Nutrition Guide. National Swine. Trace Minerals and Vitamins for Swine Diets. Introduction. Objectives. Minerals required

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1 Ntionl Swine Nutrition Guide Tre Minerls nd Vitmins for Swine Diets Introdution Authors Dune E. Reese, University of Nersk Grethen Myers Hill, Mihign Stte University Reviewers Donnie Cmpell, DSM Nutritionl Produts Chris Hostetler, South Dkot Stte University Minerls serve vriety of struturl nd metoli funtions in swine nd re found in ll ody omponents, inluding one, musle, internl orgns, lood, nd other tissues nd fluids of the ody. Some minerls re found in reltively lrge mounts while others re found in minute or tre quntities. Vitmins re nother lss of nutrients required for norml metoli funtions in the ody. Vitmins re generlly required s o-ftors in metoli retions. Good deisions must e mde onerning the minerl nd vitmin nutrition of pigs when formulting diets, euse feeding exess n e ostly nd dngerous while not providing enough of these required nutrients n result in defiieny nd redued produtivity. Ojetives Explin the tre minerls nd vitmins pigs require Desrie ommon soures of tre minerls nd vitmins List reommended mounts of tre minerls nd vitmins to dd to swine diets Desrie good hndling nd mixing prties for tre minerls nd vitmins Minerls required Ten minerl elements re regulrly dded to swine diets euse the nturl ingredients ommonly used in swine diets (erel grin, soyen mel, et.) re defiient or the minerls re not ville to the pig. These minerls n e divided into two groups, mro- nd miro or tre-minerls, sed on the mounts dded to the diet. The requirements for, nd dietry onentrtions of the mro-minerls re generlly expressed s perentge of the diet, wheres the miro or tre minerls re expressed s prts per million (ppm or mg/kg) or milligrms (mg) per pound of diet. Sodium nd hloride (slt) nd tre minerls re disussed in this pulition; mro-minerls (lium nd phosphorus) re presented in PIG Ftsheet # (Mro-Minerls for Swine Diets). Sodium nd hloride. These two elements ssist in mintining the osmoti pressure of ody fluids nd id/se lne. Sodium is lso involved in nerve funtion, nd hloride is essentil for hydrohlori id prodution in the stomh. A defiieny of sodium nd hloride depresses ppetite nd impirs growth. Grins nd plnt protein supplements re low in sodium nd hloride, so these minerls must e dded to the diet. They re generlly dded s ommon slt, whih is 40% sodium nd 60% hloride [1, 2]. High levels of slt n e tolerted if dequte drinking wter is ville. If wter is restrited, s little s 2.0% dietry slt n produe toxiity (slt poisoning), hrterized y nervousness, wekness, stggering, epilepti seizures, nd deth [1, 2]. Iron. Iron is required for the synthesis of hemogloin tht trnsports oxygen in red lood ells, myogloin in musle tissue, nd iron-ontining enzymes. The y pig is orn with high onentrtion of iron in PAGE 1 PIG

2 the liver. However, with the low iron in sow s milk nd the rpid growth of the young pig, liver iron is not dequte to meet the requirement of the pig. Beuse the y pig s diet onsists solely of dm s milk, iron-defiieny nemi n e prolem in young pigs if n intrmusulr injetion of 100 to 200 mg of iron from iron dextrn, for exmple, is not given etween one to three dys of ge. Feeding extr iron to the sow will not rise the iron ontent of milk euse pssge of iron into the mmmry glnd is limited. Ingestion of smll quntities of fel mteril y nursing pigs helps to meet their iron requirement, ut will not void the need for iron supplementtion/dministrtion [2, 3]. Corn nd grin sorghum re low in iron, therefore, iron needs to e supplemented to the diet of ll lssifitions of swine. Inorgni phosphte supplements suh s mono- or dilium phosphte nd defluorinted rok phosphte tht re dded to pig diets s C nd P soure re reltively high in iron. However, the usefulness or iovilility of this soure of iron to pigs is very low. Additionlly, for nursery pig diets, high dietry onentrtions of opper nd/or zin re often inluded s growth promotnts, whih n interfere with iron sorption further emphsizing the need for iron supplementtion in these rpidly growing pigs [2, 3]. Signs of iron defiieny inlude ple muous memrnes nd skin olor in white-skinned pigs, enlrged hert, spsmodi rething fter exerise (thumps), low hemogloin, nd deresed resistne to ertin teril infetions. Exess iron n e toxi, produing inoordintion, nervousness, nd onvulsions [2, 3]. Zin. Zin is importnt for the proper funtion of mny enzymes nd is essentil for norml skin development nd mintenne nd reprodution. Zin defiieny results in rough, sly nd rked skin lled prkertosis, loss of ppetite, poor growth, nd impired sexul development. The onentrtion of this element is low in grins nd plnt proteins, ut is higher in niml produts suh s met nd one mel. Muh of the zin in erel grins nd oilseed mels n not e utilized y the pig, euse it is ssoited with phyti id whih inds zin mking it poorly ville [2, 3]. High onentrtions of zin (2,000 to 3,000 ppm zin) s zin oxide stimulte growth rte nd feed intke in nursery pigs nd in some instnes redues the inidene of dirrhe. There is limited dt to suggest tht under some irumstnes other forms of zin my e useful in growth promotion, ut no good onsistent growth response hs een oserved exept for zin oxide. The mehnism of how zin oxide works to stimulte growth rte is unknown [2, 3]. Zin toxiity n result from feeding high onentrtions of zin for n extended period of time. Symptoms inlude growth depression, inflmmtion of the gstrointestinl trt, joint nd one prolems nd hemorrhges. A greter proportion of zin is sored from some forms of zin thn others mking toxiity possile when phrmologil onentrtions re fed for long periods of time. The form, mount in the diet nd mount of dietry opper nd iron influene the potentil toxiity. Reserh hs shown tht phrmologil feeding of zin oxide for 10 to 14 dys fter wening will enhne growth rte nd stimulte feed intke, nd does not result in exess fel zin or toxiity. However, phrmologil zin should not e ontinued during the growing/finishing phse, euse long term phrmologil zin redues opper vilility to the pig [2, 3]. Iodine. Iodine is vitl omponent of thyroid hormones nd therefore, it ffets the pig s metoli rte. Wekness, hirlessness, thik pulpy skin, goiter, nd deth prior to nd t irth hve een oserved in pigs orn to iodine-defiient sows. Muh of the previously glited nd sndy res of the United Sttes re iodine defiient euse this element hs een lehed from the soil. Consequently, feeds grown on these soils re defiient in iodine. In ddition, ertin feedstuffs ontin goitrogens tht inrese the iodine requirement. Met nd one mel iodine ontent is vrile nd should not e relied upon s soure of iodine; however, fish mel generlly is good iodine soure, ut euse fish mel intke is limited during mny phses of prodution, iodine should e dded to the diet [2, 3]. Selenium. Selenium is omponent of mny enzymes tht protet ell ontents nd memrnes ginst oxidtive dmge. It is lso omponent of other ody selenoproteins, nd thus is ritil in ll prodution phses. Mny soils in the United Sttes re defiient in this element while other res hve high selenium ontent. As onsequene, selenium onentrtion in feedstuffs produed in mny regions my e defiient or dequte for swine. Selenium supplementtion is essentil where soils re defiient [2, 4]. PAGE 2 PIG

3 The need for supplementl selenium is indiretly relted to vitmin E intke, ut there is dietry requirement for oth nutrients. With deresed ess to soil, pstures, nd forges in swine diets (good soures of vitmin E), nd the rtifiil drying of high-moisture grins (whih destroys some of the vitmin E), selenium nd vitmin E hve eome importnt dietry supplements. The mount of selenium tht my e dded to swine diets is regulted y the Food nd Drug Administrtion (FDA), nd it is limited to 0.3 ppm of the diet [2, 4]. Signs of selenium defiieny inlude sudden deth (prtiulrly in fst-growing wened pigs), unusully ple musle nd dystrophy of musle (white musle disese), liver nerosis, mulerry hert, impired reprodution, nd edem of the mesentery of the spirl olon, lungs, perirdil s, nd gstrointestinl tissues [2, 4]. Selenium toxiity hs een produed y 5 ppm to 8 ppm of selenium in the diet (20 to 30 times the required level). Toxiity is hrterized y redued feed intke, depressed growth, loss of hir, stiffness nd pin upon movement, seprtion of the hooves t the oronry nd, erosion of the joints, trophy of the hert, irrhosis of the liver, nemi, nd impired emryo development [2, 4]. Copper. Copper is required for the funtion of severl enzymes. Also, it enhnes iron sorption from the intestinl trt nd iron moiliztion from stores in the liver. Most feed ingredients proly supply suffiient opper; however, sine informtion on opper requirements is limited, some supplementl opper (1:10 rtio with iron) is reommended. The most ommon signs of opper defiieny inlude redued growth, nervous disorders, inoordintion, defetive one formtion, hert enlrgement, nd smll, hemogloin-defiient red lood ells [2, 3]. Feeding levels of opper tht re onsiderly higher thn the nutritionl requirement (i.e., 125 ppm to 250 ppm of opper) will stimulte growth nd feed intke in pigs. This response is onsidered n ntiioti-like or phrmologil effet; opper sulfte nd trisi opper hloride re the only forms tht hve een demonstrted in reserh to improve growth when fed t 125 to 250 ppm. The stge t whih high dietry opper is most effetive in stimulting growth is in wening pigs nd the response is dditionl to tht hieved y feeding ntiiotis [2, 3]. Copper toxiity hs een produed y feeding high onentrtions (greter thn 250 ppm) of opper throughout the nursery nd/or growing-finishing periods espeilly when the diet ontins low onentrtions of zin nd iron. Extr zin nd iron my help to prevent the effets of exess opper. Signs of toxiity inlude impired growth, nemi, jundie, nd eventul deth [2, 3]. Mngnese. Mngnese is neessry for the proper funtion of numer of enzymes, some of whih influene energy metolism, one development, nd reprodution. Signs of mngnese defiieny inlude impired growth, lmeness, enlrged hoks, rooked nd shortened legs, irregulr estrus, poor mmmry development nd lttionl performne, nd the irth of smll, wek pigs with n impired sense of lne. Mngnese in grins my not e ville to the pig so it is usully supplemented in diets [2, 3]. Chromium. Chromium ppers to e involved with rohydrte, ft, nd protein metolism nd perhps insulin metolism when dequte endogenous hromium is not present in the diet. A dietry requirement for hromium hs not een estlished for the pig, nd the iovilility of hromium in grins is unknown. Some reserh indites tht hromium my improve rss lenness nd reprodutive performne, ut the mehnism nd needs re not ler [2, 3]. Colt. This minerl funtions only s omponent of vitmin B 12. Unlike ruminnts, pigs re unle to synthesize vitmin B 12 effiiently, so there is no dietry requirement for olt, ut vitmin B 12 must e supplemented [2, 3]. PAGE 3 PIG

4 Minerl soures Sodium nd hloride needs re ommonly met y dding slt (sodium hloride) to the diet. Soures of tre minerls re shown in Tle 1. In ddition, the usefulness or reltive iovilility of minerls from severl soures is listed in the tle to ssist in more preise diet formultion. Deisions on whih soure of tre minerl to use should e sed primrily on prie per unit of ville element. Tle 1. Minerl onentrtions in miro or tre minerl soures for swine Minerl element Soure Conentrtion of element, % Reltive iovilility, % Chromium Tripiolinte Vrile 100 Propionte Vrile 13 Methionine Vrile 51 Yest Vrile 23 Copper Sulfte (penthydrte) Iodine Amino id helte Vrile 122 Amino id omplex Vrile --- Aette Cronte 50 to to 100 Chloride, trisi Lysine Vrile 94 to 124 Oxide to 10 Polyshride omplex Vrile --- Proteinte Vrile 105 to 111 Ethylenedimine dihydroiodiode (EDDI) Clium iodte Potssium iodide Potssium iodte Copper iodide Iron Sulfte (monohydrte) Amino id helte Vrile --- Amino id omplex Vrile --- Chloride to 100 Cronte to 80 Methionine Vrile --- Polyshride omplex Vrile --- Proteinte Vrile --- Sulfte (hepthydrte) Mngnese Sulfte (monohydrte) Amino id helte Vrile --- Amino id omplex Vrile --- Cronte to 100 Chloride Dioxide to 95 Methionine Vrile 120 to 125 Oxide Polyshride omplex Vrile --- Proteinte Vrile 110 PAGE 4 PIG

5 Tle 1. Minerl onentrtions in miro or tre minerl soures for swine (ontinued) Minerl element Soure Conentrtion of element, % Reltive iovilility, % Selenium Sodium selenite Proteinte (methionine) Vrile 102 Sodium selente Yest Vrile 108 Zin Sulfte (monohydrte) Amino id helte Vrile --- Amino id omplex Vrile --- Cronte Chloride Methionine Vrile 95 to 100 Polyshride omplex Vrile --- Oxide to 80 Proteinte Vrile 100 Sulfte (hepthydrte) Tetrsi hloride Most ommon soures re in old-itli; dshes indite no dt were ville [2, 8-12] In reserh frequently used minerl soure is often ssumed to e 100% ioville nd other forms re ompred sed on mount tht umultes in ody tissues. The minerl soure listed first within eh tegory ws generlly the stndrd with whih the other soures were ompred to determine reltive iovilility. Vitmins required Eleven vitmins re regulrly dded to swine diets euse the nturl ingredients ommonly used in swine diets (erel grin, soyen mel, et.) re defiient. These vitmins n e divided into two groups, ft solule (vitmins A, D, E nd K) nd wter solule (rioflvin, niin, pntotheni id, holine, iotin, vitmin B12, nd foli id). Severl other vitmins funtion in the pig s ody inluding pyridoxine (B6), thimine, nd vitmin C (sori id). Evidene is limited tht pigs fed prtil diets will enefit from the ddition of these vitmins to the diet. Vitmin A. The vitmin A needs of swine n e met y either vitmin A or B-rotene. Vitmin A does not our in plnt produts, ut the plnt pigment, B-rotene, n e onverted to vitmin A in the intestine of the pig. Good, nturl soures of B-rotene inlude green pstures nd green, lefy lflf hy or mel. Yellow orn ontins B-rotene ut is not dependle soure euse muh my e destroyed during storge. Therefore, when formulting diets, the B-rotene onentrtion of orn is disregrded. Other erel grins re low or devoid of B-rotene nd vitmin A [2, 5]. Defiieny symptoms in growing pigs re inoordinted movement, wekness of the k, prlysis, night lindness nd totl lindness. Sows my fil to ome into estrus, hve poor oneption rtes, resor their fetuses, nd hve wek or ded pigs t irth with vrious deformities. Sterility my our in ors [2, 5]. Vitmin D. Swine tht hve dily ess to dequte sunlight produe their own vitmin D. However, fortifition of diets with vitmin D is neessry when pigs re fed inside. Most feedstuffs re prtilly devoid of vitmin D [2, 6]. Vitmin D is needed for the effiient sorption nd metolism of lium nd phosphorus nd therefore is required for norml lifition of ones. A defiieny in young pigs results in rikets, stiffness nd lmeness, enlrgement of the joints nd generl unthriftiness. In mture nd mrket nimls, one frtures re ommon if vitmin D is defiient. Exessive mounts of vitmin D in the feed or s n injetle re hrmful due to deposits of lium in soft tissues. Exessive intke n our if diets re not properly formulted nd mixed [2, 6]. PAGE 5 PIG

6 Vitmin E. A deline in the use of psture for pigs nd n inrese in rtifiil drying of grins hve resulted in the redution of vitmin E intke nd n inrese in ourrene of defiieny symptoms. Grins low in selenium inrese the need for vitmin E s the dietry onentrtion of these nutrients ffets the metoli needs of the other [2, 4]. Vitmin E funtions s n ntioxidnt in intrellulr memrnes. Defiieny signs in growing pigs re indistinguishle from those of selenium defiieny inluding; sudden deth, mulerry hert, jundie, edem, white musles nd liver nerosis. Pigs nursing sows defiient in vitmin E my experiene musulr inoordintion nd sudden deth. Vitmin E is primrily trnsferred to neworn pigs vi olostrum [2, 4]. Vitmin K. Although Vitmin K ours in mny nturl feedstuffs nd is synthesized y intestinl miroflor of the pig, defiieny in prtil diets n our. The defiieny is frequently ssoited with moldy feeds. Its hrteristis re hemorrhging (oth internl nd externl), prolonged lood-lotting time, nd lso my inlude lood-tinged urine, lmeness nd listlessness. Pigs fed phrmologil onentrtions of ntiiotis mke little to no vitmin K euse the ntiiotis kill off the intestinl miroflor [2, 6]. Rioflvin. Cerel grins nd plnt y-produts suh s soyen mel re reltively poor soures of this B vitmin. It funtions in the ody s onstituent of severl enzyme systems. Therefore, defiieny of rioflvin results in wide vriety of symptoms. In growing pigs, defiieny my use loss of ppetite, stiffness, dermtitis nd lowered growth rte. Poor oneption nd reprodution hve een noted in sows fed rioflvin-defiient diets. Pigs my e orn premturely, ded or too wek to survive [2, 7]. Niin. Although niin is present in dequte mounts in erel grins, it exists in ound form tht is lrgely unville to the pig. The protein soure nd ontent of the diet lso n ffet the dietry need for niin euse the mino id tryptophn, if in exess, n e onverted into niin. This n develop into tryptophn defiieny in diet low in oth niin nd tryptophn. Slow growth, dirrhe, dermtitis, loss of hir nd osionl vomiting re defiieny symptoms. Alflf mel nd good psture re nturl soures of rioflvin, pntotheni id nd niin [2, 7]. Pntotheni Aid. Corn-soyen mel diets will e defiient in pntotheni id, nother of the B-omplex vitmins. A defiieny my result in lower fertility, redued growth rte, dirrhe, nd n inoordinted, woly or high-stepping git lled goosestepping. Mny of these symptoms re similr to those oserved from other defiienies nd indite tht, in prtil feeding situtions, it is diffiult to determine whih vitmin my e lking. In ft, in mny ses, it is omintion of oservle vitmin defiienies [2, 7]. Choline. Supplementl holine results in n inresed litter size in gestting sows fed orn-soyen mel diets. Choline defiieny lso hs een implited y some s the use of sprddle legs in neworn pigs. However, there is limited dt to support this hypothesis. The holine requirement of growing nd finishing pigs is met y nturl feedstuffs. However, the need for supplementl holine is inresed in diets low in the mino id methionine. Choline should e prt of the vitmin mixture provided in sow diets [2, 7]. Biotin. Common feedstuffs ontin enough iotin to meet the requirement of the growing pig, ut the iovilility is poor in smll grins. Biotin supplementtion of orn-soyen mel sed diets ppers to improve litter size t wening for first prity sows. While it hs een promoted y some tht pigs will hve fewer rks in their hooves, this hs not een vlidted [2, 7]. Vitmin B 12. Cerel grins nd other plnt produts do not ontin vitmin B 12 ut niml produts re good soures. The requirement for this vitmin is pproximtely one-thousndth the mount of the other B vitmins disussed. Signs of defiieny inlude redued growth rte nd nemi. Vitmin B 12 lso is known s ynoolmin. It is required with foli id, iron, nd opper to mke red lood ells [2, 7]. Foli Aid (Folin). The pig s requirement for foli id for growth nd mintenne is met y foli id from feedstuffs nd teril synthesis in the hind-gut. However, foli id supplementtion in gesttion nd lttion diets hs inresed the numer of pigs orn live nd wened per litter, therefore it is PAGE 6 PIG

7 reommended to supplement reeding herd diets with foli id. Wekness, poor growth nd nemi re symptoms of foli id defiieny. Green, lefy plnts re exellent soures of this vitmin too [2, 7]. Vitmin C (Asori Aid), Thimine, nd Pyridoxine (B 6 ). These vitmins re required y the pig. Vitmin C is mde y the pig. However, some reserh suggests tht nursery pigs my enefit y its supplementtion due to redue the effet of stress t wening. Defiieny signs ssoited with these vitmins my e produed when diets ontin n ntgonist or high levels of sulf drugs. However, the mount of these vitmins present in prtil diets plus tht synthesized y miro (thimine nd B 6 ) re onsidered to e suffiient to meet the requirements of the pig [2, 7]. Vitmin soures Soures of vitmins re shown in Tle 2. The most ommon soures of vitmins re shown in old-itli. Consider prie per unit of vitmin tivity when hoosing vitmin soures. Tle 2. Vitmin onentrtion in mnuftured vitmin soures for swine Vitmin Conentrtion/method of expression Soure Vitmin A Vitmin D 1 IU = 0.3 μg retinol or μg vitmin A ette or 1 USP unit 1 IU = 0.55 μg vitmin A plmitte Vitmin A plmitte Vitmin A ette (ll-trns retinyl ette) 1 IU = 0.36 μg vitmin A propionte Vitmin A propionte 1 IU = μg holeliferol or 1 USP unit or 1 ICU Vitmin D3 (holeliferol) Vitmin E 1 mg = IU dl-α-toopheryl ette dl-α-toopheryl ette (ll r) Vitmin K 1 mg = 1.36 IU d-α-toopheryl ette d-α-toopheryl ette (RRR) 1 mg = 1.11 IU dl-α-toopherol dl-α-toopherol (ll r) 1 mg = 1.49 IU d-α-toopherol d-α-toopherol (RRR) 1 Ansher unit = 20 Dm units = mg mendione Mendione sodium isulfite (MSB) Mendione niotinmide isulfite (MNB) Mendione dimethylpyrimidinol isulfite (MPB) Rioflvin Commonly expressed s μg or mg Crystlline rioflvin Niin Commonly expressed s μg or mg Niinmide Niotini id Pntotheni id Commonly expressed s μg or mg d-lium pntothente dl-lium pntothente Choline Commonly expressed s μg or mg Choline hloride Biotin Commonly expressed s μg or mg d-iotin Vitmin B 12 1μg ynoolmin or 1 USP unit or 11,000 LLD (L. ltis Dorner) units dl-lium pntothente - lium hloride omplex Cynoolmin Foli id Commonly expressed s μg or mg Foli id Pyridoxine Commonly expressed s μg or mg Pyridoxine hydrohloride Thimin Commonly expressed s μg or mg Thimin mononitrte Thimin hydrohloride Vitmin C Commonly expressed s μg or mg L-sori id Most ommon soures re in old-itli. L-sori id phosphte L-sori id oted with ethyl ellulose PAGE 7 PIG

8 Suggested dietry dditions of slt, tre minerls nd vitmins To ensure optimum nd relile pig performne, we reommend tht slt nd ertin tre minerls nd vitmins e routinely dded to the diet. Although grins, y-produts nd protein supplements in swine diets provide tre minerls nd vitmins tht pigs require, the mount provided is not often suffiient or their iovilility is questionle. Some vitmins re lost during storge, drying, nd proessing of ommon feedstuffs or my e unville to the pig. Some vitmins, however, n e synthesized within the pig s ody in suffiient quntities to meet the pig s requirement. We elieve tht the mounts of holine, foli id nd iotin tht re present in grins nd protein supplements re suffiient for norml growth, ut they should e supplemented in diets for reeding swine. Rnges re presented for reommended dditions of slt, tre minerls nd vitmins to diets (Tles 3, 4 nd 5) to offer feed mnuftures nd pork produers greter flexiility in prepring nd utilizing produts sed on our reommendtions. More flexiility often results in ost svings nd more onveniene. In ddition, we knowledge tht there re gps Photo ourtesy of Ntionl Pork Bord in knowledge of tre minerl nd vitmin nutrition for pigs euse of vrition tht exists due to pig genotype, mngement nd prodution setting. Exept for slt, the minimum vlues generlly represent the totl mount required in the diet ording to the NRC (1998). Upper vlues represent referene point ove whih further dditions will not likely improve pig performne. Upper vlues re not sfety or tolerne mount. We suggest tht formultors should void the minimum nd highest nutrient reommendtions in Tles 3, 4, nd 5 nd use intermedite vlues s onstrints in formultion of diets. Speifi reommendtions for slt, tre minerl nd vitmin dditions to swine diets re shown in Tle 6. The vlues represent our est estimte of tre minerl nd vitmin needs of pigs in prtil situtions. We strted with the NRC requirement nd then dded sfety mrgin sed on prtil experiene. No ttempt ws mde to djust the ddition rte for ny nutrient to llow, for exmple, the use of one tre minerl mix in diets for ll prodution phses. Those seeking nutritionl informtion for mnufturing semixes nd premixes for swine diets my onsult Tles Reommendtions for growing pigs nd ltting sows re sed on the ssumption tht pigs in these phses of prodution hve d liitum ess to feed; gestting sows nd reeding ors onsume t lest four pounds of feed per dy. If feed intke differs, djustment of dietry minerl nd vitmin onentrtions my e required. PAGE 8 PIG

9 Tle 3. Rnges for reommended dietry dditions of slt, tre minerls nd vitmins from onentrtes, se mixes or premixes for nursery pigs, Type of diet Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Phse 4 Body weight, l 9 to to to to 45 Assumed dily feed intke, l Assumed dily gin, l Dietry metolizle energy, Ml/l Minerls Slt, % 0.15 to to to to 0.40 Sodium, % 0.25 to to to to 0.45 Chloride, % 0.25 to to to to 0.45 Copper, ppm 6 to 20 6 to 20 6 to 20 5 to 20 Iodine, ppm 0.14 to to to to 0.35 Iron, ppm 100 to to to to 180 Mngnese, ppm 4 to 30 4 to 30 4 to 30 3 to 30 Selenium, ppm d 0.30 to to to to 0.30 Zin, ppm e 100 to to to to 180 Vitmins Vitmin A, IU/l 1000 to to to to 5500 Vitmin D 3, IU/l 100 to to to to 500 Vitmin E, IU/l 7 to 35 7 to 35 7 to 35 5 to 35 Vitmin K, mg/l f 0.23 to to to to 4 Rioflvin, mg/l 2 to 8 2 to 8 2 to 8 1 to 8 Niin, mg/l 9 to 30 7 to 30 7 to 30 6 to 30 Pntotheni id, mg/l 6 to 20 5 to 20 5 to 20 4 to 20 Choline, mg/l g 0 to to to to 200 Biotin, mg/l h 0 to to to to 0.10 Vitmin B 12, mg/l to to to to 0.03 Foli id, mg/l i 0 to to to to 0.06 Vitmin B 6, mg/l j 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 0 to 2 All diets re full-fed under thermoneutrl onditions. Minimum vlues generlly represent the quntity reommended y the NRC (1998). Upper vlues do not represent sfe or tolerne levels, ut insted referene point ove whih further dditions will not likely improve performne. Levels of 125 to 250 ppm from opper sulfte or tri-si opper hloride n e dded to Phses, 1, 2, 3 nd 4 for growth promotion. d Mximum legl ddition is 0.3 ppm. e Levels of 2,000 to 3,000 ppm of Zn ppm zin oxide n e dded to Phses, 1, 2 nd 3 for growth promotion. f Mendione tivity. g NRC requirement is 270, 230, 230 nd 180 mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1, 2, 3 nd 4, respetively nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. h NRC requirement is nd mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 nd 2, nd 3 nd 4, respetively nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. i NRC requirement is mg/l in the omplete diet for ll phses for phses 1, 2, 3 nd 4, respetively nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. j NRC requirement is 0.90, nd 0.68, mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 nd 2, nd 3 nd 4, respetively nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. PAGE 9 PIG

10 Tle 4. Rnges for reommended dietry dditions of slt, tre minerls nd vitmins from onentrtes, se mixes or premixes for growing-finishing pigs, Type of diet Phse 1 Phse 2 Phse 3 Phse 4 Phse 5 Phse 5 Phse 6 +RAC RAC Body weight, l 45 to to to to to to to 315 Assumed dily feed intke, l Dietry metolizle energy, Ml/l Minerls d Slt, % 0.2 to to to to to to to 0.4 Sodium, % 0.1 to to to to to to to 0.2 Chloride, % 0.08 to to to to to to to 0.2 Copper, ppm 4 to 20 4 to 20 3 to 20 3 to 20 3 to to to 20 Iodine, ppm 0.14 to to to to to to to 0.4 Iron, ppm 60 to to to to to to to 180 Mngnese, ppm 2 to 30 2 to 30 2 to 30 2 to 30 2 to to to 30 Selenium, ppm e 0.15 to to to to to to to 0.3 Zin, ppm 60 to to to to to to to 180 Vitmins Vitmin A, IU/l 600 to to to to to to to 4000 Vitmin D 3, IU/l 70 to to to to to to to 400 Vitmin E, IU/l 5 to 20 5 to 20 5 to 20 5 to 20 5 to to to 20 Vitmin K, mg/l f 0.25 to to to to to to to 2 Rioflvin, mg/l 1 to 10 1 to 10 1 to 10 1 to 10 1 to to to 10 Niin, mg/l 5 to 25 5 to 25 3 to 25 3 to 25 3 to to to 25 Pntotheni id, mg/l 4 to 20 4 to 20 3 to 20 3 to 20 3 to to to 20 Choline, mg/l g Biotin, mg/l h Vitmin B 12, mg/l to to to to to to to 0.02 Foli id, mg/l i Vitmin B 6, mg/l j All diets re limit-fed under thermoneutrl onditions. Minimum vlues generlly represent the quntity reommended y the NRC (1998). Upper vlues do not represent sfe or tolerne levels, ut insted referene point ove whih further dditions will not likely improve performne. Rtopmine hydrohloride (Pylen ). d --- indites no dt ville. e Mximum legl ddition is 0.3 ppm. f Mendione tivity. g NRC requirement is 136 mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 to 5 nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. h NRC requirement is mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 to 5 nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. i NRC requirement is mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 to 5 nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. j NRC requirement is 0.45 mg/l in the omplete diet for phses 1 to 5 nd this mount is met y trditionl feedstuffs so none is supplemented. PAGE 10 PIG

11 Tle 5. Rnges for reommended dietry dditions of slt, tre minerls nd vitmins from onentrtes, se mixes or premixes for gestting nd ltting swine nd reeding ors, Minerls Slt, % 0.4 to 0.6 Sodium, % 0.15 to 0.25 Chloride, % 0.12 to 0.3 Copper, ppm 5 to 20 Iodine, ppm 0.15 to 0.5 Iron, ppm 80 to 200 Mngnese, ppm 20 to 45 Selenium, ppm C 0.15 to 0.3 Zin, ppm 50 to 200 Vitmins Vitmin A, IU/l 1800 to 7000 Vitmin D 3, IU/l 90 to 700 Vitmin E, IU/l 20 to 40 Vitmin K, mg/l d 0.25 to 3 Rioflvin, mg/l 2 to 8 Niin, mg/l 5 to 35 Pntotheni id, mg/l 5 to 20 Choline, mg/l e 250 to 500 Biotin, mg/l 0.1 to 0.3 Vitmin B 12, mg/l to 0.02 Foli id, mg/l 0.6 to 1.8 Vitmin B 6, mg/l 0 to 2.25 All diets re limit-fed under thermoneutrl onditions. Assumes gestting sows nd reeding ors onsume t lest 4 l feed/dy; ltting sows hve d liitum ess to feed. Minimum vlues generlly represent the quntity reommended y the NRC (1998). Upper vlues do not represent sfe or tolerne levels, ut insted referene point ove whih further dditions will not likely improve performne. Older sows my require inresed onentrtions of tre minerls nd vitmins in their diets to optimize reprodutive performne nd enhne length of produtive life. Produers seeking to implement prity-sed feeding progrms in gesttion should onsider using vlues towrd the higher end of the rnges provided to supplement diets for older sows. Mximum legl ddition is 0.3 ppm. d Mendione tivity. e NRC requirement (whih represents totl dietry onentrtion) is 570 nd 450 mg/l during gesttion nd lttion, respetively; reeding ors require 570 mg/l holine. Soyen mel is n exellent soure of holine. PAGE 11 PIG

12 Tle 6. Speifi reommended dietry dditions of tre minerls nd vitmins from onentrtes, se mixes or premixes Type of diet Nursery Grower Finisher-1 Finisher-2 Finisher + Sows Breeding RAC ors Body weight, l 9 to to to 225 Dietry metolizle energy, Ml/l Minerls 225 to to Sodium, %, 0.25 to Chloride, %, 0.25 to Copper, ppm d Iodine, ppm Iron, ppm Mngnese, ppm Selenium, ppm e Zin, ppm d Vitmins Vitmin A, IU/l Vitmin D 3, IU/l Vitmin E, IU/l Vitmin K, mg/l f Rioflvin, mg/l Niin, mg/l Pntotheni id, mg/l Choline, mg/l Biotin, mg/l Vitmin B 12, mg/l Foli id, mg/l Vitmin B 6, mg/l Rtopmine hydrohloride (Pylen ). Slt is usully dded t the rte of 5 to 7 l/ton in nursery diets, 6 to 7 l/ton in grower-finisher diets nd 10 l/ton in sow nd reeding or diets to help provide signifint portion of the totl dietry sodium nd hloride reommendtions. Reommendtions for sodium nd hloride represent totl dietry mounts, not dditions; 0.25, 0.20, 0.20 nd 0.15% for nursery phse 1 (9 to 11 l), nursery phse 2 (11 to 15 l), nursery phse 3 (15 to 25 l) nd nursery phse 4 (25 to 45 l), respetively. d Levels of 3,000 ppm zin for nursery phses 1 nd 2 ( 9 to 15 l) nd 2,000 ppm zin for nursery phse 3 ( 15 to 25 l) from zin oxide n e dded for growth promotion; or 125 to 250 ppm opper from opper sulfte or tri-si opper hloride in nursery phses 1, 2, nd 3 ( 9 to 25 l). e Mximum legl ddition is 0.3 ppm. f Mendione tivity. PAGE 12 PIG

13 Tle 7. Tre minerl premix speifitions Nutrient Units Poteny per l of premix Copper mg 4,850 Iodine mg 90 Iron mg 50,000 Mngnese mg 9,000 Selenium mg 90 Zin mg 50,000 Minerl soures re listed in Tle 1. Premix usge rtes: Sows, reeding ors nd nursery pigs, 3 l/ton of omplete feed. Grower (45 to 135 l pigs), 2.5 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher 1 (135 to 225 l pigs), 2 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher 2 (225 to 315 l pigs), 1.5 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher + RAC (225 to 315 l pigs), 2.5 l/ton of omplete feed. The minerl dditions shown in Tle 6 re met or exeeded with premix ontining the poteny indited nd used s direted. Tle 8. Vitmin premix speifitions for nursery diets Nutrient Units Poteny per l of premix Vitmin A IU 1,200,000 Vitmin D 3 IU 120,000 Vitmin E IU 12,000 Vitmin K mg 800 Rioflvin mg 1,600 Niin mg 8,800 Pntotheni id mg 4,800 Choline mg 0 Biotin mg 0 Vitmin B 12 mg 8.28 Foli id mg 0 Vitmin B 6 mg 0 Vitmin soures re listed in Tle 2. Premix usge rte: 5 l/ton of omplete feed. A premix ontining the poteny indited nd used s direted will fortify diets s shown in Tle 6. PAGE 13 PIG

14 Tle 9. Vitmin premix speifitions for growing-finishing diets Nutrient Units Poteny per l of premix Vitmin A IU 1,000,000 Vitmin D 3 IU 100,000 Vitmin E IU 6,000 Vitmin K mg 400 Rioflvin mg 1,600 Niin mg 4,400 Pntotheni id mg 2,800 Choline mg 0 Biotin mg 0 Vitmin B 12 mg 4 Foli id mg 0 Vitmin B 6 mg 0 Vitmin soures re listed in Tle 2. Premix usge rtes: Grower (45 to 135 l pigs), 5 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher 1 (135 to 225 l pigs), 4 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher 2 (225 to 315 l pigs), 3 l/ton of omplete feed. Finisher + RAC (225 to 315 l pigs), 5 l/ton of omplete feed. A premix ontining the poteny indited nd used s direted will fortify diets s shown in Tle 6. Tle 10. Vitmin premix speifitions for sow nd reeding or diets Nutrient Units Poteny per l of premix Vitmin A IU 1,600,000 Vitmin D 3 IU 120,000 Vitmin E IU 12,000 Vitmin K mg 800 Rioflvin mg 1,600 Niin mg 6,000 Pntotheni id mg 4,000 Choline mg 100,000 Biotin mg 40 Vitmin B 12 mg 4 Foli id mg 300 Vitmin B 6 mg 0 Vitmin soures re listed in Tle 2. Premix usge rte: 5 l/ton of omplete feed. A premix ontining the poteny indited nd used s direted will fortify diets s shown in Tle 6. PAGE 14 PIG

15 Hndling nd mixing instrutions The need for supplementl tre minerls is usully met e dding ommeril tre minerl premix to the diet. In some instnes, selenium is not inluded in the tre minerl premix nd is dded seprtely s selenium supplement. This llows vrile mounts of the tre minerl premix to e inluded in the diet depending on the stge of prodution, while llowing selenium to e dded t onstnt rte to supply the mximum mount llowle y the FDA (0.3 ppm). Vitmin needs re usully met y dding ommeril vitmin premix to the diet. Vitmin poteny in feed nd mnuftured produts will derese with exposure to light, high humidity, het, rnid ft, nd oxygen. In ddition, vitmin poteny is redued when vitmins re in ontt with minerls. For est results, store semixes nd tre minerl vitmin premixes in ool, dry, nd drk ple nd use them within 30 dys of purhse. Premixes ontining vitmins nd minerls seprtely n e stored for out 3 to 4 months. Mix only enough feed for 3 to 4 weeks s ertin omintions of ingredients n inrese vitmin losses over time. Follow mixing guidelines ording to the mnufturer s reommendtions. Do not dd more thn reommended mounts or potentil toxiity my our. It s lso likely tht pig performne will not e improved with the extr tre minerls nd vitmins in the diet, ut result in money wsted. Speil re should e tken when dding the tre minerl or vitmin premix to otin thorough dispersion throughout the feed. Sine vertil, on-frm grinder mixers re not designed to hndle smll quntities, the tre minerl or vitmin premix should to e premixed with rrier, suh s ground orn, soyen mel, et efore eing dded to the mixer. One method is to thoroughly mix the tre minerl or vitmin premix with t lest 50 l of rrier in tu or ement mixer seprtely, nd then dd this mixture to the omplete mix in the vertil, on-frm the mixer. Summry Pigs require severl tre minerls nd vitmins in their diet for optimum performne, euse they serve vriety of importnt metoli funtions in the ody. Good deisions must e mde onerning soures nd mounts of minerls nd vitmins to inlude in swine diets. Referenes 1. Ptiene, JF nd RT Zijlstr Sodium, Potssium, Chloride, Mgnesium nd Sulfur in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 2. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. Ntionl Ademy Press, Wshington, DC. 3. Hill, GM. nd JW Spers Tre nd Ultrtre Elements in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 4. Mhn, DC Selenium nd Vitmin E in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 5. Drroh, CS Vitmin A in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 6. Crenshw, TD Clium, Phosphorus, Vitmin D nd Vitmin K in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 7. Dove, CR nd DA Cook Wter-Solule Vitmins in Swine Nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 8. Ammermn, CB, DH Bker, nd AJ Lewis Biovilility of nutrients for nimls. Ademi Press, Sn Diego, CA. 9. Lindemnn, MD, GL Cromwell, HJ Monegue nd KW Purser Effet of hromium soure on tissue onentrtion of hromium for pigs. J. Anim. Si. 86: Bker, DH Biovilility of Minerls nd Vitmins. In: Swine Nutrition. Lewis, A.J. nd Southern, L.L. (Ed.). CRC Press LLC. 11. Feedstuffs Feedstuffs Referene Issues nd Buying Guide. Miller Pulishing Co., Minnetonk, MN. 12. INRA (Institut Ntionl de l Reherhe Agronomique) Tles of omposition nd nutritionl vlue of feed mterils, Suvnt, D., J-M. Perez nd G. Trn, Eds. Wgeningen Ademi Pulishers, The Netherlnds nd INRA, Pris, Frne. PAGE 15 PIG

16 Frequently sked Questions Wht re helted or proteinted tre minerls? Tre minerls re generlly dded to swine diets s inorgni slts, suh s opper sulfte, iron sulfte, zin oxide, et. Chelted forms of some tre minerls re now ommerilly ville where tre minerls re ound to ompound suh s protein or individul mino id to form hemil ond (e.g. zin methionine). These forms re designed to enhne the sorption of the tre minerl from the smll intestine. Reserh in pigs, however, hs demonstrted tht the iovilility of the minerls in helted forms is not lwys greter nd is sometimes lower thn the iovilility of elements in inorgni slts. Usully the inorgni forms of tre minerls re most eonomil. How importnt re dietry eletrolytes? Eletrolytes (minerls) re essentil to mintining wter lne in pigs. Eletrolyte lne is prtiulrly importnt for strting pigs, euse they re more suseptile to dirrhe, ondition tht n use severe dehydrtion nd eletrolyte depletion. The mjor elements involved in eletrolyte lne re sodium, hloride, potssium, mgnesium, nd lium, ut sodium, hloride, nd potssium predominte. We do not reommend inluding eletrolytes in swine diets t levels exeeding those shown in Tles 3, 4, 5, nd 6 even in times of stress, suh s those ssoited with wening nd feeder pig sles nd trnsfers. PAGE 16 PIG