn, Zn nd Cu fertiliztion on the yield nd grin qulity of whet in the clcreous soils of Irn. Plnt Nutr. 92: Zong X, Wng H, Song Z, Liu D nd Zhng A. (2011). Folir Zn fertiliztion impcts on yield nd qulity in perl millet (Pennisetum glucum). Frontiers of Agriculture in Chin. Decemer 2011, Volume 5, Issue 4, pp Zin Muhmmd, Imrn Khn, Rshid Wseem Khn Qdri, Umir Ashrf, Sjid Hussin, Sjid Minhs, Asif Siddique, Muhmmd Muzmmil Jhngir, Mohsin Bshir. (2015). Folir Appliction of Micronutrients Enhnces Whet Growth, Yield nd Relted Attriutes. Americn Journl of Plnt Sciences, 2015, 6, Copyright: 2016 Society of Eduction. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work ABR Vol 7 [1] Jnury P g e 2016 Society of Eduction, Indi