Supporting Information. Structure-based Lead Optimization and Biological Evaluation of BAX Direct Activators as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents

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1 Supporting Information Structure-based Lead Optimization and Biological Evaluation of BAX Direct Activators as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents Mariano Stornaiuolo, 1 * Giuseppe La Regina, 2 Sara Passacantilli, 2 Gianluca Grassia, 1 Antonio Coluccia, 2 Valeria La Pietra, 1 Mariateresa Giustiniano, 1 Hilde Cassese, 1 Salvatore Di Maro, 1 Diego Brancaccio, 1 Sabrina Taliani, 3 Armando Ialenti, 1 Romano Silvestri, 2 Claudia Martini, 3 Ettore Novellino, 1 Luciana Marinelli 1 * 1 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, Naples, Italy. 2 Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I Roma, Italy. 3 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy. CONTENTS Copy of 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HRMS Spectra of Compound 8 Table 1S Table 2S Figure 1S Figure 2S Figure 3S Figure 4S Figure 5S Figure 6S Figure 7S S2 S4 S5 S5 S6 S7 S7 S8 S9 S10 S1

2 Copy of 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HRMS Spectra of Compound 8 S2

3 Giuseppe1 #2-108 RT: AV: 107 NL: 6.42E6 T: FTMS - p ESI Full ms [ ] R= Relative Abundance R= R= R= R= R= R= R=26966 R= R=24237 z=? R=23173 z=? R=22255 z=? R=21759 z=? m/z S3

4 Table 1S. Sensitivity of the indicated clones to 24 hours of treatment with the candidate compounds (15 µm). (less than 5% of apoptotic cells); + (5-30% of apoptotic cells); ++ (30-60% of apoptotic cells); +++ (more than 60% of apoptotic cells). Compound wt Bak -/- Bak -/- Bcl2 -/- Bid -/- Bad -/- Bax -/- Bak -/ S4

5 Table 2S. EC 50 of the indicated compounds for inhibition of Mitotracker Red accumulation in HuH7 cells mitochondria. Compound EC 50 (µm) Figure 1S. Superposition of 3 with 1 and BIM-BH3 helix. S5

6 Figure 2S. Affinity of FITC-BIM for recombinant BCL-2 family targets. FITC-BIM Direct specific binding isotherms are shown for engagement of FITC-BIM by GST-BAX (green curve), BCL-2 (red curve) and BCL-XL (blue curve). Total binding (black lines) are shown for comparison. Fraction of FITC-BIM bound was measured before and after the addition of Acetylated-BIM (50µM). FITC-BIM specific binding was calculated subtracting non specific binding (measured in the presence of Acetylated-BIM) from total binding (measured in the absence of Acetylated-BIM). Mean of three experiments and S.D. are indicated. S6

7 Figure 3S. Effect of 12 (a) and 72 hours (b) of compounds 1-16 treatment on mitochondrial activity of HuH7 cells measured by Mitotracker Red accumulation. After lysis of the cells absorbance of the dye was measured at 570 nm and reported as percentage of that measured in untreated cells (mean of at least 3 experiments, error bars are indicated (S.D.)). S7

8 Figure 4S. 8 activates BAX. Lysates of HuH7 cells treated with 8 or with vehicle alone were immunoprecipitated or not with the 6A7 monoclonal anti-bax antibody. All samples were equally boiled, run on a SDS-PAGE and decorated with a polyclonal antibody anti-bax. Figure 5S. 8 induces translocation of BAX to mitochondria. a) HuH7 cells were treated with 1 and 8 to be then fixed and processed for immunofluorescence to localize BAX intracellularly. In untreated cells, BAX localizes in the cell cytoplasm with no clear indication of association to any intracellular organelle, while after treatment of the cell with 10 µm 1 or 8, BAX localization drastically changes moving to punctuate structures. b) As further proof HuH7 cells were cultured with the indicated amount of 8, or with vehicle alone for 12 hours. After treatment cell were permeabilized and the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions were isolated as described in the manuscript. Equal amount of proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and processed for Western S8

9 Blotting. BAX was revealed by decorating the filters with the indicated anti-bax antibody (full blots are shown). Figure 6S. 8 induces cyt-c release from mitochondria. HuH7 cells were treated with BAM-7 (1) and 8, then were fixed and processed for immunofluorescence to localize cyt-c intracellularly. Before the treatment with 8, the cyt-c is localized in mitochondria, as shown by its colocalization with the structures labeled by the Mitotracker Red. After the treatment with 8, its localization changed becoming diffuse thus indicating its exit from the organelle. Boxed area are shown at higher magnification at the corner of each panel. S9

10 Figure 7S. a) 8 induces caspase-3 activation and formation of apoptotic nuclei. b) Quantification of caspase-3 positive cells after treatment with 8 and 1 as described in the manuscript. Mean of 10 random fields (error bars are indicated S.D.) S10