Assessment of Partial Equi-Protein Replacement of Soyabean Meal with Cassava and Leucaena Leaf Meals in the Diets of Broiler Chicken Finishers

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 7 (4): , 008 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 008 Assessment of Prtil Equi-Protein Replement of Soyen Mel with Cssv nd Leuen Lef Mels in the Diets of Broiler Chiken Finishers G.E. Onii, O.R. Folorunso nd C. Elumelu Deprtment of Animl Prodution nd Helth, Shool of Agriulture nd Agriulturl Tehnology, Federl University of Tehnology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo Stte, Nigeri Deprtment of Animl Prodution, Federl College of Agriulture, Akure, Ondo Stte, Nigeri Astrt: Three hundred nd fifty roiler hikens (Ank, 000) were used to study the effet of prtil replement of soy en mel (SBM) protein with ssv nd or leuen lef mels. Diet ws the ontrol diet with soyen mel ut no lef mel. Diets nd 3 hd 30% nd 60% SBM protein respetively repled with ssv lef mel (CLM) protein. In diets 4 nd 5, 30% nd 60% of the SBM protein respetively, were repled with leuen lef mel (LLM) protein. The SBM protein in diets 6 nd 7 ws sustituted t 30% nd 60% respetively with 50:50 CLM nd LLM protein. The irds were ssigned to the experimentl diets t 0 irds per replite nd 5 replites per tretment. The energy to protein rtios of the diets were similr. The response riteri mesured were feed intke, weight gin, nitrogen retention, shnk nd skin pigmenttion, seleted rss, orgn nd musle hrteristis nd eonomis of prodution. The results showed tht weight gin (WG, 5.±.00 g/dy) nd feed intke (34±4.37 g/dy) were higher (P<0.05) in irds fed the ontrol diets. On other diets, WG were 44.4±4.8 g (Diet ), 43.7±.0 g (Diet 6), 40.±4.3 g (Diet 4), 37.±4.3 g (Diet 3), 34.9±.04 g (Diet 7) nd 6.0±4.86 g (Diet 5) per dy. Nitrogen retention ws pprently highest (P>0.05) for irds on the ontrol diet. Shnks of irds on lef mel diets were more pigmented (P<0.05) thn the ontrol. Crss, orgn nd musle hrteristis were not ffeted (P<0.05) y dietry tretments. Cost of feed per kilogrm weight gin were similr for roiler on Diets, nd 6 (x0, x08 nd x09 respetively) nd highest for Diet 5 (x50). It ws onluded tht 30% replement of soyen mel protein in 4% soyen mel rtion with ssv (0.50% of diet) or 50:50 ssv nd leuen (9.55% of diet) lef mel protein would optimize growth performne nd eonomi returns from roiler prodution espeilly during periods of high ost nd srity of soyen mel. Key words: Chikens, protein replement, lef mels Introdution It is well reognized tht mlnutrition is ommon prolem for impoverished people in the developing ountries. For exmple, per pit niml protein onsumption in 990 ws 7.7 kg/yer in the developing ountries ompred with 8.6 kg/yer in the developed ountries, showing onsiderle potentil for inresing onsumption (Snsouy, 995). This uthor lso reported tht while in 970 ruminnt nd monogstri met prodution rtes were pproximtely equl, it is expeted tht y 00, monogstris would produe.4 times more met thn ruminnts, providing tht feed is ville nd ffordle. Thus, the high ost of livestok prodution (espeilly feed) is minly responsile for the high unit ost of niml produts. The ost of feeding hs een put t 60-80% of the totl ost of prodution for intensively rered livestok espeilly poultry (Fjimi et l., 993; Tewe, 997). The ulk of the feed ost rises from protein onentrtes suh s groundnut ke, soyen mel nd fish mel. Pries of these onventionl protein soures ontinue to sor nd is eoming uneonomil to use them in poultry feed (Esonu et l., 00). There is onstnt need to look for lolly ville nd hep soures of feed ingredients prtiulrly those tht do not ttrt ompetition etween humns nd livestok. Soyen for exmple, is stple food, used in vriety of wys y mny penurious people in Afrin ountries. The reognition of protein from lef soures hs gined prominene euse of its redy vilility nd perhps euse it is the hepest nd the most undnt potentil soure of protein (Fsuyi, 000). Lef mels do not only serve s protein soure ut lso provide neessry vitmins, minerls nd lso oxyrotenoids, whih uses yellow olour of roiler skin, shnk nd egg yolks (D mellow et l., 987). Mnihot esulent (ssv) nd Leuen leuoephl (leuen) re very populr tropil plnts predominnt in Southern Nigeri. In spite of the nutritive nd gronomi dvntges of these plnts, leuen ontins tyrosine nlogue non-protein mino id (mimosine) nd ssv ontins ynogeni gluosides, phytin nd tnnin whih my e hrmful to nimls, inluding poultry (Tewe, 99). Cssv nd 408

2 Onii et l.: Repling soyen mel with lef mels for roiler hikens Tle : Gross nd proximte omposition of experimentl diets (%) Diets % of SBM protein repled with lef mel protein 5-CLM+ 30-CLM+ Ingredients 0 30-CLM 60-CLM 30-LLM 60-LLM 5 LLM 30 LLM Mize Mize offl Groundnut ke Soyen mel Cssv lef mel Leuen lef mel Brewers dried grin Plm oil Others* Totl Clulted nutrient omposition Crude protein, % ME, MJ/kg Lysine, % Methionine, % Crude fire, % Ether extrt, % Clium, % Phosphorus, % ME : CP Proximte omposition Moisture, % Crude protein, % Crude fire, % Ether extrt, % Ash, % Nitrogen free extrt, % ME = Metolisle energy; CP = Crude protein; SBM = Soyen mel. Cssv lef mel (CLM) ontined 8.95% moisture,.% CP, 9.59% rude fire, 5.60% ether extrt, 5.90% sh nd 48.9% nitrogen free extrt. Leuen lef mel (LLM) ontined 9.53% moisture, 3.0% CP,.% rude fire, 4.8% ether extrt, 5.30% sh nd 46.% nitrogen free extrt. *Others: Fish mel =.50%, Bone mel =.50%, Lysine = 0.0%, Methionine = 0.30%, Premix = 0.50%, Slt = 0.50%. leuen lef protein onentrtes hve een shown to ground efore inorportion into the diets. Other feed ontin high level of rude protein (Aletor nd ingredients nd dy-old hiks (Ank, 000) were Adeogun, 995). However, the proess of extrtion of purhsed from reputle feedmill nd hthery lef protein onentrte is diffiult nd umersome for respetively. rurl popule in Afri. Therefore, if rurl poultry is to develop whih ould trnslte to rurl development, Experimentl diets: Seven experimentl finisher roiler poverty llevition nd inresed niml protein diets with similr metolisle energy to rude protein intke, esily dptle use of protein-rih leves in rtio were formulted. The gross, lulted nutrient nd form of leve mels needs more reserh emphsis. proximte ompositions re shown in Tle. Diet Thus, this study ws onduted to determine the effet ws the ontrol with soyen mel (SBM) ut no lef of repling up to 60% of soyen mel in finisher diet, mel. Diets nd 3 hd 30% nd 60% SBM protein with ssv nd leuen lef mels, on growth respetively repled with ssv lef mel (CLM) performne, eonomilly vlule rss protein. In diets 4 nd 5, 30% nd 60% of the SBM hrteristis nd prodution ost of roiler hikens. protein respetively were repled with leuen lef mel (LLM) protein. The SBM protein in diets 6 nd 7 ws sustituted t 30% nd 60% respetively with 50:50 CLM nd LLM protein. Mterils nd Methods Experimentl site nd mterils: The study ws onduted t the Tehing nd Reserh Frm of the Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, South-western Nigeri. Leuen nd ssv leves were olleted within nd round the University frm where they were ound. The leves were sun-dried for 5 dys nd Experimentl lyout nd mngement of irds: The ompletely rndomized experimentl design ws dopted. After pre-experimentl rooding nd rering period of 4 weeks on deep litter nd d liitum feeding 409

3 Onii et l.: Repling soyen mel with lef mels for roiler hikens Tle : Performne of roiler hiken finishers on prtil equi-protein replement of soyen with ssv nd/or leuen lef mels Prmeters Averge Averge Feed Nitrogen Initil live Finl live weight gin, feed intke, onversion retention, Diet weight, g weight, g g/ird/dy g/ird/dy rtio g/ird/dy 806± ± ±.00 34± ±0..9± ± ± ±4.8 3±7.4.79±0.43.7± ± ± ±4.3 7± ± ± ± ± ±4.3 5±.86 3.±0.3.56± ±44. d 53±75.3 d 6.0± ± ±0.6.4± ±44. 06± ±.0 ±.0.78±0.7.74± ± ± ±.04 9± ±0..07±0.5 Mens re for 5 replites of 0 irds/replite (Men ± SD). Mens with different supersripts within the sme olumn re signifint (P<0.05). Tle 3: Shnk nd skin pigmenttion of roiler hiken finishers on prtil equi-protein replement of soyen with ssv nd/or leuen lef mels Diets Shnks Skin.00±0.9.63±.30.6± ±. 3 3.±0.5.93± ± ±.7 drumstik, hest, k, elly ft, hert, liver, gizzrd, inner 5.90±0.6.67± ± ± ±0.3.83±.3 Mens re for 5 replites of 4 irds/replite using 0-memer pnel (Men ± SD). Mens with different supersripts within the sme olumn re signifint (P<0.05). pnel to sore for intensity of shnk nd skin yellowish pigmenttion ( = no, = slight, 3 = moderte, 4 = high nd 5 = extremely high). Therefter, the rsses were disseted into prts s desried for Turkey y Hhn nd Spindler (00). Crss, orgns nd musle weights tken were: Dressed, eviserted, thigh, hest musle (Supr oroideus) nd outer hest musle (Petorlis thorius). Dressed nd eviserted weights were expressed s perentge of live weight while the others were expressed in g per kilogrm live weight. of ommeril roiler strter msh (3% rude protein), totl of 350 strter hiks were seleted. Fifty hiks t 0 hiks/replite (5 mles + 5 femles) nd 5 replites/dietry tretments were pled on eh of the 7 experimentl diets in metolism ges tht were housed in n open hiken wire meshed poultry house. Strter hiks on the replites were lned for initil weights suh tht group men weights were identil (Tle ). The irds were fed their respetive experimentl diets d liitum for 8 dys during whih the weekly feed onsumption nd group live weights were tken. Fees voided during the lst five dys were olleted, weighed, dried in ir-irulting oven for 7 hours, ooled nd weighed nd then preserved in o freezer t -0 C. Weight of feed onsumed during this period ws lso tken. Slughtering for rss, orgn nd musle hrteristis: At onlusion of the feeding tril, the irds were strved overnight in order to empty their rops nd 4 femle irds/replite (0 irds/dietry tretment) were seleted nd weighed. The irds were hung using hiken shkles, stunned nd srified y severing the jugulr vein. The rsses were llowed to leed o freely for 0 minutes, slded in 65 C wter for 5 seonds, mnully defethered, eviserted nd o wshed in hilled (4 C) potle wter for 3 minutes. The rsses were then presented to 0-memer trined Cost evlution: The osts of feeding the roilers were lulted using the previling mrket pries of feedstuff t the time the experimentl diets were formulted. Chemil nd sttistil nlyses: The proximte omposition of the lef mels nd diets nd nitrogen ontent of fel smples were determined y the method of AOAC (995). Nitrogen retined y the irds lulted s the differene etween feed nitrogen nd fel nitrogen (on dry mtter sis). Dt olleted were sujeted to one-wy nlysis of vrine. Where signifint differenes were found, the mens were ompred using the Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test. The Minit Sttistil Pkge (v. 0.5, Minit In., USA) ws used for sttistil nlysis. Results nd Disussion Diets: The experimentl diets were formulted to e onfrm dptle s muh s possile (Tle ). Thus, the lulted CP were etween 8.3 nd 0.3% while the ME rnged etween. nd.3 MJ/kg. However, the ME to CP rtios for ll diets were similr nd ws 0.6. The proximte omposition of the ssv nd leuen lef mels nd the experimentl diets re lso shown presented in Tle. The CLM nd LLM ontined.% nd 3.0% rude protein ontents respetively. The nlyzed nd lulted nutrient omposition of the diets did not vry widely. 40

4 Onii et l.: Repling soyen mel with lef mels for roiler hikens Generl oservtion nd performne of roiler hikens: The oiler hikens were pprently helthy throughout the experimentl period nd only one of the irds on the ontrol diet died on the third dy to the onlusion of the feeding tril. Post mortem exmintion reveled no dietry effet ut het stress. The performne of the roiler hiken finishers fed the experimentl diets is presented in Tle. The finl live weight, verge weight gin, feed onsumption nd feed onversion rtio were signifintly influened (P<0.05) y dietry tretments. The highest finl live weight (65±66.7 g), verge weight gin (5.±.00 g/dy), verge feed intke (34±4.37 g/dy) nd lowest feed onversion rtio (FCR,.58±0.) ws oserved for irds on Diet (Control). Birds fed diets with 30% SBM protein repled with lef mel protein hd higher finl live weight, verge weight gin, verge feed intke nd lower feed onversion rtio thn those on their respetive 60% SBM replement (Diets vs. 3; 4 vs. 5; 6 vs. 7). Birds fed diets in whih the SBM protein ws repled with CLM hd higher finl live weight, verge weight gin, verge feed intke nd lower feed onversion rtio thn those in whih the SBM protein ws repled with LLM t the sme perent level of replement (Diets vs. 4; 3 vs. 5). Nitrogen retention (NR) of irds on the ontrol diet (Diet ) ws pprently highest (.9±0.4 g/dy, P>0.05) thn those fed the lef mel diets whih rnged etween.4±0.4 nd.74±0.4 g/dy). Nitrogen retined y irds ws pprently higher t 30% thn 60% SBM protein replement nd for irds fed CLM thn LLM. The highest finl live weight nd verge weight gin y irds fed the ontrol diet suggests tht this diet promoted etter growth thn the lef mel sed diets. This my e prtly ttriuted to n dverse effet of mino id imlne in the lef mel sed diets ompred with the ontrol diet s SBM hs etter mino id profile thn lef mels (Agede nd Aletor, 003). Aletor et l. (000) reported tht diets with lned mino ids re pltle nd onsumed in lrge mounts with ttendnt improvement in the performne of roilers. The redued live weights nd weight gins nd higher FCR due to feeding lef mels ompred to feeding the ontrol diet nd 60% SBM protein replement ompred with 30% SBM protein replement with lef mels my lso in prt e ttriuted to the inresed level of dietry fires whih ould impir dietry nutrient utiliztion (Nwokolo et l., 985). Similrly, the lef mels ontined residul ntinutrients nd the onentrtion would e higher t higher levels of dietry inlusion of the mels, hene the higher depressing effet on roiler performne. The depressed growth performne, feed intke nd feed effiieny ws more ovious with LLM thn CLM whih ould e ddued to higher level nd/or more potent nti-nutritive omponents of leuen thn ssv leves. The pprent differenes (P>0.05) in nitrogen retention y irds on the different diets my e ttriuted to ftors suh s mino id imlnes, inresed dietry fire nd possile dverse of residul nti-nutrients erlier proffered for differenes in weight gin nd feed intke of irds. In similr vein nd ttriutle to similr resons, SBM protein replement y 50:50 CLM nd LLM protein generlly led to etter performne of the irds thn LLM lone (Diets 6 vs. 4; 7 vs. 5) ut not s good s CLM lone. Shnk nd skin pigmenttion: Tle 3 shows the results of the shnk nd skin pigmenttion of roiler hiken finishers fed the experimentl diets. At 30% replement of SBM protein with CLM nd LLM, yellow shnk pigmenttion sores were numerilly higher (P>0.05) thn for the ontrol hikens. Sustitution of SBM protein with CLM nd LLM t 60% ompred with 30% ws oserved to led to higher shnk pigmenttion sores (P>0.05). Higher numeril shnk pigmenttion sores were reorded for irds fed CLM ompred with LLM. The sustitution of SBM protein with 50:50 omintions of CLM nd LLM protein ws oserved to produe hikens with higher shnk pigmenttion sores ompred with feeding either of the two lef mels. Skin pigmenttion ws not signifintly influened (P>0.05) y dietry tretments ut ws higher hikens fed lef mels. There ws no trend shown y level of inorportion or type of lef mels in reltion to intensity of skin pigmenttion. The oserved differenes in yellow skin pigmenttion ould e ttriuted to the levels of rotenoids in the lef mels. Agede nd Aletor (003) reported inresed yellow pigmenttion (due to $-rotene, preursor of vitmin A) of shnks of roiler hiks y dietry inorportion of lef mel protein onentrtes. Better utiliztion of CLM thn LLM for resons erlier dedued ould e responsile for higher shnk pigmenttion of irds fed CLM. The lk of trend in skin pigmenttion in reltion to dietry tretments is pointer to the ft tht shnk pigmenttion is etter inditor of intensity of pigmenttion in hikens. It is likely tht met from hikens fed the lef mels would ontin more vitmin A sine hikens re le to inorporte dietry omponents into their musles (Onii, 999). Seleted rss, orgn nd musle hrteristis: All the rss, orgn nd musle hrteristis mesured (Tle 4), exept the liver nd gizzrd were not signifintly influened (P>0.05) y dietry tretments. Reltive weights of the liver of irds were signifintly higher (P<0.05) t 30% (3.4 ±.3 g/kg LW) nd 60% (4.9 ±.43 g/kg LW) SBM protein replement with LLM thn those of the ontrol nd CLM sed diets. Reltive weights of the liver were higher t 4

5 Onii et l.: Repling soyen mel with lef mels for roiler hikens Tle 4: Seleted rss, orgn nd musle hrteristis of roiler hiken finishers on prtil equi-protein replement of soyen with ssv nd/or leuen lef mels Diets Prmeters Dressed rss, % LW 85.6± ± ± ± ± ± ±.9 Eviserted rss, % LW 76.±.7 73.± ± ± ± ± ±.50 Thigh, g/kg LW 89.9± ± ± ± ± ±.3 9.±.8 Drumstik, g/kg LW 86.±.7 86.± ± ± ± ± ±8.8 Chest, g/kg LW 47±7.8 44±0. 53±4.3 39± ±7.35 5±. 4±0. Bk, g/kg LW 47±7. 36±3.4 39±0.9 9±7.9 36±.8 4±9.4 39±.7 Belly ft, g/kg LW 5.3±5. 7.3±6.79.± ±.7 7.8± ±3. 3.±.65 Hert, g/kg LW 5.76± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.43 Liver, g/kg LW 7.8± ± ±.8 3.4±.3 4.9± ±. 0.6±.0 Gizzrd, g/kg LW 9.5±0.60.±.4 4.±.8.3± ± ±.4 5.9±.33 Supr oroideus, g/kg LW 8.5± ±3. 0.5±.99 9.± ±.8 0.3±.60.3±. Petorlis thorius, 30.9± ± ± ± ± ± ±.44 g/kg LW Mens re for 5 replites of 4 irds/replite (Men±SD). LW = Live weight of irds. Mens with different supersripts within the sme row re signifint (P<0.05). Tle 5: Cost evlution of roiler hiken finishers on prtil equi-protein replement of soyen with ssv nd/or Leuen lef mels Diets No. of Av.weight Av. feed Cost of Cost of feed Cost of feed per irds gin(kg) intke(kg) feed (N/kg) onsumed (N/ird) kg weight gin (N) N = Nir; unit of urreny in Nigeri. Clultions were sed on the pries of feedstuff s t Otoer, 007 nd exluded the ost of hrvesting nd proessing of lef mels. higher levels of dietry lef mel sustitution. The reltive weight of gizzrd from roilers fed the ontrol diets ws lowest (9.5 ± 0.60 g/kg LW, P<0.05), followed y those fed CLM nd highest for LLM sed diets. Similr to tht of the liver, reltive weights of the gizzrd inresed with inresing dietry levels of lef mels. The reltive weights of the rss uts (thigh, drumstik, hest nd k) tht were similr suggest tht the ontrol nd the test diets (lef mel sed diets) promoted similr rss hrteristis. Even, the most eonomilly importnt hiken inner rest musle (Supr oroideus) nd outer rest musle (Petorlis thorius) were not signifintly influened y dietry tretments. Thus, identil rss nd musle developments re ttinle y feeding the diets. The higher reltive weights of the liver nd gizzrd t higher level of inlusion of lef mels nd the higher weights of these two orgns in LLM sed diets thn CLM sed diets re ttriutle to omintion of inresed levels of dietry rude fire nd nti-nutritive ftors erlier proffered for differenes in growth performne. These two orgns re possile sites for detoxifition hene inresed weight with inresing musulr tivities due to inresed levels of dietry nti-nutrients. The gizzrd reks down ingested feed y musulr tion nd higher dietry fire would promote higher thikening of the musles (Onii et l., 999). Cost evlution: Cost ssessment of the effet of prtil equi-protein replement of SBM with CLM nd/or LLM is presented in Tle 5. The ost of feed nd ost of feed onsumed were highest for the ontrol diet (x4.5/kg nd x0/ird respetively). Cost of feed onsumed deresed t higher inlusion of lef mels. However, osts of feed per kilogrm weight gin were similr for irds fed the ontrol diet, Diet nd Diet 6 (x0, x08 nd x09 respetively). Diets 3, 4 nd 7 were oserved to produe similr ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin of x, x nd x4 respetively while the highest ost of x50/kg weight gin ws found for irds fed Diet 5 (60% SBM protein repled with LLM protein). It ws pprent from the result of ost evlution tht 30% SBM protein replement with CLM nd 50:50 CLM nd LLM (Diets nd 6) would produe eonomilly profitle roiler hiken finishers s the ontrol diet. Despite the low ost of feed onsumed y roilers on Diets 3, 4 nd 7, the depressed weight gin ws responsile for the high ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin. High LLM in Diet 5 dversely ffeted weight gin y irds resulting in highest ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin. Conlusions: This study reveled some informtion s to the enefits nd limittions of using lef mels from ssv nd leuen in the development of the poultry 4

6 Onii et l.: Repling soyen mel with lef mels for roiler hikens setor espeilly in re of villge poultry nutrition. Soyen mel (SBM) whih might not e redily ville t the rurl levels due to n rry of use of soyen for humn onsumption s well s high ost of SBM ould e sustituted with lef mels ering in mind the following: : Growth performne hrteristis would e mrginlly depressed t 30% equi-protein replement of 4% SBM with CLM or 50:50 (protein for protein) CLM nd LLM. Crss hrteristis were not dversely ffeted nd ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin y irds ws similr to feeding diets without lef mel. At this level, sving of 4.30 kg SBM per 00 kg of feed would e mde. : 60% equi-protein replement of SBM in roiler finisher diet with CLM showed similr promise s 30% equi-protein replement with LLM in terms of performne nd rss hrteristis, though not s good s in () ove nd t higher ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin y irds ompred with feeding diets without lef mel. 3: While 60% equi-protein replement of SBM in roiler finisher diet with 50:50 (protein for protein) CLM nd LLM ould e onsidered under unforeseen onditions where SBM nd CLM re sre, totl sustitution t 60% equi-protein replement of SBM with LLM should not e dopted due to mrked depressive effet on growth performne nd high ost of feed per kilogrm weight gin y irds. Referenes Agede, J.O. nd V.A. Aletor, 003. Evlution of fish mel repled with lef protein onentrte from glyriidi in diets for roiler-hiks: Effet on performne, musle growth, hemtology nd serum metolites. Int. J. Poult. Si., : Aletor, V.A. nd O.A. Adeogun, 995. Nutrient nd ntinutrient omponents of some tropil lefy vegetles. Food Chem., 54: Aletor, V.A., I.I. Hmid, E. Niess nd E. Pfeffer, 000. Low protein mino id supplemented diets in roiler hikens: Effet on performne, rss hrteristis, whole ody omposition nd effiienies of nutrient utilistion. J. Si. Food Agri., 80: AOAC, 995. Offiil Method of Anlysis 6th Edn. Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists. Wshington D.C. D mellow, J.P.F., T. Amovi nd A.G. Wlker, 987. Evlution of leuen lef mel for roiler growth nd pigmenttion. Tropil Agri. 64: Esonu, B.O., O.O. Emnlom, A.B.I. Udediie, U. Herert, C.F. Ekpor, I.C. Okoli nd F.C. Iheukwumere, 00. Performne nd lood hemistry of wener pigs fed rw muun (velvet en) mel. Tropil Anim. Prod. Invest., 4: Fjimi, A.O., G.M. Btunde, F.F. Ogunln nd K. Oyejide, 993. Comprtive utilistion of ruer seed oil nd plm oil y roilers in humid tropil environment. Anim. Feed Si. Teh., 43: Fsuyi, A.O., 000. Biohemil, nutritionl nd soioeonomi spet of ssv (Mnihot esulent rnzt) lef utilistion. Unpulished PhD Thesis, Federl University of Tehnology, Akure, Nigeri. Hhn, G. nd M. Spinder, 00. Method for dissetion of Turkey rses. World Poult. Si. J., 58: Nwokolo, E.N., M. Akppunm nd T. Ogunjimi, 985. Effet of vrying level of dietry fire on minerl vilility in poultry diets. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., : Onii, G.E., A.P. Owoyemi nd O.O. Akinyemi, 999. Diets nd dietry ingredients seletion y roiler hiken: Effets on growth performne, rss qulity nd eonomis of prodution. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 6: Snsouy, R., 995. Livestok - driving fore for food seurity nd sustinle development. FAO Corporte Doument Repository. http: / www / fo / org / DOCREP / v 880T/v88T07.htm. Tewe, O.O., 99. Detoxifition of ssv produts nd effets of residul toxins on onsuming nimls. Feeding Proeedings of the FAO Expert Consulttion (Eds. D. Mhin nd S. Nyoid) Columi. -5 Jnury, 99., pp: 6. Tewe, O.O., 997. Sustinle nd development prdigm from Nigeri s livestok industry. Inugurl Leture Series, Univ. Idn, Nig., 50 pges. 43

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS Finl report sumitted to Dniso Animl Nutrition E. vn Heugten nd B. Frederik North Crolin Stte University, Deprtment of Animl Siene Summry The urrent