Chapter 3. Your Wonderful Body

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Your Wonderful Body

2 Warm Up- Day 1 Ê Emma is conducting an experiment on whether or not whitening toothpaste works better than non-whitening toothpaste. She obtains two fake teeth and brushes one with whitening toothpaste and one with the plain toothpaste. After 2 weeks, she compares her results. Ê Identify the independent variable. Ê Identify the dependent variable. Ê What are some controlled variables Emma should consider. Ê Is there a control group? If so, what is it?

3 Lesson 1.1- A Systematic Study Ê The body is broken down into three main groups Ê Head/Neck Ê Trunk- contains most of the vital organs. Ê Appendages- arms and legs.

4 Levels of Organization Ê Cells- the smallest units of living things. Ê Tissues- groups of similar types of cells, working together. Ê Organ- a group of tissues arranged to perform a specific function. Ê Body System- a group of organs that work together to perform a job for the body.

5 Body Systems Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê System- transports nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other minerals System- provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from it. System- breaks down and absorbs nutrients. System- concentrates and removes liquid wastes. System- transports lymph, protects body against infection. System- covers and protects the body System- supports the body and provides attachment for muscles. Protects vital organs. System- moves body parts System- controls body functions and activities. System- controls certain internal body functions. System- forms reproductive cells.

6 Warm Up- Day 2 Ê Which part of the body contains the heart and other vital organs? Ê Name the levels of organization in the body. Ê What is an appendage?

7 Lesson 3.2A- Cardiovascular System Ê Cardiovascular System- includes your heart, blood, and blood vessels. Ê This system may also be called the circulatory system.

8 Blood Ê Blood is made up of four parts: Ê Plasma- straw-colored liquid that blood cells are suspended in. Ê Red Blood Cells- transport oxygen. Ê Hemoglobin- a special protein found in red blood cells that helps transport oxygen. Ê White Blood Cells- protect the body from disease. Ê Platelets- help with clotting.

9 What does the blood carry? Ê Oxygen from the respiratory system. Ê Nutrients from the digestive system. Ê Hormones from the endocrine system. Ê Antibodies and white blood cells from the immune system. Ê Water and wastes from the urinary system.

10 The Heart Ê Your blood moves through a series of blood vessels in your body by the pumping action of the heart. Ê Arteries- large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Ê Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles. Ê Arterioles branch into even smaller vessels called capillaries, which come into close contact with your body s cells. Ê Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between blood in the capillaries and your body s cells through a process called diffusion.

11 The Heart Ê Capillaries merge together to form venules, which carry blood from the capillary network to the veins. Ê Veins- large blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Ê The heart is divided into a right and left side, each containing two chambers. Ê Atrium- the upper chamber. Ê Ventricle- the lower chamber. Ê The two halves of the heart are separated by a wall called the septum.

12 Blood Flow Ê Blood enters your heart through a large vein called the vena cava and flows into the right atrium. The blood is pushed through to the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary arteries, transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the hemoglobin molecules release CO2 and pick up O2 and return oxygenated blood to the heart via the pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood travels to the left atrium, and on to the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta- the body s largest artery- which pumps it out to the rest of the body.

13 Types of Circulation Ê Pulmonary Circulation- transports blood back and forth between the lungs and the heart, through the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins. Ê Systemic Circulation- the flow of blood between the heart and all of the body except the lungs. Ê Coronary Circulation- provides large amounts of oxygen and nutrients to the heart tissues through coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta and return through the atrium via the cardiac vein.

14 Warm Up- Day 3 Ê What are the 4 components of blood? Ê How does blood get from the capillaries to the cells? Ê Name three things that the blood carries. Ê What distinguishes an artery from a vein?

15 Lesson 3.2B- The Respiratory System Ê Main Function: to exchange oxygen from the air with carbon dioxide from the blood. Ê Air Flow Ê Nasal cavity- lined by a mucous membrane, which creates a sticky mucous that helps trap dust and foreign substances. Ê Pharynx- throat Ê Larynx- voice box Ê Trachea- windpipe Ê Bronchi- two pipes that split off the trachea and allow air to enter the lungs.

16 The Lungs Ê Located in the thoracic cavity, are your right and left lungs. Ê The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes. Ê The lungs are enclosed in a thin, double-layered membrane, called the pleura. Ê Your lungs contain about 300 million tiny air sacs, that look like tiny bunches of grapes, called alveoli. Alveoli allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between your blood and the air. Ê Diaphragm- a dome-shaped muscle situated below the lungs. It expands and contracts to help you to breathe. Ê The diaphragm is controlled by the phrenic nerve.

17 Warm Up- Day 4 Ê Give the anatomical name for the voice box. Ê Give the anatomical name for the throat. Ê Give the anatomical name for the windpipe

18 Lesson 3.2C- The Digestive System Ê Function: to break down the food you eat, allow it to be absorbed by the body and used as a source of energy. Ê Digestion happens in two ways: Ê Mechanical Digestion: breaks down food through physical forces such as chewing and churning. Ê Chemical digestion: uses chemical reactions to break down the food.

19 The Path of Food Ê The path food following through the digestive system is called the alimentary canal. Ê Mouth- chews the food and mixes it with saliva. Ê Saliva contains enzymes- molecules designed to speed up chemical reactions- that break down starch from food into sugar. Ê Teeth- critical for digestion. Ê Crown- the visible, top-portion of the tooth. Covered by enamel- the hardest substance in the body. Ê Root- the part of the tooth that is not covered by enamel. Ê Dentin- hard, bone-like tissue which forms the tooth. Surrounded by cementum, which holds the tooth in place. Ê Pulp- inside the dentin. Contains the tooth s nerves and blood vessels and provides nutrients to the dentin. Ê Periodental Membrane- connects the cementum to the jawbone.

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21 The Path of Food Ê Epiglottis- covers the trachea (windpipe) to keep food from entering. Ê Esophagus- long, muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Ê Peristalsis- the involuntary contraction of muscles in the esophagus that pushes the food toward the stomach. Ê Stomach- muscular organ that functions as the mixing chamber. Combines food with digestive juices and enzymes that help to break down food further.

22 The Path of Food Ê Small Intestine- where most of the chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. About 3 m (10 ft) long with three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Ê Villi- hair like tubes along the inside walls of the intestines. Aid in absorption of nutrients. Nutrients enter the bloodstream through capillaries that surround villi and are transported by the blood to the rest of the body. Ê Large Intestine/Colon- long tube (1.5m) that absorbs most of the water and nutrients. Remains are excreted out the colon as feces.

23 Digestive System

24 Digestive Helpers Ê Liver- the body s largest internal organ. Produces bile, which is mixed with food in the small intestine to help digest fat. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. The liver also helps to filter out toxins and store glucose. Ê Pancreas- produces pancreatic juices that contain enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestines.

25 The Excretory/Urinary System Ê Function: excretes wastes from your body. Includes the lungs, liver, colon, and sweat glands. Ê Urinary System- a special part of the excretory system that removes liquid wastes. Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Ê Kidneys- bean shaped organs that contain a system of very small tubes that filter waste from the body. Ê Ureters- small tunes that connect kidneys to the bladder. Ê Bladder- stores liquid waste (called urine) until it is eliminated from the urethra.

26 Warm Up- Day 5 Ê What is peristalsis? Ê List the path that food takes through the alimentary canal from when it is taken into the body until it is eliminated as feces.

27 Lesson 3.2D- The Lymphatic System Ê Function: to circulate body fluids and protect your body from disease. Ê Lymph- a liquid supplied by the cardiovascular system that surrounds every cell in your body. Helps maintain water balance and keeps cells clean. Ê Moves one-way through a series of lymph capillaries and larger lymphatic vessels until it reaches the lymph nodes- large bundles of lymphatic tissue that clean lymph of debris and microorganisms before sending it back into the blood.

28 The Lymphatic System Ê Lymphatic Tissues Ê Peyer s Patches- groups of lymph nodes in the ileum of the small intestine. Ê Tonsils and Adenoids- prevent pathogens from entering your body through your throat. Ê Pathogens- disease causing organisms. Ê Spleen- the largest lymphatic organ. Filters out and disposes of dead cells and microbes in the blood and serves as storage for extra blood. The spleen also houses lots of white blood cells.

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30 The Immune System Ê Function: to fight invading microorganisms. Ê Includes Ê Skin- prevents harmful microorganisms from entering the body. Ê Mucous Membranes- line body passageways that open to the outside and use mucus to trap invaders. Ê Body Secretions- tears and sweat contain enzymes, called lysozymes, that destroys bacterial cells. Ê Thymus- located behind your breastbone, between your lungs. The site where lymphocytes grow and mature.

31 White Blood Cells Ê When a pathogen is detected in the body, several types of white blood cells jump into action. Ê Neutrophils- non-specific WBCs that are the first responders. Ê Macrophages- big eaters - second responders. Ê Lymphocytes- include B cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Ê B cells produce antibodies, which bind to pathogens and inactivate them and mark them for destruction. Ê Some B cells form memory B cells, which remain in the body from a future attack from the same pathogen. Ê Killer T Cells- destroy infected cells.

32 Immunity Ê Immunity- any ability of the body to resist invasion by being exposed to a pathogen or by vaccine. Ê Vaccines- a substance that causes the body to produce memory cells and antibodies against a pathogen but does not actually cause the disease. Ê Types of Immunity Ê Innate- the first line of defense against microbial cells. General, non-specific response. Ê Acquired- the immunity provided by memory B cells. Specific response to the invading cell.

33 Warm Up- Day 6 Ê What is the function of an antibody? Ê What is a phagocyte? Ê Explain the difference between the two main types of immunity.

34 Lesson 3.3A- Integumentary System and Skeletal System Ê Integumentary Systemconsists of the skin, hair, and nails that cover and protect your body.

35 Layers of the Skin Ê Skin- uses special sensory receptors to detect pressure and pain. Your skin also slows the loss of water from your body. Ê Epidermis- the top layer of skin, the outer layer of which is made of dead cells. The inner layers consist of living cells. The cells of the epidermis contain pigment that gives the skin its color- the most important of which is melanin. Ê Dermis- the second layer of skin which contains a network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles are also found within the dermis. Muscle fibers are woven throughout the dermis too. Ê Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)- located beneath the dermis. Contains adipose tissue and the major blood vessels of the skin. This layer aids in insulation. The subcutaneous layer also connects the skin to the muscles that lie below it.

36 The Skin

37 Skeletal System Ê Function: supports your body and gives it shape, protects vital structures, stores calcium, and provides a location for the formation of new red blood cells, which are produced in the bone marrow- the soft, fatty tissue in the porous center of a long bone. Ê An adult skeleton has 206 bones.

38 Skeletal System Ê Bones are classified into 4 categories: Ê Long Bones- these bones are longer than they are wide and have enlarged ends. Includes the humerous, femur, and phalanges. Ê Short Bones- roughly cube shaped. Most are found in wrist and ankles. Ê Flat Bones- often used to protect vital organs, such as the ribs. Ê Irregular Bone- such as the vertebrae found in your spine.

39 Types of Bones

40 Skeletal System Ê The skeleton is divided into two parts: Ê Axial Skeleton- includes the 80 bones of the head, spine and ribs. Ê Includes the cranium, maxillae, mandible, sinuses, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, ribs and sternum. Ê Appendicular Skeleton- includes the 126 bones found in the appendages, and the bones that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton. Ê Includes clavicles, scapulas, and pelvis.

41 Skeletal System Ê Joint- the place where two or more bones meet. Ê Immovable Joints- do not allow connecting bones to move. Ê Example: bones of the cranium Ê Movable Joints- allow the bones to move easily. The ends of these bones are covered with a smooth tissue called cartilage. Ê Several Types: hinge joints, ball and socket joints, pivot joints.

42 Skeletal System Ê Ligaments- strong, tough tissues that connect bones to other bones at moveable joint.

43 Skeletal System Ê Fracture- a break or crack in a bone. Ê Simple Fracture- a crack or break that does not cause the bone to pierce the skin s surface. Ê Compound Fracture- the bone breaks through the skin s surface.

44 Warm Up- Day 7 Ê What is the brown pigment that gives skin its color? Ê Name the two divisions of the skeletal system and what is included in each? Ê What is the top/outer layer of skin called?

45 Lesson 3.3B- Muscular and Nervous Systems Ê The muscular system is composed of over 600 muscles, responsible for producing the movements of your body. Ê Muscles work in pairs. When one muscle in the pair contracts to pull a body part toward it, the other muscle relaxes. Ê Each end of a skeletal muscle is attached to a different body part. Ê Origin- a relatively immovable part (like a bone) where a muscle is anchored. Ê Insertion- a movable part of the body (such as another bone or skin) where muscle attaches. Ê The insertion is always pulled toward the origin.

46 The Muscular System Ê Two Types of Muscles Ê Voluntary- muscles that you can move whenever you wish. Ê Example: muscles in your arms, fingers, legs, etc. Ê Involuntary- muscles that are vital to your body and work without you thinking about them. Ê Example: muscles in the heart that help with pumping blood or those in the intestines that aid in digestion.

47 The Nervous System Ê Function: to coordinate the activities of your body. Ê The nervous system is divided into two parts: Ê Central Nervous System (CNS)- includes the brain and the spinal cord. Ê Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- composed of the nerves, called neurons, and nerve tissue, called ganglia. Ê Nerves (aka: Neurons)- bundles of fibers that connect the central nervous system with the rest of the body. Neurons transmit information throughout your body as electrochemical messages, called impulses.

48 The Central Nervous System Ê Brain- includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Ê Cerebrum- the largest part of the brain, which controls conscious thought and reasoning. Ê The cerebrum is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls the right half of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left half of the body. Ê Cerebellum- sits at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum. It is responsible for balance and coordination. Ê Brain Stem- connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is responsible for the body s autonomic activities.

49 The Central Nervous System Ê Spinal Cord- located inside the vertebral column. Transmits impulses from the brain to the peripheral nervous system. The spinal cord also controls simple reflexes.

50 Peripheral Nervous System Ê Types of Nerve Cells Ê Sensory Neurons- transmit information to the brain and the spinal cord. Ê Motor Neurons- transmit information from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs.