International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development

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1 Sientifi Journl of Impt tor (SJI): 5.71 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development Volume 5, Issue 04, pril e-issn (O): p-issn (P): SSESSMENT O SOIL ENZYME TIVITIES ND THEIR ORRELTION WITH IOTI ND IOTI OMPONENTS IN OSTL REGION O GUJRT Dish Nyk, M. H. ulekr Shool of Environment nd Sustinle Development, entrl University of Gujrt, Gndhingr, Gujrt, Indi strt - This study evlutes soil hemil profile, teril diversity nd totl numer of hlophytes from three regions, Southern Gulf of Khhh (SGK) (, ), South ostline (S) (, D) nd Northern Gulf of Khhh (NGK) (E, ). Soil enzymes relted to, N, nd P were performed y the hemil nd zymologil method; while teril speies were identified through 16s rrn tehnique. Results showed tht ll the sites showed moderte to high lkline onditions nd sodi nture due to high onentrtion of sodium nd hloride ions. The gretest teril nd hlophytes diversity were oserved in soil smple of SGK followed y S nd NGK. Soil omponents nd enzymes showed ron nd the ssoited enzymes positive orreltion otined t ll sites (P < 0.001). Exept the nitrte redutse soil N showed positive orreltion with protese nd urese tivity in soils (P < 0.05). The orreltion P result oserved totl vrine % in iplot whih indites with nd D sites highesr, nd moderte nd E nd lest nutrient omponents otined from different region. The orreltion etween enzymes nd relted nutrients omponents dislosed mximum positive orreltion for nd D (P < 0.001), negtive orreltion for E nd nd oth orreltion vriility t nd sites (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). These results indite moderte sline ondition higher numer of hlophytes, signifint enzymti nd miroil tivities were found whih essentil for nutrient reyling proess in the ostl eosystem. Keywords: ostl soils, soil enzymes, dehydrogense, lkline phosphtse, teril diversity, onservtion I. INTRODUTION ostl hitt is n impertive eologil nihe etween terrestril nd mrine empires, nd high produtive long with diverse nturl onservtion sites [1]. The ostl mngroves nd ssoited environment plys fsinting role in the environment. Mngroves, known s diverse vegettion of hlophytes re n essentil ioti omponent of the ostl eosystem. Erlier in ll 66 hlophyte speies elonging to 57 gener were reported from the Gujrt ost [2]. Soil, mjor omponent of every terrestril eosystem, plys pivotl funtionl role in ron sequestrtion, nutrient reyling proess, improving wter qulity, djusting the floodwters, rehrging groundwter quifers, proteting shorelines s well s keep enrih soure of flor nd fun diversity [3-7]. Indi hs km long ostline overed y the vriety of mrine nd ostl eosystem where, 4660 sq. km is overed y diverse mngrove. Indin mngrove ontriutes round 2.7 % of the world existing mngrove forest re [8-9]. Indin ost overed y nine sttes, mong them Gujrt overed one-third prt round 1600 km of it. The Gujrt ostline is proteted y two gulfs, nmely Gulf of Khhh nd Gulf of Khmht nd south ost lnd. Gulf of Khhh is prt of the western ost of Indi, fing the rin Se nd overs the mjority of western ost mngroves [2, 9, 10]. ording to DsGupt & Shw, [2] round 77% of Gujrt mngroves exist in Gulf of Khhh while the rest re loted in Gulf of Khmht. The ostl wetlnd funtionl diversity losely depends on ioti nd ioti omponents of hitt. Enzyme tivities re found under the mngroves nd teril diversity nd it is n importnt lile frtion of nutrient reyling proess nd s sink/soure of plnt nutrients [11-12]. In the lst two dedes, the interest in soil iodiversity nd eosystem funtioning hve eome more nd more importnt in eologil siene. The prominene of soil enzymes hs progressively expnded sine the first report on soil enzymes out entury go [13]. Soil physio-hemil prmeters gve informtion out soil struture while, the hlophytes, miroil diversity, nd enzyme tivity showed eosystem funtions. The miroil ommunity expressed funtionl diversity of soil s result of speies vriility nd gene expression within txon nd environmentl effets on eologil intertions [14-15]. Erlier ostl slinity ws reported s 4-30 % y the mjor ontriution of sodium nd hloride ions with hlophytes diversity [12, 16]. The previous study reported dverse effet of slinity nd limte ondition on miroil iomss ron nd enzyme tivities of soil in the ostl region of the y of engl, Sundrns, Indi [11]. Under the plnts nd miroil tion, enzymes showed orgni mtter degrdtion, minerliztion, nd nutrient reyling proesses y oxidtion, redution nd hydrolysis retion nd relesed free formed sustrte for plnts nd miroes s soure of nutrients [17-21]. Soil dehydrogense reflets the totl oxidtive tivity of the miroil iomss nd is involved in ll rights Reserved 1722

2 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) spets of metolism y providing gluose s n essentil energy soure of miroes [22]. Therefore, determintion of dehydrogense nd other ron ssoited enzymes tivity hs een suggested s good inditor of soil qulity [23]. Urese is the most prominent enzyme of N yling, tlyzes the hydrolysis of ure into mmonium ion depending on soil ph [24]. Under the soil idi or lkline ph ondition phosphtse plys n importnt role in trnsforming orgni to inorgni phosphorous form for plnts [25-26]. Under the ontrolled ondition, influened of slinity ws oserved on soil enzyme tivities [16] deteted tht, slinity inrese owing to slt wter ingression derese miroil iomss ron nd enzyme tivities [27]. However, in Indi lesser is known out soil miroil nd enzyme tivities in the ostl region. lthough ostl eosystem ssoited with numerous environmentl funtions, its miroil nd enzymti orreltion study ws not found for ostl region of Gujrt. ostl diversity is thretened y nthropogeni nd nturl dissters tivities [1, 6]. To known the eologil importne of Gujrt osl nd the sttus of ioti nd ioti ftors, the present study dels with the determintion of enzyme tivities ssoited with ron, nitrogen, phosphorous ontent long with redox potentil t vrious ostl sites of Gujrt. The study lso evlutes high seleted frtion of miroil ommunities nd totl numer of hlophytes speies t ll three regions. In ddition, sttistil nlysis for interorreltion etween soil nutrients nd teril distriution with enzymes were performed. II. MTERIL ND METHODS 2.1.Study site In the present study two mjor prts of Gujrt ostline ( ' N, ' E) inlude some of the sites of Gulf of Khhh (GK), further divided into southern (SGK) nd northern (NGK) nd Surshtr ostl (S) regions were overed. Gulf of Khhh region is renowned for high tides on regulr sis nd Surshtr ost is less indented nd modertely stright. The Gulf of Khhh is highly produtive region overed y the mrine ntionl prk, orl reef, mudflt, nd mngroves diversity [8, 28]. Wheres South ost overed sndy ehes, numerous spits, rs, mrshes nd smll esturies predomintes. Gujrt hs mintined different verge nnul rinfll for Jmngr 600 to 800 mm, Surshtr 400 to 800 mm, nd in Khhh less thn 400 mm. The ltertion in rinfll pttern is responsile for the distint vegettion in the Gulf of Khhh (NWG 2010). The study mp ig. 1 showed the smpling sites of the ostl re of Gulf of Khhh nd Surshtr ostl region. igure 1 Smpling sites of Gulf of Khhh nd Surshtr ostl region. 2.2 Sustrte smple olletion In erly pre-monsoon period of 2014, soil smples were olleted y rndom smpling nd totl numer of hlophytes were ounted in surrounded one-meter re. urther, two omposites were prepred from eh region. Smples were enoded with (Nrr, Sikk, Sly) nd (Dwrk, Okh) for southern Gulf of Khhh (SGK), (Vervl, Somnth, Lti) nd D (Muldwrk. Td, Diu) for Surshtr ostl lnd (S), nd E (Kshieh, Mndvi) nd (Mundr, Gngeshwr eh) for northern Gulf of Khhh (NGK) regions. Then, the olleted smples were sieved (2 mm) nd some of them were stored in refrigertor t 4 for enzyme tivities; su-smple were stored t -20 for miroil nlysis, nd remining smples were ir-dried t room temperture for physiohemil nlysis. 2.3 Soil physi-hemil properties Soil ph ws mesured in triplite mnner using 0.01M lium hloride solution nd the free ion pity ws evluted using 0.01 M Kl in 1:2; soil: solution rtio. The grvimetri method ws used for the wter holding pity (WH) [29]. or the hemil exmintion, soil orgni ron (SO) ws estimted y the olorimetri method nd orgni mtter ll rights Reserved 1723

3 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) lulted y Vn emmelen ftor [30]. The nitrogen ontent of the soil ws estimted y nlysis of nitrte nd mmoni in soil y phenoldisulphoni [31] nd Nessleriztion spetrophotometri method respetively [32]. Soil phosphorus ontent ws determined y Olsen [33] nd ville sulfur ws estimted y turidometri method [34]. Soil, Mg nd hloride ions were determined y the titrimetri method nd e ontent ws mesured y the olorimetri method [35]. id digested soil smples were estimted for zin (Zn), nd opper (u) mironutrient using tomi sorption spetrosopy (S) nd ville sodium (N), potssium (K) were nlyzed y flme photometry [36]. 2.4 Enzyme tivities Vrious enzyme tivities were lulted ssoited with different retion suh s redox potentil (tlse), yling of ron (mylse, invertse, dehydrogense, phenol oxidse, nd M-ellulse), nitrogen (protese, urese, nd nitrte redutse) nd phosphorus (lkline phosphtse) ontents. tlse tivity mesured y potssium permngnte titrtion method [17]. Soil mylse, ellulse nd invertse tivities were mesured using strh, surose nd M-ellulose s sustrtes y Gun et l. method [37]. Phenoloxidse tivity ws nlyzed y L-DOP (L-3, 4-dihydroxy phenyllnine) 10 mmoll -1 sustrte utiliztion method [38]. iologil tivity in soil smple ws identified y dehydrogense enzyme, nd the ssy ws performed using 0.5% of triphenyl tetrzolium hloride (TT), whih redued under 24 h inution t 37 into triphenyl tetrzolium formzn nd mesured t 485 nm [38]. or nitrogen reyling proess, protese enzyme tivity ws identified y tlysis of proteins to polypeptides nd mino ids, whih further hydrolyzed in mmoni nd were estimted y regent t 700 nm [39]. Urese tivity ws mesured y hydrolysis of ure to mmoni under overnight inution nd lierted mmoni ws estimted y indophenol method [40]. In nitrte redutse tivity lierted nitrte ws mesured in Kl solution (4 moll -1 ) y the spetrophotometri method t 520 nm [23]. lkline phosphtse tivity ws mesured using p-nitrophenyl sustrte (pnp) with Modified universl uffer (MU) solution t ph 11.5 nd relesed pnp ws mesured y olorimetrilly t 400 nm [20, 25, 26]. 2.5 Soil miroil nlysis Soil miroil diversity ws ssessed using seril dilution tehnique on Zoel mrine gr (HM 2216) medi. urther, individul teril speies were isolted for moleulr identifition. The teril DN isoltion, DNesy kit (Qigen) ws used for extrtion of DN from the pure ulture ording to mnufturer s speifitions. The 16S rrn gene frgment from eh isolte ws mplified y PR using 8 nd 149R primers [41-42]. The PR proess ws rried out y tking 50 µl retion mixture with 2 units of Tq DN polymerse. Denturtion proess ws followed t 95 º for 3 min; followed y 30 yles t 95 º for 30 s; 50 º for 30 s nd 72 º for 1 min, with finl extension t 72 º for 7 min using therml yler. urther, mplified sequene ws identified y grose gel eletrophoresis nd onserved sequene identified [42] Phylogeneti nlysis The quired 16S rrn gene sequene ws ligned ginst representtive referene sequene of the most relted memers, otined from the Ntionl entre for iotehnology Informtion (NI) dtse, y using of LST softwre. The evolutionry distnes were omputed using the Mximum omposite Likelihood method [43]. Phylogeneti dendrogrms were onstruted with inferring the Neighor-Joining method [44]. Evolutionry nlyses were onduted in MEG7 [45] softwre. 2.6 Sttistil nlyses Sttistil nlysis ws performed using OriginPro 8.1 nd XLSTT softwre. The dt were sujeted to vrine (NOV) using Grphpd prism. The mens nd stndrd devitions were lulted in triplite mnner. The reltionship etween enzyme tivities nd environmentl vriles s well s teril diversity distriution t vrious sites were nlyzed using orreltion nlysis nd prinipl omponent nlysis (P). Sttistil signifine ws determined t P III. RESULTS 3.1 Soil hemil profile There ws no sttistilly signifint (P < 0.05) vrition in verge soil ph of ll sites. The ll physi-hemil prmeters were mentioned in Tle 1. Soil olleted from different sites exhiited rnge of ph from 7.75 to The verge E of soils vried widely from 2.17 to 7.43 ms/m nd the men WH vried from to %. SO nd OM showed signifint (P < 0.05, r = ) vriility t ll sites. Soil N in the form of nitrte nd mmoni showed non signifint vrition (P < 0.05) nd higher onent of NH 4 -N ws deteted t mjor sites. ll sites oserved nonsignifint vrition for P nd S vried from to mg/kg; P, nd 150 to mg/kg S. Higher ontent of the soil S ws oserved in ll rights Reserved 1724

4 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) to other omponents. ll sites showed high onentrtion of sodium nd hloride ions nd low onentrtion of K, nd Mg ions (Tle 1). or the tions nd nions ll sites nonsignifint vrition oserved. Sttistilly nlyzed orreltion results showed tht sodium ion mximum positive orreltion nd highest signifint vrition otined with ll nlyzed prmeters (P < 0.001), wheres sulfur showed positive orreltion t minimum signifint level with ron, orgni mtter,, nd Mg minerl ions (P < 0.05). No signifint vrition ws oserved in remining prmeters. NOV result for hemil profile exhiited P-vlue for sites vrition is , whih indite lest signifint vrition. Tle 1. The hemil properties of the soil smples (men ± sem) from the southern nd northern Gulf of Khhh nd Surshtr ostl lnd. MRO NUTRIENT ph l ± ± ± 0.18 D 7.88 ± 0.09 E 8.42 ± ± 0.14 E ms/m 7.43 ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.67 O % OM % Nitrogen Phosphoro Nitrte - (NO 3 N) mmoni + (NH 4 N) us mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 3.29 ± 4.89 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1.03 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.83 ± ± ± ± ± 5.35 ± ± ± ± MIRONUTITRIENT l meq/100 g meq/100 g N mg/kg soil K mg/kg soil soil soil ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.15 Mg meq/100 g soil Sulphur mg/kg ± ± ± ± ± ± Hlophytes diversity The study sites showed mrshy, roky, muddy, nd sndy hitt vriility in soil struture. More vegettion ws found on mrshy nd muddy sites in ompred to sndy nd roky sites. Different hlophytes speies inlude Sued mritime (L.) Dumort., vienni mrin (orrssk.) Vierh., Prosopis hilensis (Mollin.) Stunz, Heliotropium urssvium L., Sliorni rhit Rox., Sesuvium portulstrum, (L.) Linn., Sued vermiult orssk.ex J,.Gmel., Slvdor persi Linn., Limonium stoksii, (oiss.) nd onvolvulus mirophyllous Sier ex Spreng were identified from the study re. The regions showed totl numer of 33, 21, nd 14 hlophytes from SGK, S nd NGK regions respetively. 3.2 Enzyme tivities Tht verge tivity of tlse enzyme is presented in ig. 2, whih indite nonsignifint vrition t ll sites. The soil ws positively orrelted with mylse (r = 0.600, P < 0.01), ellulse (r = 0.829, P < 0.01), invertse (r = 0.629, P < 0.01), dehydrogense (r = 0.687, P < 0.01) nd negtively orrelted with phenoloxidse (r = ) ig.3. The soil nitrogen ws positively orrelted with urese (r = 0.600, P < 0.01) nd protese (r = 0.95, P < 0.01) ut negtively orrelted with nitrte redutse (-0.431) ig. 4. orreltion dt of phosphorous with lkline phosphtese exposed very less positive reltion (r = 0.123, P < 0.05) (ig.5, Tle ll rights Reserved 1725

5 Dehydrogense tivity g TP g h -1 ml of 0.1 N KMnO 4 /g/2h Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) tlse Enzyme tivity D E 0.0 Nme of Smple igure. 2. tlse enzyme tivity mong ll three regions sites. Smll lphet letter shows no signifine differene etween ll sites. Dehydrogense tivity g gluose g -1 soil 24 h d D E Nme of Smple d d d mylse Invertse ellulse Nme of Smple D E Phenol oxidse M diq g -1 min D E Nme of Smple igure 3. ron yling enzymes mylse, invertse, M-ellulse (), dehydrogense (), nd phenol oxidse () tivity mong ll sites. G-gluose onentrtion, TP: triphenyl formzn relesed from 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrzolium hloride, diq:3, dihydroindole 5-6, quinone-2-roxylte lierted sustrte from L-DOP. The lower se indites the nonsignifint differene. Tle 2. orreltion etween ron, nitrogen, nd phosphorus with ssoited enzymes. mylse Invert se ellul se Dehydrog ense Phenol oxids e Prote se Urese Nitrte reduts e lkline phospht se ron 0.600** 0.629** 0.829* 0.687** * 0.685** ** * Nitrogen 0.807** 0.764** 0.886* 0.599** * 0.6** ** * * Phosphorus * * * * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 showed signifint vrine nd ns: not ll rights Reserved 1726

6 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) g NH 4 - N g -1 h Urese Nme of Smple D E g NO 2 - N g -1 h Nitrte Redutse Nme of Smple D E Protese g tyr g -1 h D E 0 Nme of Smple igure 4. Nitrogen yle ssoited enzymes urese, nitrte redutse nd protese showed non-signifint vrition etween sites whih mentioned in lphet smll lower se. Tyr: tyrosine, mmoni-nitrogen, nd nitrte estimted onentrtion reported in the grph. g pnp g -1 h lkline Phosphtse D E 0 Nme of Smple igure 5. lkline phosphtse tivities etween ll sites showed non-signifint vritions y lower se. pnp: p- nitrophenol lierted onentrtion ll rights Reserved 1727

7 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) 3.3 Soil miroil diversity The teril speies oserved were Hlophiles, lkliphiles, illus, Extremophiles, Exigoterium, nd Slinious group of diversity. Identified teril strins using 16S rrn prtil sequene displyed perentge similrity using LST softwre with those of environmentl lones or known speies in the NI dtse ig 6 (,, & ); Tle 3. The rnh length vlue of optiml trees otined for SGK, NGK nd S regions were 2.977, nd respetively. The tree ws drwn to sle, with rnh lengths (next to the rnhes) in the sme units s those of the evolutionry distnes used to infer the phylogeneti tree. or the evolutionry distne, mjor numer of the sequene involved in 11, 6, nd 4 nuleotides for SGK, S, nd NGK regions. or whole proess position 1st+2nd+3rd+Nonoding involved for nuleotide dtse nlysis. inl dt sets positions otined for SGK, S, nd NGK were 269, 501, nd 427 respetively; missing dt nd positions were eliminted throughout the nlysis. 3.4 teril ommunity distriution in reltion to environmentl vriles In the P study, the first two xes (priniple omponents) explined % (54.75% %) of the vriility in ommunity dt (ig. 7). The P ordintion of the lkliphiles, exigoterium, teril ommunity, hlophytes nd environmentl vriles OM, O, NH 4 -N, nd S demonstrted tht strongly orrelted with first P xis, wheres extremophiles, slinoous, hlophiles, nd illus were the most orrelted with the seond xis. The P nd NO 3 -N hd wek orreltion with seond xis nd very wek orreltion with first xis. The distriution ws minly relted to first xis vriles. WJO Tle 3. teril 16S r RN gene sequene dt otined from the ostl regions. ession WMM ession WVV ession ID ID ID % identif ition % iden tifi tio n % identifi tion WJO-1 WJO-2 WJO-3 WJO-4 WJO-5 WJO-6 WJO-7 WJO-8 WJO-9 WJO-10 WJO-11 KU KU KU KU KU KU KU KU KU KU KU % WMM-1 KU % WVV-1 86% WMM-2 KU % WVV-2 85% WMM-3 KU % WVV-3 100% WMM-4 KU % WVV-4 99% WVV-5 99% WVV-6 99% 99% 88% 89% 99% KU % KU % KU % KU % KU % KU ll rights Reserved 1728

8 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) WJO9 Exiguoterium mexinum KU WJO10 lkliterium sutropium KU WJO11 lkliterium putridlgiol KU WJO5 Hlomons pifi KU WJO4 terium uleno KU WJO6 Hloltiillus miurensis KU WJO2 illus nthris KU WJO3 illus sutilis KU WJO1 Exiguoterium mrinum KU WJO7 lkliterium putridlgiol KU WJO8 lkliterium putridlgiol KU WMM1 illus thuringiensis KU WMM2 Hlomons slifodine KU WMM3 Hlomons pifi KU WMM4 Hlomons venust KU ll rights Reserved 1729

9 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) WVV1 Exiguoterium sp KU WVV4 Hloltiillus lkliphilus KU WVV3 Hlomons ventose KU WVV5 Slinious roseus KU WVV2 illus thuringiensis KU WVV6 Hlomons smyrnensis KU igure 6.,, represent the phylogeneti reltionship of the 16S rrn gene sequene of SGK, NGK, nd S regions. The evolutionry history ws inferred from the Neighor-Joining method. Prtil sequene ws nlyzed y 16S rrn tehnique nd evolutionry nlysis onduted y MEG 7 softwre. 3.5 Priniple omponents nlysis (P) of nutrient nd enzyme dt The P showed tht nutrients profile nd enzyme tivities of vrious sites were different to eh other (ig.9). The first two Ps (P1 nd P2) explined 55.21% nd 19.27% of the vrine in the nutrients nd enzymes dtsets. The lrgest lodings on the P1 were SO (0.851), SOM (0.915), NH 4 -N (0.924), ville S (0.883), totl S (0.832) hemil omponents, nd mylse (0.829), ellulse (0.960), invertse (0.784), dehydrogense (0.804), protese (0.786), urese (0.762), lkline phosphtse (0.982) enzymes wheres on the P2 xis were nitrte (0.581), inorgni phosphorous (0.979), totl phosphorous (0.985) hemil omponents, nd tlse (0.459), nd phenol oxidse (0.485) enzymes. igure 7. P of miroil group diversity dt from ll ostl smples. P1 nd P2 ounted % nd % of the totl vrine (77.78 %), respetively. teril ommunities nd nutrients distriution were nlyzed t ll ll rights Reserved 1730

10 2 (19.27 %) Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) Orgni Phoshorous iplot (xes 1 nd 2: %) Totl Phosphorous Inorgni Phosphorous Nitrte Phenol oxidse tlse Nitrte E redutse igure 8. Sites-environment iplot from the P nlysis summrize differenes in nutrients nd ssoited enzymes. 1 nd 2 ounted for % nd % of the vrine, respetively. Soil smples were tested from different sites omposites, whih overed three regions of Gujrt ostlnd. IV DISUSSION SO Urese Dehydrogens SOM e lkline ellulse Phosphtse ville Sulphur D Invertse Totl Sulphur -2 mylse mmoni -3 Protese (55.21 %) 4.1 Vriility in soil physio-hemil profile ll the sites followed moderte to high lkline onditions. The soils displyed provisionlly flexile slinity nd the dominnt tion nd nion were sodium nd hloride respetively. Less mount of other ions were oserved t ll sites. These results re in lignment with the Indin ostl soil results [27]. ording to Stynryn D. et l. [46], orgni ron nd orgni mtter perentge of ostl hitt depends upon the type of vegettion prevlent in the study re. Here we found lower perentge of O nd OM in NGK region due to the higher slinity effet. High slt onentrtion used n dverse effet on soil nd responsile for low vegettion prodution [46]. The nitrogen ontent showed vried in the onentrtion of nitrte nd mmonil nitrogen from eh site whih indites signifint denitrifition proess t ll sites. Different onentrtion of mmonil nitrogen indites tmospheri nitrogen fixtion y the teril nd vegettion of sites [47-48]. In omprison to other omponents, wek moility nd lower utiliztion of soil phosphorous ws found due to lkline ph. Thus, soil phosphorous whih is diretly linked with poor degrdtion of orgni mtter is otined y miroes in the ostl environment. This result ws onsistent with the oservtions reported y Stynryn et l., [46]. The effet of river vehiulr pollution nd low oxidtion rte of sulfur ion in this re my e onsidered the reson for high sulfur onentrtion in ostl soil [49-50]. 4.2 Effets of teri nd hlophytes Our dt indites gret ultivle teril diversity nd vrile hlpophytes speies from ostl region of Gujrt. ig 6 indites mjor proportion diversity overed y hlophiles nd lkliphiles, while illus, Exigoterium, nd Extremophiles overed less portion. Soil enzyme tivities deteted t ll sites ould e those immoilized in the soil olloids nd originting from the surviving slt-tolernt plnts nd miroil speies [12]. sed on orreltion study etween the sustrte nd ssoited enzyme tivities signifint result of ron nd ssoited enzymes persisted due to the tive prtiiption of hlophytes nd soil miroil diversity [51]. Our findings support this sttement nd showed lrge numer of mngrove speies nd teril diversity showed signifint enzyme tivity t site, nd D in omprison to, E, nd sites. Miroes utilize ron sustrte s soure of energy; while hlophytes involved in degrdtion proess of polyromti hydroron mde the reyling proess in ontinuouse mnner [18, 53-55]. lthough the tmosphere is hving higher nitrogen ontent, it ould not e uptke diretly. The soil is indispensle medium to support the nitrogen minerliztion proess nd plnt roots nd ssoited miroes fix it from tmosphere. Here we otined urese tivity minly origined from plnts s well s miroes found s oth intr nd extr ellulr nd degrde ure into mmoni nd O 2 [24]. Protese, plys vitl role in minerliztion proess nd regulting the mount of plnt ville N nd plnt growth. In soil it ssoited with inorgni nd orgni soil olloids [14, 39]. Nitrte redutse tivity is minly performed y soil miroes nd they hve ility to onvert nitrte in to mmoni in solule form for plnts nd other living omponents. The tivity support our results, where urese tivity found due to the plnts nd miroes extr ll rights Reserved 1731

11 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) intrellulr enzymes; while higher tyrosine onentrtion showed supportive tion of plnt nd teril diversity t sites nd for nitrte redutse nitrogen fixers my e responsile. Results showed the ilogil pity of soil for enzyme tion s well s hve n importnt role in the miroil eology in the ostl eosystem [55-56]. In ddition, nonsignifint tivities of ll enzymes ould e ssoited with the osmoti potentil of soils due to high slt onentrtions nd slt out effets of solule slts on enzyme protein. In unfvorle environmentl ondition, miroes nd plnts ould not perform sustntil metoli tivity [12, 58]. 4.3 Effets of soil enzymes in reltion to ron, nitrogen nd phosphorous sustrte Soil omponents re losely ssoited with soil enzymes in iohemil trnsformtion proess of nutrient yling. However, their distriution nd soil enzymes tivities in the ost lnd environment hve een lesser desried. In our study tlse enzyme showed non signifint tivity t ll sites. This intrellulr tivity found due to the presene of neroi nd eroi teri minly hlophiles, nd lkliphiles showed redox potentil tivity [58]. It involved in ell proteting tion from dmge used y retive oxygen speies. This study displyed tht tlse tivities did not signifintly impt t ll sites. The tlse tivities of eh site represented negtive orreltion with ron nd nitrogen ontent. This tivity ws identified sed on soil smples ility to rek down hydrogen peroxide in the presene of potssium permngnte [59]. Phosphorous ontent showed slightly positive orreltion with the tlse tivities t ll sites. We suspeted tht the tlse enzyme tivities were not dependent on other ioti omponents of the ostl environment nd soil higher onentrtion of sodium nd hloride ions my lso e responsile for the non-signifint tivity [16, 57]. ron ssoited enzymes showed signifint tivities in the soil-plnt environment. mylse tivity is widely distriuted in soil nd plys signifint role in the rekdown of strh nd its onversion to oligoshrides. The enzymes produtive tivity y soil indites diretly supplying enzymes from their residues or indiretly providing sustrtes for the syntheti tivities of miroorgnisms [60]. ellulse tivities in the soil smples is minly result of tlysed degrdtion of ellulose nd polyshrides to relese redued sugrs s n end produt y the miroorgnisms. Invertse enzyme showed similr tivities like mylse nd ellulse in the soil smples. It is minly involved in rekdown retion in whih the tlysis of the hydrolysis of surose to gluose nd frutose hs een rodly studied euse of its widespred nd distriuted in soil miroorgnisms. In our study, iplot nlyzed dt showed positive orreltion of ron with mylse, ellulse, nd invertse enzymes tivities (ig. 8). The soil environment miroil tivities nd vegettion my responsile for it nd they utilized soil ron s mjor soure of nutrient for energy [61]. Soil dehydrogense tivity is minly ssoited with yling in eletron trnsformtion proess. This enzyme tivity ours s n integrl prt of ll vile miroil ells ut does not our extrellulrly in soil [17]. This enzyme oxidizes soil orgni mtter y trnsferring protons nd eletrons from sustrte to eptor. It is involved in respirtion proess of soil miroorgnisms nd re losely relted to the type of soil nd moisture ontent of soil [51]. However, in this study dehydrogense tivity showed positive orreltion with the ron ontent of soil. This ws proly relted to the higher mount of oxygen moleules uptke y the snd soil for respirtion proess nd oxidized ron soure for energy through soil miroil tivity. It is diretly linked with the iologil tivity of soil [22]. In soil phenol oxidse enzymes, tivity shows tlysis nd oxidtion of lignin, phenoli, nd other romti ompounds. This enzyme is exreted y soil miroorgnisms, nd the tlyti proess ws rried out in soil environment. The potentil tivity ws mesured y the rte of oxidtion of L-DOP sustrte into red oloured ompound 2-roxy-2,3-dihydroinole-5,6-quinone using oxygen s the finl eletron eptor [53, 62]. Oxidtion rte for phenoloxidse sustrtes is strongly dependent on ph nd struture of the soil. Here, the negtive orreltion of phenol oxidse nd ron ontent indite the onentrtion of hydrogen ions hd prominent effet on the rte of oxidtion, ssy neutrl nd slightly idi ph, s well s n unfvorle ondition for degrdtion of phenoli ompounds [51, 53]. This result hypothesizes tht the enzyme tivities of ellulse, invertse, mylse, dehydrogense nd phenol oxidse (Tle 2) were found due to the presene of soil ron soure, orgni mtters nd miroil diversity metoli tion [51]. Nitrte redutse enzyme plys key role in nutrient reyling proess of nitrogen ontent. It is involved in denitrifition proess in whih dissimiltory nitrte redutse tlyzes the first step of denitrifition y reduing nitrte to nitrite [63]. In our study results predited tht nitrogen ontent of the soil ws not showing the signifint tivity of nitrte redutse. It depends upon soil miroil diversity, the moisture ontent of soil, nd vegettion iomss of prtiulr environment. Lking nitrifying teril presene s well s unfvorle ioti omponents re responsile for it [63-64]. In urese tivity, miroorgnisms tlysed ure into mmoni nd ron dioxide nd re widely distriuted in the soil environment. It ws interesting tht in present study urese enzyme showed positive orreltion with soil nitrogen ontent whih indites the presene of nitrogen-fixing teri in ostl soil environment. ording to Houtl nd MGrity (1986), onsite vegettion lso my help in urese tivity of soil [24]. Protese, the nitrogen yling enzyme is minly involved in the tlysis of protein moleules. Here, sein moleules tlyzed y soil heterotrophi teri, fungi, nd tinomyetes into tyrosine. In our investigtion protese tivity, positive orreltion with nitrogen ontent indites neroi ll rights Reserved 1732

12 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) heterotrophi miroil diversity presented signifint tivity t ll sites. The vegettive plnt roots nd ssoited miroflor lso ontriute tive prtiiption in tlysis proess [39, 52]. Soil lkline phosphtse tivity, s mesured here with n rtifiil sustrte (p-nitrophenyl Phosphte), in whih inorgni phosphte relesed from orgni mtter. Soil ph plys n essentil role for soil phosphtse tivity. This tivity derived from the higher plnts root, fungi, phosphte soluiliser teri, nd some soil miro fun diversity [55](Olnder nd Vitousek 2000). Soil phosphorous ontent nd lkline phosphtse signifint negtive orreltion indite lower miroil iomss nd reduing tivity of phosphtse tivity [26, 52, 54, 63]. V. ONLUSION The study gve insights on lose reltionship of ioti nd ioti omponents with soil enzymes tivity desriing the ostl eologil importne. We employed soil enzyme tivities s good inditors of soil qulity for ostl region. Results showed tht under environmentlly fvourle onditions plnt nd teri serete extr nd intrellulr enzyme nd signifint tivity is seed t vrious sites. Our findings showed tht high lkline ondition, low moisture ontent nd low plnt nd teril diversity did not support suffiient enzymes tivity. It is essentil to onserve ostl eosystem euse hlophytes speies nd ssoited miroil diversity re the potent driving ftors for orgni mtter deomposition nd nutrients trnsformtion in ostl eosystem. Overll, our findings nd reommendtions suggest suitle soures (ioti nd ioti) of ostl hitt re neessry to e evluted for onservtion nd sustinle development. The study provides the first insight into the teril ommunities nd soil enzyme tivities on Gujrt ostleosystem. Referenes 1. Sye SE & Pye K, Implitions of se level rise for ostl dune hitt onservtion in Wles, UK. Journl of ostl onservtion, 11(1), 31 52, DsGupt R & Shw R, hnging perspetives of mngrove mngement in Indi - n nlytil overview. Oen nd ostl Mngement, 80, , Guo, J., Zhou, J., Wng, D., Tin,., Wng, P., Uddin, M.S., novel modertely hlophili terium for deolorizing zo dye under high slt ondition. iodegrdtion 19, 15 19, M,., Zhng, G.Y., Zhng, X.., Zho, Y.J., Li, H.Y., pplition of Mrkov model in wetlnd hnge dynmis in Tinjin ostl re, hin. Proedi Environ. Si. 13, , Pnigrhy, S., Murthy, T.V.R., Ptel, J.G., Singh, T.S., Wetlnds of Indi: inventory nd ssessment t 1: 50,000 sle using geosptil tehniques urr. Si. 102, , Rodrigues, R.S., Msrenhs,., Jgtp, T.G., n evlution of flor from ostl snd dunes of Indi: Rtionle for onservtion nd mngement. Oen ost. Mng. 54, , Sintiln, N., Rogers, K., Mzumder, D., Woodroffe,., llohthonous nd utohthonous ontriutions to ron umultion nd ron store in southestern ustrlin ostl wetlnds. Estur. ost. Shelf Si. 128, 84 92, SI, Stte orest Report. Dehrdun: orest Survey of Indi, S, ostl Zones of Indi, Singh, H.S.,. Mngroves in Gujrt: urrent Sttus nd Strtegy for onservtion. Gujrt Eologil Edution & Reserh (GEER) oundtion, Tripthi, S., hkrorty,., hkrrti, K., ndyopdhyy,.k., Enzyme tivities nd miroil iomss in ostl soils of Indi, Soil iol. iohem. 39, , Zhrn, H.H., Diversity, dpttion, nd tivity of the teril flor in sline environments. iol. ertil. Soils 25, , Vepslinen M., Kukkonen, S., Vesterg, M., Sirvio, H., Niemi, R.M., pplition of soil enzyme tivity test kit in field experiment 33, , rser, L.H., rty, S.M., Steer, D., test of four plnt speies to redue totl nitrogen nd totl phosphorus from soil lehte in susurfe wetlnd miroosms. ioresour. Tehnol. 94, , Pigntro,., Mostelli, M.., Moli, S., Grego, S., enedetti,., ssessment of soil miroil funtionl diversity in oppied forest system 62, , rnkenerger, W.T., inghm, J..T., Influene of Slinity on Soil Enzyme tivities. Soil Si. So. m. J. 46, , urns, R.G., Soil enzymology. Si. Prog. 64, , Ds, S.K., Vrm,., Role of Enzymes in Mintining Soil Helth, in: Soil Enzymology. Springer, Uttr Prdesh, Indi, Hssn, W., hen, W., i, P., Hung, Q., Estimtion of enzymti, miroil, nd hemil properties in rown soil y mirolorimetry J. Therm. nl. lorim. 1 20, ll rights Reserved 1733

13 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) 20. Jum, N.G., Tti, M.., Hydrolysis of orgni phosphtes y orn nd soyen roots Plnt Soil 107, 31 38, Prid,.K., Jh,., ntioxidtive defense potentil to slinity in the euhlophyte Sliorni rhit J. Plnt Growth Regul. 29, , hu,.i. nd Peretiemo-lrke,.O. Effet of spent engine oil on soil tlse nd dehydrogense tivities. Int. grophysis 22, 1 4, ost-mrtinez, V., Tti, M.., Enzyme tivities in limed griulturl soil iol. ertil. Soils 31, 85 91, Tti, M.., remner, J.M., ssy of urese tivity in soils Soil iol. iohem. 4, , Jum, N.G., Tti, M.., Effets of Tre Elements on Phosphtse tivity in Soils1 Soil Si. So. m. J. 41, 343, W..Dik, N.G.Jum, Tti, M.., Effets of soils on id phosphtse nd inorgni pyrophosphtse of orn roots Soil Si. 136, 7000, ndyopdhyy,.k., Mji,., Sen, H.S., Tygi, N.K., ostl Soils of West engl - Their Nture, Distriution nd hrteristis. nning Town, West engl, Indi, Singh, H.S., Mngroves in Gujrt urrent Sttus nd Strtegy for onservtion. Gujrt Eologil Edution & Reserh (GEER) oundtion, Motsr MR, Roy RN, & Motsr MR, Guide to lortory estlishment for plnt nutrient nlysis. o ertilizer nd Plnt Nutrition ulletin 19, Dtt, N.P., Kher, M.S., Sini, T.R., Rpid olorimetri Proedure for the Determintion of Orgni ron in Soils J. Indin So. Soil Si. 10, 67 74, Trs, M.J., Phenoldisulfoni id Method of Determining Nitrte in Wter. Photometri Study nl. hem. 22, , rosy, N.T., Determintion of mmoni y the Nessler method in wters ontining hydrzine nlyst 93, , Olsen, S.R., Estimtion of ville Phosphorus In Soils y Extrtion With Sodium ironte. United Sttes Deprtment of griulture, Wshington, US. 34. Hrt, M.G.R., turidimetri method for determining elementl sulphur nlyst 86, , ery N (2010) Mnul of environmentl nlysis. (ne ooks: Delhi, Indi). 36. Shh, M.., Tipre, D.R., Dve, S.R., hemil nd iologil proesses for multi-metl extrtion from wste printed iruit ords of omputers nd moile phones Wste Mng. Res. 32, , Gun SY (1986) Soil Enzyme nd Its Reserh Methods. (griulturl Press: eijing, hin). 38. sid, L.E.J., Klein, D.., Sntoro, T., Soil dehydrogense tivity. Soil Si. 98, , J.N., L., utleter, J.H.., Short-term ssys of soil proteolyti enzyme tivities using proteins nd dipeptide derivtives s sustrtes Soil iol. iohem. 4, 19 30, Kndeler, E., Gerer, H., Short-term ssy of soil urese tivity using olorimetri determintion of mmonium iol. ertil. Soils 6, 68 72, rghouthi, S.., Universl Method for the Identifition of teri sed on Generl PR Primers Indin J. Miroiol. 51, , Roose-msleg,.L., Grnier-Sillm, E., Hrry, M, Extrtion nd purifition of miroil DN from soil nd sediment smples ppl. Soil Eol. 18, 47 60, Tmur, K., Nei, M., Kumr, S, Prospets for inferring very lrge phylogenies y using the neighor-joining method Pro. Ntl. d. Si. U. S.. 101, , Sitou, N., Nei, M., The neighor-joining method: new method for reonstruting phylogeneti trees Mol. iol. Evol. 4, , Kumr, S., Steher, G., Tmur, K., MEG7: Moleulr Evolutionry Genetis nlysis version 7.0 for igger dtsets Mol. iol. Evol. msw054, Stynryn D, Pnigrhy PK & Shu SD, Texture, minerology, ron, nitrogen nd phosphorus of Viskhptnm shelf sediments, est ost of Indi Indin Journl of Mrine Sienes, 22, , lk M, Lvermn M, Keuskmp J, & Lnroek HJ, Nitrte mmonifition in mngrove soils: hidden soure of nitrite rontiers in Miroiology, 6(3), 1 10, Riley WJ, Ortiz-Monsterio I & Mtson P, Nitrogen lehing nd soil nitrte, nitrite, nd mmonium levels under irrigted whet in Northern Mexio Nutrient yling in groeosystems, 61(3), , Jflrgensen, The sulfur yle of ostl mrine sediment, Limfjorden, 22(5), , Yousuf, Kumr R, Mishr & Jh Unrvelling the ron nd sulphur metolism in ostl soil eosystems using omprtive ultivtion-independent genome-level hrteristion of miroil ommunities, PLoS ONE, 9(9), ll rights Reserved 1734

14 Interntionl Journl of dvne Engineering nd Reserh Development (IJERD) 51. Zhng -, Jing W, Liu WL, Zhu Si-Xi, Liu D & hng JieGe Y, Effets of plnt diversity on nutrient retention nd enzyme tivities in full-sle onstruted wetlnd ioresoure Tehnology, 101, , Ginfred L & Ruggiero P, Enzyme tivities in Soil Nulei ids nd Proteins in Soil, 8, , Pind, reemn & Lok M (1994). Enzymti Degrdtion of Phenoli Mterils in Petlnds - Mesurement of Phenol Oxidse tivity. Plnt nd Soil, 159(2), Tripthi S, hkrorty, hkrrti K & ndyopdhyy K, Enzyme tivities nd miroil iomss in ostl soils of Indi Soil iology nd iohemistry, 39(11), , Olnder LP, & Vitousek PM, Regultion of soil phosphtse nd hitinse tivity y N nd P vilility iogeohemistry, 49(2), , Dong X. & Reddy G, Soil teril ommunities in onstruted wetlnds treted with swine wstewter using PR- DGGE tehnique ioresoure Tehnology, 101(4), , ollg JM, & Stotzky G, Eologil signifine of the iologil tivity in soil In Soil iohemistry, , Trsr-eped, min, Leiros M & Gil-Sotres, n improved method to mesure tlse tivity in soils, Soil iology & iohemistry, 31(3), , Stepniewsk Z, Wolińsk & Ziomek J, Response of soil tlse tivity to hromium ontmintion Journl of Environmentl Sienes, 21(8), , Pnholy SK & Rie EL, Soil Enzymes in Reltion to Old ield Suession: mylse, ellulse, Invertse, Dehydrogense, nd Urese1 Soil Siene Soiety of meri Journl, 37(1), 47, Ross DJ, Invertse nd mylse tivities s influened y ly minerls, soil-ly frtions nd topsoils under grsslnd Soil iology nd iohemistry, 15(3), , h E, Wrnok DD, Vn Horn DJ, Weintru MN, Sinsugh RL, llison SD, & Germn DP, Mesuring phenol oxidse nd peroxidse tivities with pyrogllol, l-dop, nd TS: Effet of ssy onditions nd soil type Soil iology nd iohemistry, 67, , delmgid HM, Tti M (1987) Nitrte redutse tivity of soils. Soil iology & iohemistry, 19(4), orzo, & Niell X, Determintion of nitrte redutse tivity in Ulv rigid. grdh y the in situ method Journl of Experimentl Mrine iology nd Eology, 146(2), , ll rights Reserved 1735