The Oral Histology Series Series 5 Special Stains

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1 The Oral Histology Series Series 5 Special Stains DAVID E. KLINGMAN, Lt Col, USAF, DC Views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or US Government.

2 Reticulin stain: Highlights reiculin fibers (which are argyrophilic) in parenchymal tissues in organs such as liver and spleen; demonstrates growth patterns of neoplasms

3 Reticulin stain: Highlights reiculin fibers (which are argyrophilic) in parenchymal tissues in organs such as liver and spleen; demonstrates growth patterns of neoplasms

4 Elastic/Verhoeff s van Gieson stain: Demonstrates atrophy of elastic tissue in cases of emphysema and thinning/loss of 4 elastic fibers in arteriosclerosis, temporal arteritis and other vascular diseases

5 Masson s trichrome stain: Differentiates collagen fibers from smooth muscle; routine stain for liver and kidney biopsy. Increases seen in collagen diseases (e.g. cirrhosis of liver)

6 Masson s trichrome stain: Differentiates collagen fibers from smooth muscle; routine stain for liver and kidney biopsy. Increases seen in collagen diseases (e.g. cirrhosis of liver)

7 Periodic acid-schiff stain (with or without diastase): Demonstrates glycogen and polysaccharides; glycogen will be digested with diastase (diastase labile) versus mucins which will not digest (diastase resistant)

8 Periodic acid-schiff stain (with or without diastase): Demonstrates glycogen and polysaccharides; glycogen will be digested with diastase (diastase labile) versus mucins which will not digest (diastase resistant)

9 Best s carmine stain: Red stain which highlights glycogen 9

10 Mucicarmine stain: Highlights bacteria (red); highlights mucin (useful in identifying mucus cells, 10 for example, in mucoepidermoid carcinoma)

11 Alcian green stain: Highlights cartilage 11

12 Grocott s methenamine silver stain: Highlights the cell wall of microorganisms (useful for identifying fungal organisms)

13 Acid fast stain: Highlights certain bacteria, particularly Mycobacterial species

14 Acid fast stain: Highlights certain bacteria, particularly Mycobacterial species

15 Acid fast stain: Highlights certain bacteria, particularly Mycobacterial species

16 Acid fast stain: Highlights certain bacteria, particularly Mycobacterial species

17 Auramine rhodamine stain: A fluorescence stain, used to highlight acid fast bacilli such as Mycobacterium 17

18 Auramine rhodamine stain: A fluorescence stain, used to highlight acid fast bacilli such as Mycobacterium 18

19 Gram stain: Differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative species 19

20 Gram stain: Differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative species 20

21 Giemsa stain: Used in peripheral blood smears 21

22 Giemsa stain: Used in peripheral blood smears 22

23 Giemsa stain: Used in peripheral blood smears

24 Giemsa stain: Used in peripheral blood smears

25 Giemsa stain: Used in peripheral blood smears

26 Iron stain (Prussian blue): Highlights ferric ions in tissues, such as bone marrow samples

27 Iron stain (Prussian blue): Highlights ferric ions in tissues, such as bone marrow samples

28 Grimelius (Pascual s modified) stain: Identifies modified argyrophil cells found in larger numbers in same general locations 28 as argentaffin cells; differentiates carcinoid tumors and neuroendocrine tumors such as Merkel cell carcinoma

29 Fontana Masson stain: Identifies argentaffin cells and melanin pigment 29

30 Warthin-Starry stain: Stains spirochetes

31 Warthin-Starry stain: Stains spirochetes

32 Warthin-Starry stain: Stains spirochetes

33 Warthin-Starry stain: Stains spirochetes

34 Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin (PTAH) / Malloy s stain: Aids in diagnosing/identifying muscle cross-striations, fibrin, and mitochondria-rich cells 34

35 Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin (PTAH) / Malloy s stain: Aids in diagnosing/identifying muscle cross-striations, fibrin, and mitochondria-rich cells 35

36 Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin (PTAH) / Malloy s stain: Aids in diagnosing/identifying muscle cross-striations, fibrin, and mitochondria-rich cells 36

37 Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin (PTAH) / Malloy s stain: Aids in diagnosing/identifying muscle cross-striations, fibrin, and mitochondria-rich cells 37

38 Palmgren stain: Identifies nerve axons 38

39 Bodian stain: Demonstrates nerve fibers 39

40 Luxol fast blue/cresyl violet stain: Demonstrates myelin sheath 40

41 Bielschowsky stain: Demonstrates neurofibrillary tangles, nerve fibers, and senile plaques; useful 41 in diagnosis of Alzheimer s Disease

42 Congo red stain: Useful as a cytoplasm and erythrocyte stain; amyloid will demonstrate apple green birefringence when viewed under polarized light

43 Congo red stain: Useful as a cytoplasm and erythrocyte stain; amyloid will demonstrate apple green birefringence when viewed under polarized light

44 Crystal violet stain: Demonstrates amyloid

45 Thioflavin T stain: Fluorescent stain which demonstrates amyloid; useful in Alzheimer s diagnosis 45

46 Sudan IV stain: Stains lipids, triglycerides, and lipoproteins 46

47 Oil Red O stain: Demonstrates fat/lipids in fresh (frozen) tissue 47

48 Jones methenamine silver stain: Demonstrates/highlights basement membrane in renal glomerules 48

49 Von Kossa stain: Stains Ca++ (appears deep-blue to purple); identifies mineralization within tissues 49

50 Leder stain: Detects the enzyme chloracetate esterase found in granulocytes, including mast cells; 50 positive staining is seen in CLL vs. CML

51 other stains 51

52 52 DiffQuik

53 53 Papanicoloau

54 54 Papanicoloau

55 55 Papanicoloau

56 56 Papanicoloau

57 57 Papanicoloau

58 58 Papanicoloau

59 59 toluidine blue

60 60 hematoxylin and eosin

61 61 immunohistochemistry

62 62 immunofluorescence

Fixation... Questions 1 Answers 16. Processing... Questions 25 Answers 36. Safety... Questions 67 Answers 73

Table of Contents Fixation... Questions 1 Answers 16 Processing... Questions 25 Answers 36 Instrumentation... Questions 43 Answers 58 Safety... Questions 67 Answers 73 Laboratory Mathematics & Solution