1. Distinguish between simple epithelium and compound epithelium.

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1 Structural organization in animals One mark 1. Which connective tissue helps in the attachment of muscle to bone? Tendons. 2. What is function of fibres in connective tissue? Fibres provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissue. 3. How many segments are present are present in the abdomen of cockroach. 10 segments. 4. What is areolar tissue? It is a loose connective tissue present below the skin giving support and frame work for epithelium. 5. Mention the function of gizzard in cockroach. It helps in grinding the food particals. 6. Name any two cells found in alveolar tissue. Macrophage and mast cell. 7. Which tissue provide a covering or lining for some part of the body? Epithelial tissue. 8. What are Osteocytes. Bone-cells are called Osteocytes. 9. What is the function of Setae? Setae help in locomotion. 10. What is Aestivation? It is the summer sleep in frog. 11. What is Hibernation? It is the winter sleep in frog. 12. What is meant by urecotelic animal. Animal which excrete out urea, as the nitrogenous waste is called ureotelic animal. 13. Name the connective tissue helps in the attachment of bone to bone? Ligaments. 14. What is meant by uricotelic animal? Animal which excrete out uric acid, as the nitrogenous waste is called uricotelic animal. 15. What are the cellular components of blood. RBC, WBC and platlets. 16. What is the function of nephridia? Excretion. 17. What are Chondrocytes? Cells of cartilage tissue are called chondrocytes. 18. What are malpighian tubules? They are the excretory organs in cockroach. 19. What is the function of stomach in earthworm? Calciferous glands present in stomach neutralise the humic acid present in humus. 20. What are sclerites? In each segment of cockroach, exoskeleton has hardened plate called sclerite. 21. How many chambers are there in heart of cockroach? 13chambers. 22. What are spermatophores? In cockroach, sperms stored in seminal vesicles are glued together in the form of bundles called spermatophores. Two mark 1. Distinguish between simple epithelium and compound epithelium.

2 Simple epithelium Compound epithelium It consist of single layer It has a few to several cells. layers of cells. It takes part in secretion It has limit role in and absorption. secretion and absorption. Regular cell divisons are It undergo regular cell absent. division. All the cells are in contact Only the cells of basal with basement membrane. layer are in contact with basement membrane. 2. Differentiate tendon and ligament. Tendon It is white fibrous connective tissue. It is inelastic in nature. They occur in rows It binds skeletal muscle to a bone. Ligament It is yellow fibrous connective tissue. It is elastic in nature. They are scattered. It binds a bone to another bone. 3. Common names of some animals are given. Write their scientific names. a)cockroach-periplaneta Americana. b)earthworm-pheretima posthuma. c)frog-rana tigerina. 4. Name the four broadly classified tissues in animals? Epithelium, connective, muscle and neural tissues. 5. Name two types of Glandular epithelium and where do they occur? Unicellular glandular occurring as Goblet cells in alimentary canal Multicellular glandular in salivary glands. 6. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands Exocrine glands secrete their secretions through duct or tubes. Endocrine Glands do not have ducts, hence they secrete their secretions directly into blood. 7. Comment on the structure of clitellum. In a mature earthworm, segments of 14 th, 15 th and 16 th are covered by prominent dark band of glandular tissue called clitellum. Based on this structure, body of earth worm is divisible into three regions such as pre-clitellar, clitellar and post clitellar segments clitellum do not bear setae. 8. Give four functions of Bone. It is the main tissue which provide structural frame to the body It provides support and protect softer tissue and organs Long bones of legs, serve weight bearing functions. Bone marrow in some bones, is the site of production of blood cells. 9. How is a smooth muscle different from striated muscle? Smooth muscle Striated muscle The fibres are spindle with tapering ends. Uninucleate. The nucleus The fibres are cylindrical with blunt ends. Multinucleate. Nucleus

3 is central. Striations are absent. Involuntary in nature. are peripheral. Striations are present. Voluntary in nature. 10. Give two differences between bone an cartilage a)cartilage is solid and Pliable and resists compression b) Cells of this tissue is called chondrocytes. a) Bone have a hard and non pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which give strength, b) Bone cells are called osteocytes. Three mark 1. Earthworms are called friends of farmer. Justify the statement. Earthworms are called Friends of Farmers. They burrow in the soil and make it porous. It helps in respiration and penetration of developing plant roots. Fertility of soil is also increased by their vermicompost. Earthworms are also used as bait in fishing. 2. Mention the types of cell junction along with the function. Tight junctions : They help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue. Adhering junctions : Perform cementing function to keep neighbouring cells together. Gap junction : Facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells. 3. Draw a neat labeled diagram of neuron. 4. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Adipose tissue and mention its function. Located beneath the skin. Cells are specialised to store fats. 5. Comment on the structure of Nervous system in earthworm. Nervous system in earthworm is basically represented by ganglia arranged segment wise on the ventral paired nerve cord. Nerve cord in the anterior region (3 rd and 4 th segments) bifurcates, laterally encircling the pharynx and join cerebral ganglia dorsally to form nerve ring.

4 6. How are frog beneficial to mankind. Frogs eat insects and protect crops. Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an important link of food chain and food web in the ecosystem. In some countries muscular legs of frog are used as food by man. 7. Write a note on loose connective tissue. Loose connective tissue: It has cells and fibres loosely arranged in a semi fluid ground substance for ex: Areolar tissue present below skin, often it serves as a support frame work for epithelium. It contains fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells. Adipose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue are specialised to store fat. Excess of nutrients which are not used immediately are converted into fats and are stored in this tissue. 8. Write a note on dense connective tissue. Dense connective tissue: Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed in dense connective tissue which may be regular or irregular.in dense regular connective tissue, collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel bundles of fibres. Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to bones and ligaments which attach one bone to another are example. Dense irregular connective tissue has fibroblasts and many fibres are oriented differently. This tissue is present in the skin. 9. Describe the structure of Head region of cockroach. Head is triangular in shape and it lies anteriorly at right angles tothe longitudinal body axis. It is formed by fusion of six segments and show great mobility in all directions. Head capsule bears a pair of compound eyes. A pair of thread like antennae arise from membranous sockets. Antennae have sensory receptors that help in monitoring environment Anterior end of the head bears appendages forming biting and chewing type of mouth parts. Mouth parts consist of labrum (upper lip) a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip)hypophrynx lies inside. 10. What is typhlosole? Give its function.i In earth worm, characteristic feature of intestine between 26 th to 35 th segments, there is the presence of internal median fold of dorsal wall called typhlosole. It helps in increasing effective area for absorption in the intestine. Five mark 1. Describe the major types of simple epithelial tissues with the help of neat labeled diagram.

5 a) Squamous epithelium: Single thin layer of flattened cells. Found in walls of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs. b) Cuboidal epithelium: Single layer of cube like cells. Found in ducts of glands and tubular part of nephron. c) Columnar epithelium: Single layer of tall and slender cells. Free surface and may have microvilli. Found in stomach and intestine. d) Ciliated epithelium: Columnar/cuboidal cells with cilia. Found in bronchioles and fallopian tubes. 2. Draw a neat labeled diagram of alimentary canal of cockroach. 3. Describe the different types of muscular tissues with a neat labeled diagram. (i) Skeletal Muscle: They are closely attached to the skeleton or bone and cartilage, muscle cells are unbranched, multinucleated and they are voluntary in nature. (ii) Smooth muscle: They are spindle shaped unbranched muscle fibre, tapering ends, absence of striations, uninucleated, involuntary. They found in the digestive tract, blood vessels etc. (iii) Cardiac muscle: They are contractile muscle tissue present only in the heart, striated muscle hold together with the help of cell junction. They are involuntary. 4. Define connective tissue and draw a neat labeled diagram of Areolar tissue.

6 Connective tissue is the tissue which links and support other tissue or organs of the body and this connective tissue contains cells and fibres with a ground supstances. 5. Describe female reproductive system of cockroach. Female reproductive system consist of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2 nd to 6 th abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tabules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova.oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct which open into genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6 th segment which open into genital chamber. 6. Describe excretory system in frog. Excretory system consist of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder. There are compact, dark red and bean like structures present on both sides of vertebral column. Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units called nephrons. Two ureters emerge from kidneys in male frogs. Ureters act as urinogenital duct which open into cloaca. In females ureters and oviducts open separately in cloaca. Thin walled urinary bladder is present which get opened into cloaca. Frog excretes urea and thus it is a ureotelic animal. Excretory wastes are carried by blood into kidney where it is separated.

7 7. Draw a neat labeled sketch of Reproductive system of earthworm. 8. Draw a neat labeled diagram of male and female reproductive system of frog.