Degradation Characteristic of Tomato Pomace, Soybean Hull and Peanut Pod in the Rumen Using Nylon Bag Technique

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1 Pkistn Journl of Nutrition 8 (11): , 2009 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2009 Degrdtion Chrteristi of Tomto Pome, Soyen Hull nd Penut Pod in the Rumen Using Nylon Bg Tehnique Songsk Chumpwdee Division of Animl Siene, Fulty of Veterinry nd Animl Sienes, Mhsrkhm University, Thilnd Astrt: Degrdtion hrteristis of three y-produt, were studied using the nylon g tehnique. Nylon gs tehnique were onduted in two rumen fistulted Brhmn-Thi ntive rossred steers. They were offered d liitum rie strw nd reeived onentrte t 0.5% BW. Nylon gs ontining 3.0 g of eh yprodut were immersed in duplite t eh time point in the ventrl rumen of eh steer for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 nd 72 h. The dt were fitted to the eqution P = + (1-e ) nd effetive degrdility were lulted using theoretil rumen out flow rte of k = 0.05/h. The tretments were 1) tomto pome, 2) soyen hull nd 3) penut pod ssigned ording to ompletely rndomize design with four replition. The results indite tht the rpidly solule frtion (), potentilly degrdle frtion (), degrdtion rte () nd potentil degrdtion (+) of DM, OM nd CP were different mong tretments (p<0.01). The effetive degrdility of DM, OM nd CP re the sme etween soyen hull nd penut pot, ut differenes with tomto pome. This dt is neessry to sreen y-produt for nutritive vlue efore using them in ruminnt prodution systems. Key words: Degrdtion, nylon g, tomto pome, soyen hull, penut pod INTRODUCTION The importne of degrdtion ourring in the rumen influene the utiliztion of nutrient in feedstuffs. Therefore relile, fst nd inexpensive tehnique is required to quntify oth rte nd extent of nutrient degrdtion from differene ingredients in the rumen. The nylon g tehnique hs proved to e potentilly useful tehnique for feed evlution (Ørskov nd MDonld, 1979). Tomto pome, soyen hull nd penut pod re gro industril y-produt. They re ommonly use s ruminnt feeds. Limited informtion on kineti of degrdtion is ville. The im of the urrent study ws to ssess the hemil omposition nd nutritive vlue using nylon g tehnique of three gro industril y-produt ommonly ville in Thilnd. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agro industril y-produt preprtion nd nlysis: The gro industril y-produts, nmely 1) tomto pome, 2) soyen hull nd 3) penut pod were olleted from the North-Est of Thilnd. All feedstuffs smples (Tle 1) were ground to pss through 2 mm sreen for the nylon g tehnique inution nd 1 mm sreen for hemil nlysis. The smples were nlyzed to determine Dry Mtter (DM), Crude Protein (CP) nd sh ontent (AOAC, 1990). Neutrl Detergent Fier (NDF), Aid Detergent Fier (ADF) nd Aid Detergent Lignin (ADL) were ssyed using the method proposed y Vn Soest et l. (1991). In so degrdtion proedure: Ruminl degrdtion mesurement using the nylon g tehnique ws rried out in Brhmn-Thi ntive rossred (315±12 kg) fitted with permnent rumen nnul fter two weeks dpttion period nd they were offered d liitum rie strw nd reeived onentrte t 0.5% BW (onentrte mixture: 49.80% ssv hip, 17.5% rie rn, 14.60% plm mel, 7.0% soyen mel, 1.40% ure, 0.4% slt, 1.0% minerl premix nd 8.30% sugrne molsses). Approximtely 3.0 g of DM test feed ws introdued into syntheti g with men pore size of 45 µm. They were pled into the rumen of two eef steer, 30 min fter the morning mel nd retrieved fter period of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 nd 72 h (four gs of eh feed for eh period). After removl from the rumen, the gs were wshed y hnd under tp wter until the wter eme ler. To determine the ontent of wter solule mteril gs, representing 0 h dispperne lso underwent the sme wshing o proedure s the inuted gs. Dried residues (65 C, 48 h) of eh inution time were pooled y feedstuff, in order to nlyze OM nd CP. Dry mtter, OM nd CP dispperne vlues were fitted to the eqution P = + (1-e ) (Ørskov nd MDonld, 1979), where P is the mount degrded t time t, is the rpidly solule frtion, is the potentilly degrdle frtion, is the rte of degrdtion of frtion. The effetive degrdility ws lulted s ED = +{/(+k)}, where k = frtionl pssge rte (0.05/h). Sttistil nlysis: All dt otined were sujeted to the nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) proedure ording to 1717

2 Tle 1: Chemil omposition of tomto pome, soyen hull nd penut pod By-produt Chemil Tomto Soyen Penut omposition pome hull pod DM Ash CP NDF ADF ADL Where: DM = dry mtter, CP = rude protein, NDF = neutrl detergent fier, ADF = id detergent fier nd ADL = id detergent lignin the omplete rndomized design. Tretment mens were ompred using Dunn s New Multiple Rnge test. Proilities less thn 0.05 were onsidered to e signifint. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemil omposition of y-produt: The hemil ompositions of y-produts re presented in Tle 1. Generlly, wide vritions existed in the hemil omposition of the investigted y-produts. The rude protein rnged from 10.2 for soyen hull to 22.0% for tomto pome. The result of this study grees with reports y Mghsoud et l. (2008), who reported tht most y-produts were low in protein nd high in firous ontent. The rude protein ontent of soyen hull ws lower thn tht reported y Nguyen et l. (2007); Chumpwdee et l. (2007) nd Wolf et l. (2002). However, the rude protein ontent of soyen hull ws (2008). In ddition, rude protein ontent of tomto pome ws similr to tht reported y Tghizdeh et l. (2008). There re mny ftors tht ffet rude protein ontent suh s stge of growth (Promkot nd Wnpt, 2004) mturity nd speies or vriety (Von Keyserlingk et l., 1996) nd soil types (Bloyi et l., 1997). Those ftors my prtilly explin differenes in rude protein ontent etween our study nd others. Ash ontent of y-produt ws rnged from %. Tomto pome hd the lowest sh ontent, while the penut pod hd the highest. The sh ontent of tomto pome ws lower thn tht reported y Mghsoud et l. (2008). However, sh ontent of tomto pome ws (2008). In ddition, sh ontent of soyen hull ws similr to tht reported y Nguyen et l. (2007). The differene of sh ontent ws proly due to vriety of y-produt or soil nd snd ontmintion. Neutrl detergent fier ontent of y-produts rnged from %. Tomto pome hd the lowest NDF ontent, while penut pod hd the highest. The neutrl detergent fier ontent of tomto pome ws lower thn tht reported y Tghizdeh et l. (2008), ut (2008). Additionlly, neutrl detergent fier ontent of soyen hull ws lower thn tht previous report (Nguyen et l., 2007). Aid detergent fier ontent of y-produt rnged from %. Tomto pome hd the lowest id detergent fier ontent while the penut pod hd the highest id detergent fier ontent. The id detergent fier ontent of tomto pome ws lower thn tht reported y Tghizdeh et l. (2008) nd Mghsoud et l. (2008), ut similr to reports y Chumpwdee nd Pimp (2008). The id detergent fier ontent of soyen hull ws similr to tht reported y Nguyen et l. (2007). Aid detergent lignin ontent of y-produt rnged from %. Soyen hull hd the lowest id detergent lignin ontent, while the penut pod hd the highest. The id detergent fier ontent of tomto pome ws lower thn tht previous report (Chumpwdee et l., 2007). There re mny ftors tht my ffet firous ontent suh s stge of growth, mturity nd speies or vriety (Aggl-Dohnni et l., 2001), dried method nd growth environment (Mupngw et l., 1997) nd soil types (Thu nd Preston, 1999). These ftors my prtilly explin differenes in firous ontent etween our study nd others. Degrdility hrteristis: The rpidly solule frtion ( frtion), potentilly degrdle frtion ( frtion), rte of degrdtion of frtion () nd potentil degrdtion (+) re presented in Tle 2. Dry mtter frtion ws highest (p<0.01) for penut pod nd lowest for soyen hull. In this study dry mtter frtion for penut pod ws highest s ompred to other y produt; possily euse fine dusty prtiles re OM nd CP redily solule in the rumen. Penut pod hd the highest (p<0.01) orgni mtter frtion nd soyen hull hd the lowest. The orgni mtter frtion of tomto pome, soyen hull penut pod were; 14.9, 11.9 nd 27.3%, respetively. Penut pod lso hd the highest (p<0.01) rude protein frtion nd tomto pome hd the lowest. The rude protein frtion of tomto pome, soyen hull nd penut pod were; 11.6, 14.5 nd 27.6%, respetively. Crude protein frtion for tomto pome ws similr to tht reported y Tghizdeh et l. (2008). Very fine prtiles would e rpidly fermented or else wshed out of the nylon g unfermented (Von Keyserlingk et l., 1996). In this experiment, penut pod ws very fine dusty prtiles, whih would esily e lost in the rumen. Vrition in frtion etween studies ould e due to differenes in feed prtile size nd proessing methods or differenes in nlytil tehnique (Btjoo nd Shver, 1998). Feed prtile size did not ffet rte of dry mtter nd rude protein degrdtion in some studies (Noek, 1985), ut others NRC (2001) reported lrge differene in dispperne of sustrte with differene prtile 1718

3 Tle 2: Degrdtion hrteristis of tomto pome, soyen hull nd penut pod By-produt Prmeter Tomto pome Soyen hull Penut pod SEM DM degrdtion hrteristis , % , h , % EDDM, % OM degrdtion hrteristis , % , h , % EDOM, % CP degrdtion hrteristis , % , h , % EDCP, % ,,,d Mens within row different supersripts differ (p<0.01), Where: DM = dry mtter, CP = rude protein, EDDM = effetive degrdility of dry mtter, EDOM = effetive degrdility of orgni mtter, EDCP = effetive degrdility of rude protein,,, re onstnts in the exponentil eqution, P = + (1-e ) Where = the rpidly solule frtion, = the potentilly degrdle frtion, = the rte of degrdtion of frtion, + = potentil degrdtion size. Even if the smples were milled in the sme mill degrdtion rte of dry mtter. In exeption, the the differenes in smll prtile proportion would degrdtion rte of orgni mtter for penut pod ws proly depend on the vegetl struture of y produts, fstest thn degrdtion rte of dry mtter, possily i.e. degree of lignifitions nd frgility. It is well know euse of disturne y sh ontent (Tle 1). tht differene etween forges in smll prtiles our Degrdtion rte of rude protein ws fstest for tomto during the milling proess, even in the sme equipment pome nd slowest for penut pod. The degrdtion nd sreen size (Oliver, 1998). In ddition, the smll rte of rude protein for tomto pome ws fster thn prtiles produed y grinding dried smples my result those in previous studies (Tghizdeh et l., 2008). The in n overestimtion of zero time losses (Lopez et l., rte of degrdtion () is n importnt s the potentil 1995). degrdility in determining oth effetive degrdtion The dry mtter frtion for ll y produts rnged from s well s rumen fill. Rte of degrdtion exerts diret %. The orgni mtter frtion for ll feeds effet on intke (Khzl et l., 1995) whih represents rnged from %. Orgni mtter frtion ws the nutrient vilility of forges. highest for soyen hull nd lowest for penut pod, The potentil degrdtion (+) of dry mtter, orgni possily euse penut pod hd the highest sh mtter rude protein were signifintly different ontent nd high rpidly solule frtion, whih intern etween y-produts (p<0.01). Potentil degrdtion of ffeted the orgni mtter frtion. The rude protein orgni mtter nd rude protein were highest for frtion rnged from %. Crude protein soyen hull nd penut pod hd the lowest. frtion ws highest for soyen hull nd lowest for Remrkly, rude protein ontent of y-produts ws penut pod. The rude protein frtion for tomto found to e very low (Tle 1). Suh low vlues of rude pome ws similr to those in previous studies protein re known to depress DM nd rude protein (Tghizdeh et l., 2008). degrdility nd result in low intke (Shem et l., 1995) Degrdtion rte () of dry mtter ws fstest (p<0.01) in nd lso high NDF, ADF nd ADL vlues my result into penut pot follow y the soyen hull nd tomto low degrdility nd indue low intke. pome. Degrdtion rte of dry mtter for y- produts Effetive degrdility of DM, OM nd CP re lso in this study were slower thn ompred onentrte presented in Tle 2. Rte of pssge (k) ws ssumed feedstuffs (Woods et l., 2003). This is possily due to t 0.05/h for the lultion of effetive degrdility. The the ft tht firous ontent nd degree of lignifitions effetive degrdility of DM, OM nd CP ws signifint in y-produts were higher thn onentrte feedstuffs. differenes mong y-produt (p<0.01). Effetive This struture is diffiult for tth y miroorgnism, degrdility of rude protein ws highest for soyen leding to slow rte of degrdtion. Degrdtion rte of hull. Numerous ftors hd effet on in so orgni mtter of y-produts re similr to the degrdility, suh s g pore size (Vnznt et l., 1719

4 1998), smple size (Noek, 1985), wshing proedures Lopez, S., F.D. De, B. Hovell, B. Mnyuhi nd R.I. Smrt, (Cherney et l., 1990), grinding, diet of host niml, Comprison of smple preprtion methods speies of niml, smple preprtion, inution time for determintion of the rumen degrdtion nd wshing method (Oliver, 1998). hrteristis of fresh nd ensiled forges y The results in this study indited tht y-produts hve nylon g tehnique. Anim. Si., 70: potentil degrdtion rnked from the highest to the lowest were; soyen hull, tomto pome nd penut pod. By-produts hd low vlue of rude protein nd high firous ontent. Conlusion: By-produts showed gret vrition in hemil omposition nd degrdility. The results in this study indited tht y-produts hve degrdility rnked from the highest to the lowest were; soyen hull, tomto pome nd penut pod, respetively. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The uthors would like to sinerely thnk Fulty of Veterinry nd Animl Sienes, Mhsrkhm University for filities supports. REFERENCES Aggl-Dohnni, A., P. Noziere, G. Clement nd M. Doreu, In so degrdility hemil nd morphologil omposition of 15 vrieties of Europen rie strw. Anim. Feed Si. Tehnol., 94: AOAC, Offiil methods of Anlysis, Vol.1, 15th Edn. Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists, Arlington, Virgini, USA. pp: Btjoo, K.K. nd R.D. Shver, In situ dry mtter, rude protein nd strh degrdilities of seleted grins nd y produt feeds. Anim. Feed Si. Tehnol., 71: Bloyi, J.J., N.T. Ngongoni, J.H. Topps nd P. Ndlovu, Chemil omposition nd degrdility of Brhystegi spiiformis (Muss) leves nd stems hrvested over 4 months from three sites in Zimwe. Anim. Feed Si. Tehnol., 69: Cherney, D.J.R., J.A. Ptterson nd R.P. Lemenger, Influene of in situ g rinsing tehnique on determintion of dry mtter dispperne. J. Diry Si., 73: Chumpwdee, S., A. Chuntirtikul nd P. Chuntirtikul, Chemil ompositions nd Nutritionl evlution of energy feeds for ruminnt using in vitro gs prodution tehnique. Pk. J. Nutr., 6: Chumpwdee, S. nd O. Pimp, Effet of non forge high firous feedstuffs s fier soures in totl mixed rtion on gs produttion hrteristis nd in vitro fermenttion. Pk. J. Nutr., 7: Khzl, K., M.T. Dentinho, J.M. Rieiro nd E.R. Ørskov, Predition of pprent digestiility nd voluntry feed intke of hys fed to sheep: Comprison etween using fire omponent, in vitro digestiility or hrteristis of gs prodution or nylon g degrdtion. Anim. Si., 61: Mghsoud, B., T. Akr, J. Hossen nd M.G. Ali, Evlution of some y produt using In situ nd In vitro gs prodution tehniques. Am. J. Anim. nd Vet. Si., 3: 72. Mupngw, J.F., N.T. Ngongoni, J.H. Topps nd P. Ndlovu, Chemil omposition nd dry mtter of forge legumes Cssi rotundiforli v. Wynn, Ll purpureus v. Highworth nd Mroptilium tropurpureum v. Sirtro t 8 weeks of growth (prenthesis). Anim. Feed Si. Tehnol., 69: Nguyen, V.T., A.I. Orr, D.G. St. Louis nd B.J. Rude, Suplementting orn or soyen hulls to ttle fed ermud grss hy II: In situ Dispperne nd ruminl dynmis. J. Anim. nd Vet. Adv., 6: NRC, Nutrient requirements of diry ttle. (7th Rev. Edn.) Ntionl reserh ounil, Ntionl Ademy Press, Wshington, DC. Noek, J.E., Evlution of speifi vriles ffeting in situ estimtes of ruminl dry mtter nd protein digestion. J. Anim. Si., 60: Oliver, R.M.P., Use of in vitro gs prodution tehnique to ssess the ontriution of oth solule nd insolule frtions on the nutritive vlue of forges. A thesis sumitted to the University of Aerdeen, Sotlnd, in prtil fulfillment of the degree of Mster of Siene in Animl Nutrition. Ørskov, E.R. nd I. MDonld, The estimtion of protein degrdility in the rumen from inution mesurements weighted ording to rte of pssge J. Agri. Si. (Cm) 92: Promkot, C. nd M. Wnpt, Ruminl degrdtion nd intestinl digestion of rude protein of tropil resoures using nylon g nd three-step in vitro proedure in diry ttle. Proeedings of the Agriulturl Seminr, Animl Siene/Animl Husndry. Held t Sofitel Rj Orhid Hotel Jnury Shem, M.N., E.R. Ørskov nd A.E. Kimmo, Predition of voluntry dry mtter intke, digestile dry mtter intke nd growth rte of ttle from the degrdtion hrteristis of tropil foods. Anim. Si., 61: Tghizdeh, A., A. Sfmehr, V. Plngi nd Y. Mehmnnvz, The determintion of metolizle protein of some feedstuffs used in ruminnt. Res. J. Biologil Si., 3: Thu, N.V. nd T.R. Preston, Rumen environment nd feed degrdility in swmp uffloes fed different supplements. Livestok Reserh for Rurl Development, 11:

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