Locus-Specific Constitutive and Cytokine-Induced HLA Class I Gene Expression
|
|
- Lawrence Wheeler
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This information is current as of January 12, Locus-Specific Constitutive and Cytokine-Induced HLA Class I Gene Expression David R. Johnson J Immunol 2003; 170: ; ; doi: /jimmunol References Subscription Permissions Alerts This article cites 54 articles, 32 of which you can access for free at: Why The JI? Submit online. Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Submit copyright permission requests at: Receive free -alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: Downloaded from by guest on January 12, 2019 The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD Copyright 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: Online ISSN:
2 The Journal of Immunology Locus-Specific Constitutive and Cytokine-Induced HLA Class I Gene Expression 1 David R. Johnson 2 Cytokine induction of the MHC class I genes increases the nascent molecules available for binding potentially antigenic peptides. The human H chain loci, HLA-A, -B, and -C, encode highly homologous and polymorphic mrnas. Here, these transcripts were resolved and measured by competitive PCR of cdna using locus-specific primers. Endothelial cells expressed many HLA-A and -B, but fewer HLA-C, transcripts. In contrast, HeLa cells expressed many HLA-A and -C, but fewer HLA-B, transcripts. The inflammatory cytokines TNF-, IFN-, and IFN- induced HLA-B strongly, but HLA-A and -C weakly in both cell types. Combined treatment with IFNs and TNF further increased HLA-A and -B, but not HLA-C transcripts. The constitutive and inducible activities of transfected promoters correlated well with mrna levels. The weak IFN response of the HLA-A2 promoter was not due to variations in the IFN consensus sequence, the site, or a 3-bp insertion between them. The HLA-Cw6 promoter was less TNF responsive due to a variant B enhancer, which also reduced the IFN responses. The NF- B subunit RelA strongly activated the HLA-A2 and -B7 promoters but only weakly activated the HLA-Cw6 promoter due to the variant B. Cotransfecting NF- B1 with RelA further increased activity of the HLA-A2 and -B7, but not HLA-Cw6, promoters. All three promoters were activated by MHC class II trans-activator, but not CREB-binding protein, whereas IFN regulatory factor-1 and -2 weakly activated the HLA-B7 and -Cw6, but not HLA-A2, promoters. These studies illustrate common and locus-specific mechanisms that may be targeted to modulate immune reactions. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170: The immune system detects infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted allogeneic cells through changes in MHC class I molecules, which are expressed on the surface of nearly all mammalian cells. NK cells are inhibited when they recognize particular MHC class I molecules. Specific T lymphocytes are activated when they recognize antigenic peptides bound within the MHC class I molecules. A mature MHC class I molecule comprises a transmembrane H chain, an L chain ( 2 -microglobulin), and a single peptide that can derive from a very large number of different proteins. Peptides bind most readily to nascent MHC class I molecules as they fold and mature. MHC class I molecule synthesis is induced by the inflammatory cytokines TNF, IFN-, and IFN-. These cytokines coordinately induce the transcription of H and L chain genes as well as the proteasome subunits, peptide transporters, and chaperones that support the maturation of MHC class I molecules (1). The expression of cell surface HLA class I molecules can be increased severalfold by increasing the expression of the H chain gene alone (2). The three human MHC class I H chain loci, HLA-A, -B, and -C, are homologous and highly polymorphic. The three loci can be expressed at different levels in different cell types (3, 4). The expression of a particular locus can be extinguished in tumor cells, which might contribute to immune evasion (3, 5). In contrast, some Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Received for publication April 5, Accepted for publication December 10, The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 This work was supported by Grant R29AI35099 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health. 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. David R. Johnson, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 6700-B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD drjohnson@niaid.nih.gov tumor cell lines express relatively high levels of HLA-C mrnas (4), which might be protective against NK cells (6). The expression of the endogenous HLA class I loci has been studied by Northern blotting, nuclease protection, and RT-PCR. Northern blotting requires carefully established hybridization conditions to resolve the highly homologous HLA class I transcripts (3, 7). Moreover, the specificity cannot be easily tested. Similar considerations apply to nuclease protection assays. PCR-amplified HLA-A and -B cdnas have been resolved by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (8). However, different PCRs must be performed for each template, and denaturing gels may not resolve all alleles. Recently, HLA class I gene transcripts were measured by locusspecific PCR of cdna using oligonucleotide primers that end at fully conserved, locus-specific nucleotides (4). This is a specific application of the amplification refractory mutation system, which is based on the inability of DNA polymerase to efficiently extend an oligonucleotide primer mismatched at its 3 end (9). This approach to measuring HLA class I transcripts can be applied to any human cell and allows the amplified target to be identified unambiguously by restriction digestion or sequencing (10). Here, the constitutive and cytokine-induced expression of the HLA-A, -B, and -C genes were compared in cultured human vascular endothelial cells (EC) 3 and HeLa cells. Human and murine EC express relatively high levels of MHC class I molecules in vivo (11). In mice this elevated expression is supported by constitutive IFN- signaling (12). The functional significance of elevated expression by EC is unknown. To understand the mechanisms of differential constitutive expression and cytokine induction, the HLA class I promoter elements were compared using reporter 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: EC, endothelial cells; CBP, CREB-binding protein; CIITA, MHC class II trans-activator; cpcr, competitive PCR; hgh, human growth hormone; ICS, IFN consensus sequence; ISGF3, IFN-stimulated gene factor 3; USF1, upstream stimulatory factor-1; IRF, IFN regulatory factor; RFX, regulatory factor X. Copyright 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc /03/$02.00
3 The Journal of Immunology 1895 genes. The promoters were analyzed by mutation and by cotransfecting expression vectors encoding transcription factors. These studies show that HLA class I loci have different constitutive and cytokine-induced expression patterns, some of which can be attributed to differences in the HLA class I promoters. Materials and Methods Cells and cytokines Human EC were isolated from umbilical veins and cultured on gelatincoated tissue culture plastic (Falcon) in medium 199 containing 20% FBS (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), 50 g/ml endothelial cell growth factor (Collaborative Biomedical Products, Bedford, MA), 100 g/ml porcine heparin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 g/ml streptomycin (Life Technologies). EC were used at passages 2 4. HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 1 mm glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 g/ml streptomycin (all from Life Technologies). The cell lines 2fTGH, U2, U3, and U6 were gifts from Dr. G. Stark (Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH). U3A and U3A STAT1 were gifts from Dr. X.-Y. Fu (Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT). IFN- (expressed in Escherichia coli; U/mg) was provided by Biogen (Cambridge, MA). IFN- (expressed in E. coli; 10 7 U/mg) and TNF- (expressed in E. coli) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). IFN- was used at 1000 U/ml, IFN- at 100 ng/ml, and TNF at 5 ng/ml. Surface expression (FACS) Surface expression of HLA class I molecules was measured as described previously (1). Briefly, cells ( ) were treated with saturating amounts of a pan-class I Ab, W6/32 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA), or an Ab specific for many HLA-B alleles, 4D12 (American Type Culture Collection), and stained with a fluorescent secondary Ab. The mean fluorescence intensity of viable cells was measured with a flow cytometer (FACScan; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). Messenger RNA measurement (RT-PCR) RNA was analyzed by competitive PCR as described previously in detail (4). Briefly, total RNA (2 g) was reverse transcribed with oligo(dt), treated with RNase H, and made up to 50 l. cdnas were diluted 1/2 for HLA competitions or 1/20 for -actin competitions. Competitor templates were initially diluted 1/10 6 for HLA or 1/10 5 for -actin, followed by four serial dilutions of 1/3. The equivalence point was determined from the line fit to the ratio of competitor and cdna products from four gel lanes (typical r ). A 471-bp fragment of MHC class II trans-activator (CIITA) cdna was amplified with the primers CIITA.51 (CAAGTCCCTGAAGGATGTGGA) and CIITA.31 (ACGTCCATCACCCGGAGGGAC) (13). A 1215-bp portion of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 cdna was amplified with the primers human IRF1.51 (GCTCTAGACTCCTGCAGCAGAGCCAAC) and human IRF1.31 (CGGAATTCGGGCCAGCTTTACACCACA). As noted in some experiments, cdnas were measured by real-time PCR on an icycler (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA) with AmpliTaq Gold and SYBR Green I (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Gel analysis of the real-time PCR products revealed single bands of the correct size with minimal background (not shown). However, these PCR products produced broad melt curves, perhaps due to their large size ( 1 kb). Therefore, except where noted, the results of competitive PCR were reported. Promoter cloning and mutation A 426-bp portion of the HLA-A2 promoter was amplified from genomic DNA prepared from JY lymphoblastoid cells by PCR using primers HLAA.51 (AGGGACAGAGATTACGGGAT) and HLABC.31 (CTCG GCGTCTGAGGAGA). Restriction endonuclease sites were added with primers HLAA.54 (GGCAAGCTTAGATTACGGGA) and HLAB.34 (CGGGATCCCTCGGCGTCTG), and the promoter was cloned between the HindIII and BamHI sites of the human growth hormone (hgh) reporter gene pogh (Nichols Institute Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA). The sequence of this clone is identical with the HLA-A2 promoter sequence in GenBank (accession K02883) from position 246 through the transcription initiation site (see Fig. 3B). A 426-bp portion of the HLA-B7 promoter (described previously (14)) was subcloned by PCR using primers HLAB.51 (AGGGACAGGGATTCCAGGAC) and HLAABC.31, then HLAB.54 (GGCAAGCTTAGGGATTCCAGGA) and HLAB.34. A 426-bp portion of the HLA-Cw6 promoter was cloned from HeLa cells using primers HLAC.51 (AGGGACGGGGATTCCAGGAG) and HLAABC.31, then HLAB.54 and HLAB.34. The sequence of this clone is identical with the HLA-Cw6 promoter sequence in GenBank (accession Z22752) from position 242 through the transcription initiation site. The mutant HLA-A2 or -B7 promoters were generated by recombinant PCR using the flanking primers HLAB.34 and HLAA.54 or HLAB.54, respectively, with the mutant internal primers listed beneath the consensus sequence (Fig. 3B). A large deletion was made in the HLA-B7 promoter, generating TM-B7, by cutting with Tth111I( 295) and MluI ( 110), then filling and ligating the ends. All constructs were confirmed by sequencing (Keck Biotechnology, Yale Medical School). The normal HLA-B7 and mutant TM promoters were also subcloned from SacI to BamHI fragments of the hgh reporter constructs into the SacI and BglII sites 5 of a firefly luciferase reporter gene (pgl3.bas; Promega, Madison, WI). Luciferase assays of cell lysates were performed using a kit according to the manufacturer s instructions (Promega). Transfection EC were transfected by DEAE-dextran, HeLa cells were transfected with cationic liposomes, and STAT mutant cells were transfected by CaPO 4 precipitation as previously described (2, 15). For the cytokine treatments, one large transfection mixture was divided among six wells. EC (10 5 ) were cultured overnight in C12 wells. DNA (1.5 g in125 l PBS) and DEAEdextran (125 l, 0.5 mg/ml PBS) were mixed and added to PBS-rinsed cells for 30 min. Complete medium (1 ml) with 80 M chloroquin was then added for 3 h. This was aspirated, and the cells were treated with 0.25 ml 10% DMSO in complete medium for 2.5 min. This was aspirated, and the cells were cultured in complete medium overnight. HeLa cells (10 5 ) were cultured overnight in C24 wells. DNA (1 g) and Lipofectamine (3.5 l; Life Technologies), each in 80 l serum-free medium (OptiMEM; Life Technologies), were mixed together and incubated for 20 min at room temperature. The DNA-Lipofectamine mix was added along with 0.15 ml OptiMEM to PBS-rinsed HeLa cells, which were cultured for 3 h. The mixture was then replaced with complete growth medium. The next day, EC and HeLa cells were treated with cytokines in fresh medium. Transfection efficiency was monitored by adding a -galactosidase vector (CMV- Gal; Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) and a firefly luciferase gene (GL3.Basic; Promega) under the control of an Sp1 enhancer-thymidine kinase minimal promoter (Sp1TK.GL3). Expression vectors encoding NF- B1, RelA and c-rel, and the empty vector (RcCMV), were gifts from S. Ghosh (Yale Medical School). IRF-1 and IRF-2 expression vectors (Act1 and Act2) were described previously (16). The CIITA expression vector was a gift from R. Flavell (Yale Medical School). The CREB-binding protein (CBP) expression vector was a gift from R. Evans (The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA). Results Endogenous HLA class I molecule expression Cell surface expression. The expression of HLA class I molecules on the surface of cultured EC and HeLa cells was measured by FACS. Cultured EC and HeLa cells expressed equivalent levels of HLA class I molecules (Fig. 1, A C). The cytokines TNF, IFN-, and IFN-, alone or in combination, increased the surface expression up to 10-fold in 24 h on both cell types. Combined treatment with TNF and IFN- or IFN- produced further increases in expression. Staining with an mab (4D12) that recognizes HLA-B molecules on HeLa cells demonstrated that HLA-B expression is more inducible than is total HLA class I (Fig. 1D). These findings are consistent with the report that IFN-treated Molt 4 cells increased their surface expression of HLA-B molecules more strongly than average (W6/32 reactive) HLA class I molecules (17). However, Ab binding cannot be used to compare absolute levels of protein expression, because different Abs distinguish the loci. In addition, allelic HLA class I proteins show widely varying stability and rates of maturation, which may be due to intrinsic structural differences or different availability of binding peptides. Endogenous HLA gene expression. Expression of the HLA class I loci was compared at the level of gene transcripts. Total mrna was reverse transcribed with oligo(dt) into cdna, which was measured by competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) using locus-specific primers and a competitor template with an internal deletion (4).
4 1896 EXPRESSION OF THE HLA-A, -B, AND -C LOCI FIGURE 1. HLA class I molecules are expressed equivalently on EC and HeLa cells. EC and HeLa cells were treated with cytokines for 24 h, and cell surface expression was measured by fluorescence flow cytometry (FACS). Representative histograms of EC (A) and HeLa cells (B) are shown. C, Expression is plotted as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 5000 cells (coefficient of variation, 60%). D, The cytokine induction of total HLA class I molecules, detected by the mab W6/32, and that of HLA-B molecules, detected by 4D12, are plotted. The intensity of the HLA-B stain was 1/10th that of the total HLA class I stain. These results are representative of three independent experiments. Competitive PCR under these conditions is highly reproducible (coefficient of variation, 0.3 for HLA-A, -B, and -C and -actin) (4). To detect and quantify cross-priming, e.g., HLA-A primers amplifying HLA-B cdna, real-time PCR was performed. Specific and nonspecific amplification of HLA-A, -B, and -C cdna clones and a control -actin clone were compared (4). Of the 12 PCRs, three weak cross-primings were detected (Table I). However, the correct priming was always much stronger than the cross-priming. Furthermore, the products of PCR-amplified cdna identified by sequencing or restriction digestion were always correct (10). Therefore, these primers all demonstrated very high locus specificity. Transcripts encoded by all three HLA loci were detected by RT-cPCR in cdna prepared from untreated EC and HeLa cells, demonstrating that both cell types express HLA class I mrnas constitutively (Fig. 2). There are more HLA-A transcripts than HLA-B transcripts in both cell types (Fig. 2, A and B). However, dramatically different levels of HLA-C transcripts were detected in EC and HeLa cells. Whereas EC express HLA-C at very low levels, HeLa cells express HLA-C at levels nearly equal to those of HLA-A (Fig. 2, A and B). These patterns of expression were observed in three independent preparations of HeLa cell mrna, three independent preparations of EC pooled from several donors, and two preparations of EC from single donors (4). TNF, IFN-, and IFN- increased transcripts from all three HLA loci, but not -actin (Fig. 2, C and D). Induction of the HLA-B locus was strongest and that of the HLA-C locus was the Table I. test) a C t PCR primers are specific for the HLA loci (cross-priming Templates HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C Control Specificity Primers HLA-A ,000 HLA-B HLA-C ,000 a The specificity of the HLA class I primers was tested in PCRs with templates from the matching locus, different HLA loci, or -actin (control). The cycle at which the product was detectable is listed (cycle threshold, C t ). Duplicate reactions differed by no more than one cycle. Specificity was calculated as the difference in the amplification needed to reach the C t (2 (Ct Incorrect Ct Correct) ). weakest in both cell types. Induction was also comparable between EC and HeLa cells, ranging up to 10-fold over 18 h. IFNs combined with TNF induced greater-than-additive (synergistic) increases in cell surface HLA class I surface expression (Fig. 1), which has been attributed to a synergistic increase in gene transcription (14, 18). HLA-B transcripts were synergistically increased in HeLa cells treated with TNF and IFNs (Fig. 2). HLA-A induction by TNF and IFNs was roughly additive. TNF further increased HLA-C transcripts induced by IFN-, but not IFN-, a result that was confirmed by real-time PCR (Fig. 2 and data not shown). In EC, however, cotreatment with IFN and TNF only modestly increased HLA-A and -B transcripts and decreased HLA-C transcripts. Therefore, HLA class I genes show locus-specific and cell type-dependent cytokine responses. Expression of transfected genes Constitutive HLA class I promoter activities. To analyze the mechanisms of HLA class I expression, representative promoters from each locus (HLA-A2, -B7, and -Cw6) were cloned in front of a reporter gene (hgh). Two HLA-B7 promoter mutants were constructed, a large deletion ( TM) and the replacement of the B enhancer with the HLA-C B( B B3C ; Fig. 3). These constructs and a control luciferase vector were transfected into EC and HeLa cells. All three HLA class I promoters were constitutively active in both EC and HeLa cells (Fig. 4). The relative activities of the promoters correlated with the constitutive levels of mrna (Fig. 3), except for the HLA-A2 promoter, which was weaker than the HLA-B7 promoter in EC. The minimal HLA-B7 promoter, TM, was much less active than the full-length promoter, demonstrating a role for constitutive enhancers within the deleted fragment. The activities of the HLA-B7 and -Cw6 promoters were divergent in EC and HeLa cells. One clear difference between these promoters is the B enhancer (Fig. 3). When HLA-B7 B was replaced with HLA-C B, the activity of the mutant promoter became more HLA- C-like, i.e., lower in EC and higher in HeLa cells ( B/C; Fig. 4). Similar results were obtained in additional experiments with subsets of these reporter-promoter constructs and in experiments harvested at different times. This finding suggests that proteins binding to locusspecific B enhancers control the constitutive promoter activity. The role of the B enhancer was analyzed further by transfecting expression vectors encoding NF- B subunits (see below).
5 The Journal of Immunology 1897 FIGURE 2. HLA class I locus transcripts are differentially induced in untreated and cytokine-treated cells. Cells were treated with cytokines for h, then harvested and analyzed for HLA-A, -B, and -C mrnas by RT-cPCR. The number of transcripts per cell (absolute expression) is plotted for EC (A) and HeLa cells (B). Induction is plotted in C (EC) and D (HeLa cells). For EC, the average and SD of three independent experiments with individual cytokines and two experiments with cytokine combinations are shown. The results of the single full assay of HeLa cell mrna shown here are representative of more than three independent partial assays and several assays performed at different times after induction. FIGURE 3. HLA class I promoters exhibit locus specific variations. A, Diagram of a HLA class I promoter. B,The sequences of wild-type promoters are listed along with the consensus sequence and the primers used to generate the mutant B, ICS, and site promoters. Enhancers are shown in a gray background within the consensus sequence: the B enhancer ( 193 to 181), the ICS ( 171 to 159), the W box ( 151 to 145), the X box/ site ( 127 to 110), and the enhancer B ( 92 to 87). The 3 primer used to generate the promoter mutants (HLAABC.31) and the variant TATA box (TCTA) are underlined. Numbering follows that of Kushida et al. (54); the putative start site is 20 nucleotides 5 of the first codon. Cytokine-induced HLA class I promoters. Cells transfected with the HLA class I locus promoter-reporter genes were treated with cytokines. The HLA-A2 and -B7 promoters, but not the HLA-Cw6 promoter, responded to TNF strongly in EC and weakly in HeLa cells (Fig. 5). The HLA-A2 promoter did not respond to either IFN in EC and responded only weakly to IFN- in HeLa cells. In contrast, the HLA-B7 promoter responded strongly to both IFN- and IFN- in HeLa cells and to IFN-, but not IFN-, in EC. The HLA-B7 promoter also appears to mediate synergy between IFN- and TNF in both cell types. The HLA-Cw6 promoter responded only to IFN- in both EC and HeLa cells. Therefore, these promoters demonstrated both locus-specific and cell type-dependent cytokine responses. To determine the enhancers mediating locus-specific responses, the cytokine-responsive HLA-B7 promoter was mutated. Two enhancers, the B and the IFN consensus sequence (ICS), have been implicated in the responses to TNF and IFNs (19 22). When the B was changed to the HLA-C B ( B/C), all cytokine responses were reduced (Fig. 6). When the ICS was changed to the HLA-A ICS (ICS/A), the cytokine responses remained strong in HeLa cells. In EC, however, the ICS/A mutant was unresponsive to IFN-. A different ICS mutation abolished IFN responses and
6 1898 EXPRESSION OF THE HLA-A, -B, AND -C LOCI FIGURE 4. HLA class I promoters are active constitutively in EC and HeLa cells. Reporter genes under the control of HLA class I promoters were transfected with a control reporter gene (Sp1-TK.luc) into EC (A) and HeLa cells (B). Culture supernatants and cells were harvested on day 2. Human GH was measured in the supernatant, and luciferase was measured in the cell lysates. Similar results were obtained in two experiments with EC and four independent experiments with HeLa cells. reduced TNF responses in both cell types (mics; Fig. 6 and Table II). This ICS mutation was patterned on a mutation of the ISRE (IFN-stimulatable response element) in the 9 27 gene promoter that abolished responses to both IFN- and IFN- (23). These results demonstrate the essential roles for both the B and ICS enhancers in the cytokine responses of HLA class I promoters. Enhancer spacing can affect their ability to interact. For example, adding 5 bp between the X and Y boxes of HLA-B7 (Fig. 3) disrupts their ability to mediate induction by coactivators (24). Relative to the HLA-B and -C promoters, HLA-A promoters contain a 3-bp insertion between the ICS and W enhancers (Fig. 3). To test whether this insertion is responsible for the reduced cytokine response of HLA-A promoters, it was removed in a mutant HLA-A2 promoter. The cytokine responses of the deletion mutant and the normal HLA-A2 promoters were indistinguishable (not shown), suggesting that altered spacing between these enhancers was not responsible for the reduced cytokine response of HLA-A promoters. Transcription factors activating HLA class I promoters Cytokines increase gene expression by inducing or activating transcription factors that associate specifically with promoters. For example, IFN- induces the transcription factor IRF-1, which binds strongly to the HLA-B ICS, but weakly to the HLA-A ICS (14). A second IRF family member, IRF-2, also binds the ICS and can be a transcription repressor (25). The transcription factor CIITA is essential for HLA class II expression and also contributes to HLA class I expression (26, 27). The expression of CIITA and IRF-1 in EC and HeLa cells was analyzed by RT-PCR. EC and HeLa cells both constitutively express IRF-1, but not CIITA, mrnas (Fig. 7). Only IFN- induces CIITA mrna. IRF-1 mrna is increased by TNF and IFN-, but not IFN-. Therefore, EC and HeLa cells exhibit identical patterns of CIITA and IRF-1 mrna induction by cytokines. To test the ability of IRFs and CIITA to activate HLA class I promoters, expression vectors were transfected together with wildtype or mutant promoter-reporter constructs. CIITA strongly activated all three HLA locus promoters, with HLA-B7 the most strongly activated ( 20-fold; Fig. 8A). This is consistent with the observation that lymphoblastoid cell lines, which express CIITA constitutively, express high levels of HLA-B mrnas (4). Many transcription factors, including IFN-activated STATs, depend on the general transcription coactivator CBP to induce certain genes (28). However, CBP expression did not activate the HLA class I promoters (Fig. 8A). FIGURE 5. Cytokine-induced HLA class I promoter activities are locus specific. EC (A) and HeLa cells (B) were transfected with HLA class I reporter genes. Cells were treated with cytokines for 20 h. The average induction (treated/untreated) and SD of three independent experiments with HeLa cells are plotted. Similar results were obtained in more than four independent experiments using subsets of this construct panel. IRF-1 and IRF-2 weakly activated the HLA-B7 and -Cw6 promoters ( 2-fold), but not the HLA-A2 promoter (Fig. 8B). Since IFN- induction of CIITA requires IRF-1 (29) and is enhanced by IRF-2 (30), IRFs may indirectly activate HLA class I promoters by inducing CIITA expression. However, the results are also consistent with direct activation, because IRF-1 binds more strongly to the HLA-B ICS than the HLA-A ICS (14, 31). Surprisingly, both IRFs activated the control Sp1.TK.GL3 luciferase reporter gene ( 50-fold), demonstrating their capacity to strongly activate certain promoters. FIGURE 6. Enhancers mediate cytokine responses. EC (A) and HeLa cells (B) were transfected with wild-type and mutant HLA-B promoter reporter constructs, then treated with cytokines. For EC, the promoter activities are normalized with the cotransfected luciferase control plasmid. For HeLa cells, the average induction and SD from three independent experiments are shown.
7 The Journal of Immunology 1899 Table II. ICS and X/site enhancer sequences vary a ICS/ISRE X1 X2/Site Consensus IRF TTTCRWTTT USF CTCGT Consensus ISRE AGTTTCNNTTTYCC CRE TGACGTCA HLA-B ICS AGTTTCACTTcTtC Consensus X ACTC -GACGcg- ICS/A AGTTTCttTTcTtC HLA-B ACTCGTGACGcgt HLA-A ICS AGTTTCttTTcTCC HLA-Cw6 ACTCaTGACGcgt ICS mutant AGTgTCACTTcTtC HLA-A1 ACTCacGACGcg 9 27 AGTTTCtaTTTCC HLA-A2 ACTCGcGACGcgg 9 27 mutant AGTgTCtaTgTCC B3A2 ACTCGcGACGcgt B3A3 ACTCGgGACGcgt a Differences from either consensus sequence are shown with lowercase letters. A, The IRF consensus binding site (R A/G; W A/T) (54), the ISRE consensus, and the 9 27 ISRE sequences (23) are shown in reverse complement. B, The HLA-B site core sequence is also found in the human HLA class II DRA gene and the mouse MHC class I H-2K b gene. CIITA recognizes MHC promoters through interactions with the proteins regulatory factor X (RFX), CREB, and nuclear factor Y, which bind to the X1, X2 (site ), and Y enhancers, respectively, in MHC class II promoters (32). Homologous regions in the MHC class I promoters were noted by van den Elsen and colleagues (33). The HLA-A3 promoter contains a single base change in the site core sequence that would be expected to abolish CREB binding (27) (Fig. 3 and Table II). To test the function of variant site sequences, the HLA-B7 site was mutated to match the site enhancers in HLA-A2 or -A3 (see Fig. 3). Both mutants mediated CIITA trans-activation (B7 2, B7 3; Fig. 8A) and strong responses to TNF and IFNs (not shown), suggesting that the site differences do not alone account for the lower response of the HLA-A promoters. The same conclusion was recently reported by Gobin and van den Elsen (34). TNF activates the transcription factor NF- B, which binds HLA-A and -B B, but not HLA-C B (14). These complexes contain RelA (p65), NF- B1 (p50 precursor), and c-rel subunits (35). The subunit composition of NF- B determines its activity. For example, promoters of the ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 genes are activated by RelA, but not NF- B1, and coexpression of RelA and NF- B1 decreases ICAM-1 promoter activity (36, 37). To test the ability of NF- B isoforms to activate HLA class I promoters, expression vectors encoding NF- B subunits were transfected with wild-type and mutant promoters. RelA activated all three HLA class I promoters (Fig. 8C). The HLA-A2 and -B7 promoters were induced approximately twice as strongly as the HLA-Cw6 promoter or the mutant HLA-B7 promoter containing the HLA-C B (B7 B/C). Moreover, cotransfection with NF- B1 further increased the activities of the HLA-A2 and -B7 promoters, but not the other promoters. Therefore, the weaker TNF response FIGURE 7. IRF-1 and CIITA are expressed by EC and HeLa cells. IRF-1 and CIITA mrnas were detected by RT-PCR and gel electrophoresis. The ethidium-stained gel is shown inverted for clarity. The sources of the templates used in the reactions are listed above the lanes. Size markers were BstEII-cut DNA (M; New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). of the HLA-C gene (Figs. 2 and 5) can be directly attributed to a reduced binding of NF- B containing RelA and NF- B1 to the variant B enhancer. CIITA and RelA synergistically activate a transfected HLA-B7 promoter in Molt4 cells (38). In addition, NF- B (RelA/NF- B1) and IRF-1 cooperate in activating the IFN- gene enhancer in vitro and the VCAM-1 promoter in transfected cells (39, 40). To detect additional interactions between these proteins, combinations of the expression vectors encoding CIITA, CBP, IRF-1 and -2, RelA, NF- B1, and c-rel were cotransfected with the HLA-B7 promoter reporter. However, no combination of individually inactive proteins activated the HLA-B7 promoter, nor did any modulate the activity of CIITA or RelA/NF- B1 (not shown). The ICS is essential for the cytokine inducibility of the HLA class I promoter (Fig. 6), but the identities of the binding proteins are uncertain. Although IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) mediates many IFN responses, it has not been shown to bind the ICS. IFN- -induced IRF-1 binds the ICS in vitro (14, 31). However, the IFN- response of MHC class I genes is intact in IRF-1 knockout mice (41). In addition, IFN- treatment of EC and HeLa cells does not induce IRF-1 proteins that bind the HLA class I ICS (14) (data not shown). Waring et al. (42) characterized a constitutive activator protein that binds to the ICS of HLA-A2, but not HLA-B7. Vellejo and Pease (43) identified an IFN- -induced protein that binds to the HLA-B ICS, but only weakly to the HLA-A ICS. Its m.w. and its presence in mutant cells suggested that it is neither IRF-1 nor ISGF3. To help identify the proteins mediating HLA class I promoter activation by IFN-, the HLA-B7 promoter-reporter construct was transfected into ISGF3 mutant cells: the ISGF3 mutant U2, the STAT1 mutant U3, and the STAT2 mutant U6 (44). The HLA-B7 promoter responded to IFN- in the parent cell line (2fTGH), but not in any of the mutant cell lines (data not shown). Thus, all three components of ISGF3 contribute to the IFN- response of the HLA-B7 promoter. Discussion The first step in studying the mechanisms of gene expression is to accurately measure the transcripts of the endogenous genes. The extremely high polymorphism and homology of the HLA class I genes makes their transcripts relatively difficult to resolve and measure. Consequently, many studies of HLA gene expression have grouped the genes together, averaging the expression pattern, which could obscure differences in expression mechanisms. Alternatively, the activities of the cloned promoters have been studied as surrogates. However, the loss of promoter context within the gene and the failure to account for mrna processing limit this approach.
8 1900 EXPRESSION OF THE HLA-A, -B, AND -C LOCI FIGURE 8. Transcription factors activate HLA class I promoters. HeLa cells were transfected with nuclear factor expression constructs (0.1 g each), HLA promoter reporter genes (0.4 g), and Sp1TK. GL3 (0.2 g). DNA was made up to 1 g with the empty expression vector (RcCMV). A, CI- ITA drives the expression of HLA-A, -B, and -C promoters. Luciferase activity was induced 50-fold by both IRF-1 and -2, but not by CIITA, coexpression (not shown). B, IRF1 and IRF2 drive the expression of HLA-B and -C, but not -A, promoters. These HLA promoter activities were not corrected by the control luciferase responses. Similar results were obtained in two experiments with IRF-1 and -2 and more than three experiments with CIITA and CBP. C, Expression vectors encoding containing RelA superactivate the HLA-A and -B, but not -C, promoters. Sp1-driven luciferase activity was not altered by NF- B coexpression. The average and SD from one experiment are plotted. Similar results were obtained in two independent experiments. Here, the endogenous HLA-A, -B, and -C transcripts were measured by RT-cPCR with locus-specific primers. These primers end at locus-specific nucleotides that are conserved even in non-human primates, strongly suggesting that they could amplify all alleles of the corresponding human loci (10). In HeLa cells and cultured human umbilical cord EC, the HLA-A genes are expressed at higher levels than the HLA-B genes (Fig. 2). The most dramatic difference in constitutive expression was observed for the HLA-C locus, which is expressed at very low levels in EC, but at relatively high levels in HeLa cells (Fig. 2). Promoter activity correlated well with the HLA-B and -C transcript levels. Replacing the HLA-B B with the HLA-C B reversed the promoter activities (Fig. 4), suggesting that the variant B enhancer is constitutively active in HeLa cells. Cytokines induce up to a 10-fold increase in HLA-B mrnas and up to 5-fold increase in HLA-A and -C mrnas over a 20-h period in EC and HeLa cells (Fig. 2). The expression of HLA class I molecules on the cell surface does not correlate precisely with mrna. For example, synergy between TNF and IFNs is more marked at the level of surface expression than mrna (compare Figs. 1 and 2). These differences could arise from the relative stability of the proteins in comparison with mrnas. In addition, cytokines may act preferentially on different steps in HLA class I protein expression, producing a higher level of synergy at the protein level than is observed for any individual component. For example, whereas IFN-, but not TNF, strongly activates the TAP1 promoter, TNF, but not IFN-, strongly activates the HLA class I promoters in EC (1) (Fig. 5). The differential IFN responses of the HLA-B7 and HLA-A3 promoters were ascribed by Hakem and colleagues (45) to a 2-bp difference in the ICS. However, the HLA-A3 ICS could mediate full IFN responses in HeLa cells when it replaced the ICS within the HLA-B7 promoter (Fig. 6) (14). In EC, the HLA-A ICS mediated IFN-, but not IFN-, responses, suggesting a cell typespecific activity (Fig. 6). The 2-bp B variant found in the HLA-C promoter reduced TNF responses and abolished synergy with IFNs (Fig. 6). Thus, variations in the B enhancer, but not the ICS, underlie the locus-specific cytokine responses. Variations in both enhancers underlie cell type-specific promoter activities. Mutations in either the ICS or the B site can dramatically reduce responses to IFNs and TNF (Fig. 6). The interdependence of these enhancers was first appreciated by Israël and colleagues (46). The molecular basis is unclear, because individual cytokines activate proteins binding to only one enhancer (14). It is possible that additional cytokine-activated proteins that bind to the other enhancer are not detected in vitro. Alternatively, constitutive proteins binding to one enhancer could contribute to the activity of cytokine-induced proteins binding to the other enhancer. For example, NF- B1 homodimers are present in the nuclei of resting HeLa cells and EC (35), and a constitutive ICS-binding protein has been characterized (42). A single nucleotide mutation of the HLA-B7 ICS abolished responses to IFNs and reduced responses to TNF (mics; Fig. 6 and Table II). This mutation probably abolishes binding of all IRF family proteins, including IRF-1 and the DNA-binding subunit of ISGF3, ISGF3 (p48) (23). All three components of ISGF3 are required for the IFN- response of the HLA-B7 promoter (data not shown). In a different STAT1 mutant, the unresponsiveness of the endogenous HLA class I genes to IFN- was ascribed to a failure to induce CIITA expression (26). However, IFN- did not induce CIITA expression (Fig. 7). Moreover, IFN- induction of MHC class I genes was intact in cells from IRF-1 knockout mice (41), strongly suggesting that IRF-1 does not mediate IFN- induction of the MHC class I genes. Taken together, the simplest explanation of these findings is that ISGF3 mediates the IFN- response of the HLA class I promoter (Fig. 9). Of the enhancers identified in the HLA class I promoters, only the Y box ( 97 to 92) shows no interlocus variation (Fig. 3). This constitutive enhancer, also known as enhancer B (20), is dispensable for cytokine induction (14) and CIITA coactivation (24). The X enhancer binds RFX, CREB1, activating transcription factor 1, and upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF1) in vitro (24,
9 The Journal of Immunology 1901 FIGURE 9. Variant, cytokine-inducible enhancers regulate the HLA class I promoters. The B enhancers of the HLA-A and -B, but not -C, promoters mediate TNF-induced transcription by NF- B (RelA/NF- B1). The HLA-C B contributes to constitutive transcription in HeLa cells. The ICS enhancers of all HLA class I loci mediate IFN- responses in both cell types and IFN- responses in HeLa cells, but not EC. Transcripitional activation by IFN- requires all ISGF3 subunits. Cytokines activate transcription of HLA-B promoter most strongly, then HLA-A and -C, due to combinations of variant enhancers. 38). X is divided into 5 X1 and 3 X2, which is also known as site. Strong functional evidence suggests that the RFX complex binds to the X1 box in HLA class I genes and mediates CIITA coactivation (32, 47). The nature of the complex is unclear, however, because the RFX subunits, RFX-B, RFX5, and RFXAP, do not contain known DNA binding domains. Only a USF binding site is recognized in the HLA-B X/site by the search program MatInspector using the TRANSFAC 4.0 database of transcription factor binding sites (Table IIB) (48). Many HLA class I X1 sequences contain the consensus USF site, although HLA-A1 and -Cw6 do not (Table IIB). Nevertheless, the HLA-Cw6 promoter mediated CIITA responses (Fig. 8A), suggesting that this locusspecific X1 variation is not functional. Differential expression of the HLA class II genes has been attributed to divergent X2 sequences (49, 50), supporting the possibility that variations in the HLA class I promoter X box could underlie differential expression. The site /X2 enhancer displays only small differences among HLA class I loci and alleles (Table II). The site sequences match only one-half of the palindromic camp response element (51). However, the promoters of HLA-B7 (used here), HLA-B57 (used by Girdlestone), DRA, and the mouse class I gene H-2K b, all contain an identical core site sequence that binds ATF/CREB proteins (TGACGC) (27). Girdlestone et al. (38) showed that the site from HLA-B57, but not HLA-A1, binds USF1 and CREB1. Gobin and colleagues (27) had previously reported that a CREB protein binds to site of HLA-B7, but not HLA-A3. This group later demonstrated significant, albeit weak, ATF/CREB protein binding to the HLA-A2 site (34). Site of HLA-A1 contains a second variation in the USF site (Table IIB) that could account for its failure to bind USF1 and CREB. Despite the decreased affinities for individual binding proteins displayed by variant site sequences in HLA-A2 and -A3, they mediated strong responses to cytokines and CIITA (Fig. 8A and data not shown). The promoter activities correlate well with the gene transcript levels. One exception is the HLA-A2 promoter, which is constitutively weak and essentially unresponsive to IFNs in EC and HeLa cells, although IFNs induce significant HLA-A mrna accumulation (compare Figs. 2 and 5). An IFN- -responsive element in the 3 untranslated region of the HLA-A2 transcript may contribute to transcript accumulation (52). The element does not stabilize the mrna, and the exact nature of its activity remains to be fully characterized. Griffioen et al. (53) identified transcription factor Yin Yang 1 binding to the 5 untranslated regions of HLA-A1 and -A2 genes, but not HLA-B7 or -B27 genes, which they propose displaces a repressor. This untranslated region lies immediately 3 of the cloned promoters used here and so does not contribute to their responses. HLA class I genes show constitutive and cytokine-induced expression patterns that are locus specific and cell type dependent. The molecular mechanisms underlying the differential responses, including transcription and mrna processing, are beginning to be identified. For transcription, the effect of any single enhancer variant can be modulated by additional enhancers within the context of the entire gene. The ideal immune therapy would block dangerous responses while preserving or stimulating beneficial responses. Immune responses against pathogens, tumor Ags, and autoantigens are often dominated by single (immunodominant) peptides presented by specific MHC alleles. Therefore, decreasing the expression of individual MHC alleles or loci may specifically modulate immunity. The observation that HLA class I loci are under distinct constitutive and inducible regulation suggests that their expression could be manipulated independently. Acknowledgments I thank Dr. Fengzhi Li for helpful suggestions on transfection, and Dr. Mark Collinge for the CIITA primers. References 1. Ma, W., P. J. Lehner, P. Cresswell, J. S. Pober, and D. R. Johnson Interferon- rapidly increases peptide transporter (TAP) subunit expression and peptide transport capacity in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: Johnson, D. R., and B. Mook-Kanamori Dependence of elevated HLA class I molecule expression on increased heavy chain, light chain ( 2m), TAP, tapasin, and peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 275: Versteeg, R., K. M. Kruse-Wolters, A. C. Plomp, A. van Leeuwen, N. J. Stam, H. L. Ploegh, D. J. Ruiter, and P. I. Schrier Suppression of class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen by c-myc is locus specific. J. Exp. Med. 170: Johnson, D. R Differential expression of human major histocompatibility class I loci: HLA-A, -B, and -C. Hum. Immunol. 61: Snyder, S. R., J. Wang, J. F. Waring, and G. D. Ginder Identification of CCAAT displacement protein (CDP/cut) as a locus-specific repressor of major histocompatibility complex gene expression in human tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: Wagtmann, N., S. Rajagopalan, C. Winter, M. Peruzzi, and E. Long Killer cell inhibitory receptors specific for HLA-C and HLA-B identified by direct binding and by functional transfer. Immunity 3: Soong, T., and K. Hui Locus-specific transcriptional control of HLA genes. J. Immunol. 149: Liu, K., and K. Kao Measurement of relative quantities of different HLA-A and -B mrnas in cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J. Immunol. Methods 203: Newton, C., A. Graham, L. Heptinstall, S. Powell, C. Summers, N. Kalsheker, J. Smith, and A. Markham Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Res. 17: Johnson, D. R., B. C. Biedermann, and B. Mook-Kanamori Rapid cloning of HLA class I cdnas by locus specific PCR. J. Immunol. Methods 233: Daar, A. S., S. V. Fuggle, J. W. Fabre, A. Ting, and P. J. Morris The detailed distribution of HLA-A, B, C antigens in normal human organs. Transplantation 38: Goes, N., J. Urmson, M. Hobart, and P. Halloran The unique role of interferon- in the regulation of MHC expression on arterial endothelium. Transplantation 62: Collinge, M., R. Pardi, and J. R. Bender Class II transactivator-independent endothelial cell MHC class II gene activation induced by lymphocyte adhesion. J. Immunol. 161: Johnson, D., and J. Pober HLA class I heavy chain gene promoter elements mediating synergy between tumor necrosis factor and interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: Min, W., J. Pober, and D. Johnson Interferon induction of TAP1: the phosphatase SHP-1 regulates crossover between the IFN- / -ISRE pathway and the IFN- -GAS pathways. Circ. Res. 83: Harada, H., K. Willison, J. Sakakibara, M. Miyamoto, T. Fujita, and T. Taniguchi Absence of the type I IFN system in EC cells: transcriptional activator (IRF-1) and repressor (IRF-2) genes are developmentally regulated. Cell 63: Burrone, O. R., R. F. Kefford, D. Gilmore, and C. Milstein Stimulation of HLA-A,B,C by IFN- : the derivation of Molt 4 variants and the differential expression of HLA-A,B,C subsets. EMBO J. 4: Johnson, D., and J. Pober Tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon synergistically increase transcription of HLA class I heavy- and light-chain genes in vascular endothelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5183.
10 1902 EXPRESSION OF THE HLA-A, -B, AND -C LOCI 19. Friedman, R., and G. Stark Interferon-induced transcription of HLA and metallothionein genes containing homologous upstream sequences. Nature 314: Kimura, A., A. Israël, O. Le Bail, and P. Kourilsky Detailed analysis of the mouse H-2K b promoter: enhancer-like sequences and their role in the regulation of class I gene expression. Cell 44: Gobin, S., M. van Zutphen, A. Woltman, and P. van den Elsen Transactivation of classical and nonclassical HLA class I genes through the IFN-stimulated response element. J. Immunol. 163: Gobin, S., V. Keijsers, M. van Zutphen, and P. van den Elsen The role of enhancer A in the locus-specific transactivation of classical and nonclassical HLA class I genes by nuclear factor B. J. Immunol. 161: Reid, L. E., A. H. Brasnett, C. S. Gilbert, A. C. Porter, D. R. Gewert, G. R. Stark, and I. M. Kerr A single DNA response element can confer inducibility by both - and -interferons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: Gobin, S. J., M. van Zutphen, S. D. Westerheide, J. M. Boss, and P. J. van Den Elsen The MHC-specific enhanceosome and its role in MHC class I and 2 -microglobulin gene transactivation. J. Immunol. 167: Lechleitner, S., J. Gille, D. Johnson, and P. Petzelbauer Interferon enhances tumor necrosis factor-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD106) expression in human endothelial cells by an interferon-related factor 1-dependent pathway. J. Exp. Med. 187: Martin, B., K.-C. Chin, J. Olsen, C. Skinner, A. Dey, K. Ozato, and J. Ting Induction of MHC class I expression by the MHC class II transactivator CIITA. Immunity 6: Gobin, S., A. Peijnenburg, V. Keijsers, and P. van der Elsen Site is crucial for two routes of IFN- -induced MHC class I transactivation: the ISREmediated route and a novel pathway involving CIITA. Immunity 6: Torchia, J., D. W. Rose, J. Inostroza, Y. Kamei, S. Westin, C. K. Glass, and M. G. Rosenfeld The transcriptional co-activator p/cip binds CBP and mediates nuclear-receptor function. Nature 387: Piskurich, J. F., Y. Wang, M. W. Linhoff, L. C. White, and J. P. Ting Identification of distinct regions of 5 flanking DNA that mediate constitutive, IFN-, STAT1, and TGF- -regulated expression of the class II transactivator gene. J. Immunol. 160: Xi, H., B. Goodwin, A. T. Shepherd, and G. Blanck Impaired class II transactivator expression in mice lacking interferon regulatory factor-2. Oncogene 20: Girdlestone, J., M. Isamat, D. Gewert, and C. Milstein Transcriptional regulation of HLA-A and -B: Differential binding of members of the Rel and IRF families of transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: Nagarajan, U. M., P. Louis-Plence, A. DeSandro, R. Nilsen, A. Bushey, and J. M. Boss RFX-B is the gene responsible for the most common cause of the bare lymphocyte syndrome, an MHC class II immunodeficiency [Published erratum appears in Immunity :399]. Immunity 10: van den Elsen, P. J., A. Peijnenburg, M. C. van Eggermond, and S. J. Gobin Shared regulatory elements in the promoters of MHC class I and class II genes. Immunol. Today 19: Gobin, S. J., and P. J. van den Elsen Locus-specific regulation of HLA-A and HLA-B expression is not determined by nucleotide variation in the X2 box promoter element. Blood 97: Johnson, D. R., I. Douglas, A. Jahnke, S. Ghosh, and J. S. Pober A sustained reduction in I B- levels may contribute to persistent NF- B activation in human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271: Ledebur, H., and T. Parks Transcriptional regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by inflammatory cytokine in human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: Shu, H. B., A. B. Agranoff, E. G. Nabel, K. Leung, C. S. Duckett, A. S. Neish, T. Collins, and G. J. Nabel Differential regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 gene expression by specific NF- B subunits in endothelial and epithelial cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: Girdlestone, J Synergistic induction of HLA class I expression by RelA and CIITA. Blood 95: Lin, R., D. Gewert, and J. Hiscott Differential transcriptional activation in vitro by NF- B/Rel proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270: Neish, A., M. Read, D. Thanos, R. Pine, T. Maniatis, and T. Collins Endothelial interferon regulatory factor 1 cooperates with NF- B as a transcriptional activator of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: Matsuyama, T., T. Kimura, M. Kitagawa, K. Pfeffer, T. Kawakami, N. Watanabe, T. M. Kundig, R. Amakawa, K. Kishihara, A. Wakeham, et al Targeted disruption of IRF-1 or IRF-2 results in abnormal type I IFN gene induction and aberrant lymphocyte development. Cell 75: Waring, J. F., J. E. Radford, L. J. Burns, and G. D. Ginder The human leukocyte antigen A2 interferon-stimulated response element consensus sequence binds a nuclear factor required for constitutive expression. J. Biol. Chem. 270: Vallejo, A. N., and L. R. Pease The locus-specific enhancer activity of the class I major histocompatibility complex interferon-responsive element is associated with a -interferon (IFN)-inducible factor distinct from STAT1, p48, and IFN regulatory factor-1. J. Biol. Chem. 271: John, J., R. McKendry, S. Pellegrini, D. Flavell, I. M. Kerr, and G. R. Stark Isolation and characterization of a new mutant human cell line unresponsive to and interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: Hakem, R., P. Le Bouteillier, A. Jezo-Bremond, K. Harper, D. Campese, and F. Lemonnier Differential regulation of HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 MHC class I genes by IFN is due to two nucleotide differences in their IFN response sequences. J. Immunol. 147: Israël, A., A. Kimura, A. Fournier, M. Fellous, and P. Kourilsky Interferon response sequence potentiates activity of an enhancer in the promoter region of a mouse H-2 gene. Nature 322: Gobin, S. J., A. Peijnenburg, M. van Eggermond, M. van Zutphen, R. van den Berg and P. J. van den Elsen The RFX complex is crucial for the constitutive and CIITA-mediated transactivation of MHC class I and 2 - microglobulin genes. Immunity 9: Quandt, K., K. Frech, H. Karas, E. Wingender, and T. Werner MatInd and MatInspector: new fast and versatile tools for detection of consensus matches in nucleotide sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: Ono, S. J., and Z. Song Mapping of the interaction site of the defective transcription factor in the class II major histocompatibility complex mutant cell line clone-13 to the divergent X2-box. J. Biol. Chem. 270: Peretti, M., J. Villard, E. Barras, M. Zufferey, and W. Reith Expression of the three human major histocompatibility complex class II isotypes exhibits a differential dependence on the transcription factor RFXAP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: Montminy, M. R., K. A. Sevarino, J. A. Wagner, G. Mandel, and R. H. Goodman Identification of a cyclic-amp-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: Snyder, S. R., J. F. Waring, S. Z. Zhu, S. Kaplan, J. Schultz, and G. D. Ginder A 3 -transcribed region of the HLA-A2 gene mediates posttranscriptional stimulation by IFN-. J. Immunol. 166: Griffioen, M., I. J. Ouwerkerk, V. Harten, and P. I. Schrier HLA-B locusspecific downregulation in human melanoma requires enhancer A as well as a sequence element located downstream of the transcription initiation site. Immunogenetics 52: Kushida, M. M., A. Dey, X. L. Zhang, J. Campbell, M. Heeney, J. Carlyle, S. Ganguly, K. Ozato, H. Vasavada, and J. W. Chamberlain A 150-base pair 5 region of the MHC class I HLA-B7 gene is sufficient to direct tissuespecific expression and locus control region activity: the site determines efficient expression and in vivo occupancy at multiple cis-active sites throughout this region. J. Immunol. 159:4913.
HEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and
Supplementary Information Luciferase reporter assay HEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and increased amounts of wild type or kinase inactive EGFR. Transfections
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine MUTATION OF RFXAP, A REGULATOR OF MHC CLASS II GENES, IN PRIMARY MHC CLASS II DEFICIENCY
MUTATION OF RFXAP, A REGULATOR OF MHC CLASS II GENES, IN PRIMARY MHC CLASS II DEFICIENCY JEAN VILLARD, M.D., BARBARA LISOWSKA-GROSPIERRE, M.D., PETER VAN DEN ELSEN, PH.D., ALAIN FISCHER, M.D., PH.D., WALTER
More informationSupplementary information
Supplementary information Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNA mir-us4-1 Inhibits CD8 + T Cell Response by Targeting ERAP1 Sungchul Kim, Sanghyun Lee, Jinwook Shin, Youngkyun Kim, Irini Evnouchidou, Donghyun
More informationMHC class I MHC class II Structure of MHC antigens:
MHC class I MHC class II Structure of MHC antigens: MHC class I antigens consist of a transmembrane heavy chain (α chain) that is non-covalently associated with β2- microglobulin. Membrane proximal domain
More informationThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that governs tumor and tissue transplantation between individuals of a species.
Immunology Dr. John J. Haddad Chapter 7 Major Histocompatibility Complex The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that governs tumor and tissue transplantation between individuals
More informationActivation of Gene Expression by Human Herpes Virus 6
Activation of Gene Expression by Human Herpes Virus 6 M. E. M. Campbell and S. McCorkindale 1 Introduction Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) was first detected by Salahuddin et al. [6] and has been isolated
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Generation of knockin mice expressing L-selectinN138G. (a) Schematics of the Sellg allele (top), the targeting vector, the
Supplementary Figure 1. Generation of knockin mice expressing L-selectinN138G. (a) Schematics of the Sellg allele (top), the targeting vector, the targeted allele in ES cells, and the mutant allele in
More informationHLA and antigen presentation. Department of Immunology Charles University, 2nd Medical School University Hospital Motol
HLA and antigen presentation Department of Immunology Charles University, 2nd Medical School University Hospital Motol MHC in adaptive immunity Characteristics Specificity Innate For structures shared
More informationp47 negatively regulates IKK activation by inducing the lysosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated NEMO
Supplementary Information p47 negatively regulates IKK activation by inducing the lysosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated NEMO Yuri Shibata, Masaaki Oyama, Hiroko Kozuka-Hata, Xiao Han, Yuetsu Tanaka,
More informationMicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells
MicroRNA sponges: competitive inhibitors of small RNAs in mammalian cells Margaret S Ebert, Joel R Neilson & Phillip A Sharp Supplementary figures and text: Supplementary Figure 1. Effect of sponges on
More informationSignificance of the MHC
CHAPTER 8 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) What is is MHC? HLA H-2 Minor histocompatibility antigens Peter Gorer & George Sneell (1940) Significance of the MHC role in immune response role in organ
More informationPhosphate buffered saline (PBS) for washing the cells TE buffer (nuclease-free) ph 7.5 for use with the PrimePCR Reverse Transcription Control Assay
Catalog # Description 172-5080 SingleShot Cell Lysis Kit, 100 x 50 µl reactions 172-5081 SingleShot Cell Lysis Kit, 500 x 50 µl reactions For research purposes only. Introduction The SingleShot Cell Lysis
More informationIntracellular MHC class II molecules promote TLR-triggered innate. immune responses by maintaining Btk activation
Intracellular MHC class II molecules promote TLR-triggered innate immune responses by maintaining Btk activation Xingguang Liu, Zhenzhen Zhan, Dong Li, Li Xu, Feng Ma, Peng Zhang, Hangping Yao and Xuetao
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi: 1.138/nature89 IFN- (ng ml ) 5 4 3 1 Splenocytes NS IFN- (ng ml ) 6 4 Lymph node cells NS Nfkbiz / Nfkbiz / Nfkbiz / Nfkbiz / IL- (ng ml ) 3 1 Splenocytes IL- (ng ml ) 1 8 6 4 *** ** Lymph node cells
More informationConstruction of a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line that stably expresses stathmin with a Ser25 phosphorylation site mutation
Construction of a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line that stably expresses stathmin with a Ser25 phosphorylation site mutation J. Du 1, Z.H. Tao 2, J. Li 2, Y.K. Liu 3 and L. Gan 2 1 Department of Chemistry,
More informationSignificance of the MHC
CHAPTER 7 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) What is is MHC? HLA H-2 Minor histocompatibility antigens Peter Gorer & George Sneell (1940) Significance of the MHC role in immune response role in organ
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Role of Raf-1 in TLR2-Dectin-1-mediated cytokine expression
Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1 Role of Raf-1 in TLR2-Dectin-1-mediated cytokine expression. Quantitative real-time PCR of indicated mrnas in DCs stimulated with TLR2-Dectin-1 agonist zymosan
More informationIn vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described
Supplemental Methods In vitro DNase I foot printing. In vitro DNase I footprinting was performed as described previously 1 2 using 32P-labeled 211 bp fragment from 3 HS1. Footprinting reaction mixes contained
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 IL-27 IL
Tim-3 Supplementary Figure 1 Tc0 49.5 0.6 Tc1 63.5 0.84 Un 49.8 0.16 35.5 0.16 10 4 61.2 5.53 10 3 64.5 5.66 10 2 10 1 10 0 31 2.22 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 IL-10 28.2 1.69 IL-27 Supplementary Figure 1.
More informationThe functional investigation of the interaction between TATA-associated factor 3 (TAF3) and p53 protein
THESIS BOOK The functional investigation of the interaction between TATA-associated factor 3 (TAF3) and p53 protein Orsolya Buzás-Bereczki Supervisors: Dr. Éva Bálint Dr. Imre Miklós Boros University of
More informationHLA and antigen presentation. Department of Immunology Charles University, 2nd Medical School University Hospital Motol
HLA and antigen presentation Department of Immunology Charles University, 2nd Medical School University Hospital Motol MHC in adaptive immunity Characteristics Specificity Innate For structures shared
More informationFigure S1. Generation of inducible PTEN deficient mice and the BMMCs (A) B6.129 Pten loxp/loxp mice were mated with B6.
Figure S1. Generation of inducible PTEN deficient mice and the BMMCs (A) B6.129 Pten loxp/loxp mice were mated with B6.129-Gt(ROSA)26Sor tm1(cre/ert2)tyj /J mice. To induce deletion of the Pten locus,
More informationCrucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel
Supplementary Figures 1-8 Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel Marc Schmidt 1,2, Badrinarayanan Raghavan 1,2, Verena Müller 1,2, Thomas Vogl 3, György
More informationData Sheet TIGIT / NFAT Reporter - Jurkat Cell Line Catalog #60538
Data Sheet TIGIT / NFAT Reporter - Jurkat Cell Line Catalog #60538 Background: TIGIT is a co-inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed in Natural Killer (NK) cells, activated CD4+, CD8+ and regulatory
More informationSenior Thesis. Presented to. The Faculty of the School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University
Greenwald 1 Mouse intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) isoforms demonstrate different binding affinities to mouse macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) and preliminary evidence for alternatively-spliced variants
More informationCIITA stimulation of transcription factor binding to major histocompatibility complex class II and associated promoters in vivo
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 6267 6272, May 1998 Genetics CIITA stimulation of transcription factor binding to major histocompatibility complex class II and associated promoters in vivo KENNETH
More informationMajor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and T Cell Receptors
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and T Cell Receptors Historical Background Genes in the MHC were first identified as being important genes in rejection of transplanted tissues Genes within the MHC
More informationSupporting Online Material for
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1171320/dc1 Supporting Online Material for A Frazzled/DCC-Dependent Transcriptional Switch Regulates Midline Axon Guidance Long Yang, David S. Garbe, Greg J. Bashaw*
More informationSoft Agar Assay. For each cell pool, 100,000 cells were resuspended in 0.35% (w/v)
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND METHODS Soft Agar Assay. For each cell pool, 100,000 cells were resuspended in 0.35% (w/v) top agar (LONZA, SeaKem LE Agarose cat.5004) and plated onto 0.5% (w/v) basal agar.
More informationMATERIALS AND METHODS. Neutralizing antibodies specific to mouse Dll1, Dll4, J1 and J2 were prepared as described. 1,2 All
MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies (Abs), flow cytometry analysis and cell lines Neutralizing antibodies specific to mouse Dll1, Dll4, J1 and J2 were prepared as described. 1,2 All other antibodies used
More informationThe Human Major Histocompatibility Complex
The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex 1 Location and Organization of the HLA Complex on Chromosome 6 NEJM 343(10):702-9 2 Inheritance of the HLA Complex Haplotype Inheritance (Family Study) 3 Structure
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Divergent TLR7/9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish
SUPPLEMENTARY INFOATION Divergent TLR7/9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and non-pathogenic AIDS-virus infections Judith N. Mandl, Ashley P. Barry, Thomas H. Vanderford,
More informationSignificance of the MHC
CHAPTER 8 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) What is MHC? HLA H-2 Minor histocompatibility antigens Peter Gorer & George Sneell (1940) - MHC molecules were initially discovered during studies aimed
More informationSupplementary Fig. 1 p38 MAPK negatively regulates DC differentiation. (a) Western blot analysis of p38 isoform expression in BM cells, immature DCs
Supplementary Fig. 1 p38 MAPK negatively regulates DC differentiation. (a) Western blot analysis of p38 isoform expression in BM cells, immature DCs (idcs) and mature DCs (mdcs). A myeloma cell line expressing
More informationYork criteria, 6 RA patients and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population Blood samples were obtained from 15 patients with AS fulfilling the modified New York criteria, 6 RA patients and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs).
More informationSupplementary Material
Supplementary Material Summary: The supplementary information includes 1 table (Table S1) and 4 figures (Figure S1 to S4). Supplementary Figure Legends Figure S1 RTL-bearing nude mouse model. (A) Tumor
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information mediates STAT3 activation at retromer-positive structures to promote colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis Zhang et al. a b d e g h Rel. Luc. Act. Rel. mrna Rel. mrna
More informationReceived 26 January 1996/Returned for modification 28 February 1996/Accepted 15 March 1996
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, June 1996, p. 3012 3022 Vol. 16, No. 6 0270-7306/96/$04.00 0 Copyright 1996, American Society for Microbiology Base Pairing at the 5 Splice Site with U1 Small Nuclear RNA
More informationSupplemental Figure 1
Supplemental Figure 1 1a 1c PD-1 MFI fold change 6 5 4 3 2 1 IL-1α IL-2 IL-4 IL-6 IL-1 IL-12 IL-13 IL-15 IL-17 IL-18 IL-21 IL-23 IFN-α Mut Human PD-1 promoter SBE-D 5 -GTCTG- -1.2kb SBE-P -CAGAC- -1.kb
More information/06/$15.00/0 Molecular Endocrinology 20(9): Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: /me
0888-8809/06/$15.00/0 Molecular Endocrinology 20(9):2062 2079 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2006 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/me.2005-0316 Androgens, Progestins, and Glucocorticoids Induce Follicle-Stimulating
More informationOnline Data Supplement. Anti-aging Gene Klotho Enhances Glucose-induced Insulin Secretion by Upregulating Plasma Membrane Retention of TRPV2
Online Data Supplement Anti-aging Gene Klotho Enhances Glucose-induced Insulin Secretion by Upregulating Plasma Membrane Retention of TRPV2 Yi Lin and Zhongjie Sun Department of physiology, college of
More informationChapter 7 Conclusions
VII-1 Chapter 7 Conclusions VII-2 The development of cell-based therapies ranging from well-established practices such as bone marrow transplant to next-generation strategies such as adoptive T-cell therapy
More informationMaterials and Methods , The two-hybrid principle.
The enzymatic activity of an unknown protein which cleaves the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of a viral protein and the 5 terminus of the picornavirus RNA Introduction Every day there
More informationthe HLA complex Hanna Mustaniemi,
the HLA complex Hanna Mustaniemi, 28.11.2007 The Major Histocompatibility Complex Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene region found in nearly all vertebrates encodes proteins with important
More informationSupplementary Information Titles Journal: Nature Medicine
Supplementary Information Titles Journal: Nature Medicine Article Title: Corresponding Author: Supplementary Item & Number Supplementary Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4 Fig.5 Fig.6 Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9 Fig. Fig.11
More informationStructure and Function of Antigen Recognition Molecules
MICR2209 Structure and Function of Antigen Recognition Molecules Dr Allison Imrie allison.imrie@uwa.edu.au 1 Synopsis: In this lecture we will examine the major receptors used by cells of the innate and
More informationSupplemental Materials and Methods Plasmids and viruses Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR Generation of molecular standard for quantitative PCR
Supplemental Materials and Methods Plasmids and viruses To generate pseudotyped viruses, the previously described recombinant plasmids pnl4-3-δnef-gfp or pnl4-3-δ6-drgfp and a vector expressing HIV-1 X4
More informationStatins and control of MHC2TA gene transcription
Statins and CIITA 4 4 Statins and control of MHC2TA gene transcription 4 Hedwich F. Kuipers and Peter J. van den Elsen Nature Medicine, 2005, 11: 365-366 Statins and control of MHC2TA gene transcription
More informationPolyomaviridae. Spring
Polyomaviridae Spring 2002 331 Antibody Prevalence for BK & JC Viruses Spring 2002 332 Polyoma Viruses General characteristics Papovaviridae: PA - papilloma; PO - polyoma; VA - vacuolating agent a. 45nm
More informationBasis and Clinical Applications of Interferon
Interferon Therapy Basis and Clinical Applications of Interferon JMAJ 47(1): 7 12, 2004 Jiro IMANISHI Professor, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Abstract: Interferon (IFN) is an antiviral substance
More informationSupplemental Information. T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism
Immunity, Volume 33 Supplemental Information T Cells Enhance Autoimmunity by Restraining Regulatory T Cell Responses via an Interleukin-23-Dependent Mechanism Franziska Petermann, Veit Rothhammer, Malte
More informationThe autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 variant promotes calpain-mediated Lyp/Pep
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 variant promotes calpain-mediated Lyp/Pep degradation associated with lymphocyte and dendritic cell hyperresponsiveness Jinyi Zhang, Naima
More informationThe MHC and Transplantation Brendan Clark. Transplant Immunology, St James s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
The MHC and Transplantation Brendan Clark Transplant Immunology, St James s University Hospital, Leeds, UK Blood Groups Immunofluorescent staining has revealed blood group substance in the cell membranes
More informationDetermination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection
Determination of the temporal pattern and importance of BALF1 expression in Epstein-Barr viral infection Melissa Mihelidakis May 6, 2004 7.340 Research Proposal Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell
More informationIndex. Index 439. Aequorin, 84, 94 Affinity precipitation, 372, AP-1, 100 Asthma, 170, 305
Index 439 Index A Aequorin, 84, 94 Affinity precipitation, 372, 376 381 AP-1, 100 Asthma, 170, 305 B Bioassay, 185, comparison with ELISA, 318 GM-CSF bioassay, 351 IL-2 bioassay, 185 192, 300 IL-3 IL-6
More informationSupplementary Information. Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Information Supplementary Figure 1 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Functional assay of the hcas9-2a-mcherry construct (a) Gene correction of a mutant EGFP reporter cell line mediated by hcas9 or
More informationThe Major Histocompatibility Complex
The Major Histocompatibility Complex Today we will discuss the MHC The study of MHC is necessary to understand how an immune response is generated. And these are the extra notes with respect to slides
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Gack et al. 1.173/pnas.8494715 SI Text Cell Culture, Transfection, and Reagents. HEK293T, MEF, Vero, EcoPack2-293 (D iosciences), HeLa, HCT116, Huh7, NHLF, 2fTGH wild-type, U3A,
More informationDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA 2
Pancreatic Cancer Cell Exosome-Mediated Macrophage Reprogramming and the Role of MicroRNAs 155 and 125b2 Transfection using Nanoparticle Delivery Systems Mei-Ju Su 1, Hibah Aldawsari 2, and Mansoor Amiji
More informationLentiviral Delivery of Combinatorial mirna Expression Constructs Provides Efficient Target Gene Repression.
Supplementary Figure 1 Lentiviral Delivery of Combinatorial mirna Expression Constructs Provides Efficient Target Gene Repression. a, Design for lentiviral combinatorial mirna expression and sensor constructs.
More informationHepatitis B Antiviral Drug Development Multi-Marker Screening Assay
Hepatitis B Antiviral Drug Development Multi-Marker Screening Assay Background ImQuest BioSciences has developed and qualified a single-plate method to expedite the screening of antiviral agents against
More informationMicroRNAs Modulate the Noncanonical NF- B Pathway by Regulating IKK Expression During Macrophage Differentiation
MicroRNAs Modulate the Noncanonical NF- B Pathway by Regulating IKK Expression During Macrophage Differentiation Tao Li 1 *, Michael J. Morgan 1 *, Swati Choksi 1, Yan Zhang 1, You-Sun Kim 2#, Zheng-gang
More information10/18/2012. A primer in HLA: The who, what, how and why. What?
A primer in HLA: The who, what, how and why What? 1 First recognized in mice during 1930 s and 1940 s. Mouse (murine) experiments with tumors Independent observations were made in humans with leukoagglutinating
More informationSupplementary Figure S1. PTPN2 levels are not altered in proliferating CD8+ T cells. Lymph node (LN) CD8+ T cells from C57BL/6 mice were stained with
Supplementary Figure S1. PTPN2 levels are not altered in proliferating CD8+ T cells. Lymph node (LN) CD8+ T cells from C57BL/6 mice were stained with CFSE and stimulated with plate-bound α-cd3ε (10µg/ml)
More informationSupplementary Material Correlation matrices on FP and FN profiles
Supplementary Material Correlation matrices on FP and FN profiles The following two tables give the correlation coefficients for the FP profiles and the FN profiles of a single tagging solutions against
More informationwell for 2 h at rt. Each dot represents an individual mouse and bar is the mean ±
Supplementary data: Control DC Blimp-1 ko DC 8 6 4 2-2 IL-1β p=.5 medium 8 6 4 2 IL-2 Medium p=.16 8 6 4 2 IL-6 medium p=.3 5 4 3 2 1-1 medium IL-1 n.s. 25 2 15 1 5 IL-12(p7) p=.15 5 IFNγ p=.65 4 3 2 1
More informationScott Abrams, Ph.D. Professor of Oncology, x4375 Kuby Immunology SEVENTH EDITION
Scott Abrams, Ph.D. Professor of Oncology, x4375 scott.abrams@roswellpark.org Kuby Immunology SEVENTH EDITION CHAPTER 11 T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory Copyright 2013 by W. H. Freeman and
More informationMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules
Interferon Induction of TAP1 The Phosphatase SHP-1 Regulates Crossover Between the IFN- / and the IFN- Signal-Transduction Pathways Wang Min, Jordan S. Pober, David R. Johnson Abstract Interferon (IFN)-
More informationSupplementary data Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 2
Supplementary data Supplementary Figure 1 SPHK1 sirna increases RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cell culture. (A) RAW264.7 cells were transfected with oligocassettes containing SPHK1 sirna
More informationSupporting Information Table of content
Supporting Information Table of content Supporting Information Fig. S1 Supporting Information Fig. S2 Supporting Information Fig. S3 Supporting Information Fig. S4 Supporting Information Fig. S5 Supporting
More informationSupplemental Figure S1. Expression of Cirbp mrna in mouse tissues and NIH3T3 cells.
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE AND TABLE LEGENDS Supplemental Figure S1. Expression of Cirbp mrna in mouse tissues and NIH3T3 cells. A) Cirbp mrna expression levels in various mouse tissues collected around the clock
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Complete but curtailed T-cell response to very-low-affinity antigen Dietmar Zehn, Sarah Y. Lee & Michael J. Bevan Supp. Fig. 1: TCR chain usage among endogenous K b /Ova reactive T cells. C57BL/6 mice
More informationL1 on PyMT tumor cells but Py117 cells are more responsive to IFN-γ. (A) Flow
A MHCI B PD-L1 Fold expression 8 6 4 2 Fold expression 3 2 1 No tx 1Gy 2Gy IFN Py117 Py117 Supplementary Figure 1. Radiation and IFN-γ enhance MHCI expression and PD- L1 on PyMT tumor cells but Py117 cells
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Asymmetrical function of 5p and 3p arms of mir-181 and mir-30 families and mir-142 and mir-154. (a) Control experiments using mirna sensor vector and empty pri-mirna overexpression
More informationProblem-solving Test: The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
Q 2009 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 58 62, 2009 Problem-based Learning Problem-solving Test: The Mechanism
More informationTwo categories of immune response. immune response. infection. (adaptive) Later immune response. immune response
Ivana FELLNEROVÁ E-mail: fellneri@hotmail.com, mob. 732154801 Basic immunogenetic terminology innate and adaptive immunity specificity and polymorphism immunoglobuline gene superfamily immunogenetics MHC
More informationNature Immunology: doi: /ni Supplementary Figure 1. Huwe1 has high expression in HSCs and is necessary for quiescence.
Supplementary Figure 1 Huwe1 has high expression in HSCs and is necessary for quiescence. (a) Heat map visualizing expression of genes with a known function in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (KEGG: Ubiquitin
More information7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 7.014 Problem Set 7 Solutions Question 1 Part A Antigen binding site Antigen binding site Variable region Light chain Light chain Variable
More informationSupplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved
1 Supplemental Figure Legends Supplemental Figure 1 ELISA scheme to measure plasma total, mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9 concentrations. 4 Plasma mature and furin-cleaved PCSK9s were measured by a sandwich
More informationInterferon Induction of TAP1 : The Phosphatase SHP-1 Regulates Crossover Between the. Wang Min, Jordan S. Pober and David R.
Interferon Induction of TAP1 : The Phosphatase SHP-1 Regulates Crossover Between the IFN- α/β and the IFN-γ Signal-Transduction Pathways Wang Min, Jordan S. Pober and David R. Johnson Circ Res. 1998;83:815-823
More informationEukaryotic transcription (III)
Eukaryotic transcription (III) 1. Chromosome and chromatin structure Chromatin, chromatid, and chromosome chromatin Genomes exist as chromatins before or after cell division (interphase) but as chromatids
More informationT cell maturation. T-cell Maturation. What allows T cell maturation?
T-cell Maturation What allows T cell maturation? Direct contact with thymic epithelial cells Influence of thymic hormones Growth factors (cytokines, CSF) T cell maturation T cell progenitor DN DP SP 2ry
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. AdipoR1 silencing and overexpression controls. (a) Representative blots (upper and lower panels) showing the AdipoR1 protein
Supplementary Figure 1. AdipoR1 silencing and overexpression controls. (a) Representative blots (upper and lower panels) showing the AdipoR1 protein content relative to GAPDH in two independent experiments.
More informationRNA based high-resolution HLA sequencing based typing
Chapter 2 RNA based high-resolution HLA sequencing based typing Judith Reinders, Anna Houben, Alain van Mill, Erik Rozemuller, Jan van den Tweel and Marcel Tilanus Department of Pathology, University Medical
More informationTest Bank for Basic Immunology Functions and Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abbas
Test Bank for Basic Immunology Functions and Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abbas Chapter 04: Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Most T lymphocytes
More informationAIDS - Knowledge and Dogma. Conditions for the Emergence and Decline of Scientific Theories Congress, July 16/ , Vienna, Austria
AIDS - Knowledge and Dogma Conditions for the Emergence and Decline of Scientific Theories Congress, July 16/17 2010, Vienna, Austria Reliability of PCR to detect genetic sequences from HIV Juan Manuel
More informationT Cell Activation, Costimulation and Regulation
1 T Cell Activation, Costimulation and Regulation Abul K. Abbas, MD University of California San Francisco 2 Lecture outline T cell antigen recognition and activation Costimulation, the B7:CD28 family
More informationLESSON 2: THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Introduction to immunology. LESSON 2: THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Today we will get to know: The adaptive immunity T- and B-cells Antigens and their recognition How T-cells work 1 The adaptive immunity Unlike
More informationSurface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis Soluble CD8αα and was manufactured as described previously. 1,2 The C12C heterodimeric TCR was produced using an engineered disulfide bridge between the constant
More informationEgr-1 regulates RTA transcription through a cooperative involvement of transcriptional regulators
/, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 53), pp: 91425-91444 Egr-1 regulates RTA transcription through a cooperative involvement of transcriptional regulators Roni Sarkar 1 and Subhash C. Verma 1 1 Department of Microbiology
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Palmisano et al. 10.1073/pnas.1202174109 Fig. S1. Expression of different transgenes, driven by either viral or human promoters, is up-regulated by amino acid starvation. (A) Quantification
More informationAntigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation. Abul K. Abbas UCSF. FOCiS
1 Antigen Presentation and T Lymphocyte Activation Abul K. Abbas UCSF FOCiS 2 Lecture outline Dendritic cells and antigen presentation The role of the MHC T cell activation Costimulation, the B7:CD28 family
More informationBasic Immunology. Lecture 5 th and 6 th Recognition by MHC. Antigen presentation and MHC restriction
Basic Immunology Lecture 5 th and 6 th Recognition by MHC. Antigen presentation and MHC restriction Molecular structure of MHC, subclasses, genetics, functions. Antigen presentation and MHC restriction.
More informationPBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human
Anti-CD19-CAR transduced T-cell preparation PBMC from each patient were suspended in AIM V medium (Invitrogen) with 5% human AB serum (Gemini) and 300 international units/ml IL-2 (Novartis). T cell proliferation
More informationDoctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei,
Cyclooxygenase 2 facilitates dengue virus replication and serves as a potential target for developing antiviral agents Chun-Kuang Lin 1,2, Chin-Kai Tseng 3,4, Yu-Hsuan Wu 3,4, Chih-Chuang Liaw 1,5, Chun-
More informationSupplementary Figures
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1. Confirmation of Dnmt1 conditional knockout out mice. a, Representative images of sorted stem (Lin - CD49f high CD24 + ), luminal (Lin - CD49f low CD24 + )
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information HBV maintains electrostatic homeostasis by modulating negative charges from phosphoserine and encapsidated nucleic acids Authors: Pei-Yi Su 1,2,3, Ching-Jen Yang 2, Tien-Hua Chu
More informationIntegrin v 3 targeted therapy for Kaposi s sarcoma with an in vitro evolved antibody 1
Integrin v 3 targeted therapy for Kaposi s sarcoma with an in vitro evolved antibody 1 CHRISTOPH RADER, 2 MIKHAIL POPKOV, JOHN A. NEVES, AND CARLOS F. BARBAS III 2 Department of Molecular Biology and The
More informationCell isolation. Spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal) were removed from mice
Supplementary Methods: Cell isolation. Spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, inguinal) were removed from mice and gently meshed in DMEM containing 10% FBS to prepare for single cell suspensions. CD4 + CD25
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF HOST DEFENSES The human body contains three lines of against infectious agents (pathogens) 1. Mechanical and chemical boundaries (part of the innate immune system)
More information