Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

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1 Penut (Arhis hypoge L.) Response to Brdyrhizoi Inoulnt Applied In-furrow with Agrihemils Dvid L. Jordn*, P. Dewyne Johnson, Rik L. Brndenurg, nd Joel Firloth 1 ABSTRACT Brdyrhizoi is often pplied in the seed furrow when penut is plnted to ensure nodultion nd susequent iologil nitrogen fixtion (BNF). Severl fungiides, insetiides, nd fertilizer solutions re registered for in-furrow pplition in penut while others or urrently eing evluted for possile use. The effet of these produts on effiy of Brdyrhizoi inoulnt hs not een thoroughly investigted. Reserh ws onduted in North Crolin nd Virgini to determine penut response to in-furrow pplition of Brdyrhizoi inoulnt lone or with the fungiides zoxystroin, oslid, pyrlostroin, propionzole plus trifloxystroin, nd teuonzole; the insetiide imidloprid; nd the ommeril fertilizer AssetH RTU. Penut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoulnt ws pplied lone or with the fungiides zoxystroin, oslid, pyrlostroin, propionzole plus trifloxystroin, or teuonzole. In experiments from , pod yield ws lower when inoulnt ws pplied with zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, teuonzole, nd fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, nd three of 11 experiments, respetively, when ompred with inoulnt lone. Imidloprid did not ffet penut yield. Pod yield ws not improved y ny of the fungiide, insetiide, or fertilizer tretments when ompred with inoulnt lone. These experiments ( ) were onduted in fields without previous penut plntings or where rottions were long enough to minimize disese inidene. Although enefits of disese ontrol were not defined in these experiments, these dt suggest tht dverse effets on inoulnt n our when o-pplied with zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, teuonzole, nd fertilizer. Key Words: Agrihemil omptiility, iologil nitrogen fixtion, fertilizer, fungiides, insetiides. 1 Professor nd Reserh Speilist, Deprtment of Crop Siene, North Crolin Stte University, Box 7620, Rleigh, NC ; Willim Nel Reynolds Professor, Deprtment of Entomology, North Crolin Stte University, Box 7613, Rleigh, NC ; nd former Assistnt Professor, Tidewter Agriulturl Reserh nd Extension Center, 6421 Hollnd Rd., Suffolk, VA *Corresponding uthor s e-mil: dvid_jordn@nsu.edu. Biologil nitrogen fixtion (BNF) ours in penut (Arhis hypoge L.) nd other leguminous plnts when nitrogen (N)-fixing Brdyrhizoi teri infet roots nd onvert tmospheri N into plnt usele form (Shiffmn nd Alper, 1968; Shimshi et l., 1967; Wlker et l., 1976). Frmers rely on existing or ntive rhizoi in soil for this proess or pply ommerilly ville inoulnt during plnting to ensure dequte BNF. Commeril inoulnts n e pplied to the plnter hopper ox or in the seed furrow s grnulr or liquid produts (Lnier et l., 2005). Although ommeril inoulnts re reltively inexpensive, ility to orret N defiient penut is expensive if Brdyrhizoi is not vile, the formulted inoulnt is not distriuted uniformly in the hopper ox with seed, formulted inoulnt plement in the seed furrow is not dequte for infetion, penut is plnted shllow nd formulted inoulnt does not remin vile due to extremes in soil temperture, the rte of formulted inoulnt is too low, or inoulnt is dversely ffeted in the spry solution. When inoulnt fils to llow BNF, pplying N diretly to penut to orret N defiienies is expensive, nd errti response to N hs een oserved (Lnier et l., 2005). In reent yers, in ddition to registrtions lter in the seson, the fungiides zoxystroin nd teuonzole hve een mrketed for use in the seed furrow to suppress or ontrol Cylindroldium lk rot (CBR) (used y Cylindroldium prsitium) (Phipps, 2003). Although urrently not registered for pplition in the seed furrow in penut, the fungiides oslid, pyrlostroin, propionzole, nd trifloxystroin my ffet seedling diseses ut response of penut to these fungiides hs not een reported. A ommeril fertilizer (AssetH RTU, Helen Chemil Co., Memphis, TN) ontining severl essentil elements is pplied y some frmers in the seed furrow t plnting due to pereived enefits in erly seson root nd shoot growth. Determining if these pestiides nd fertilizer re omptile with infurrow pplition of Brdyrhizoi is importnt in developing rop mngement strtegies. Tomto spotted wilt virus, Tospovirus, is mjor onern in North Crolin penut prodution, nd while severl strtegies hve een implemented to redue disese in penut, dditionl ontrol options re eing explored (Brndenurg, 2009). The inseti- Penut Siene (2010) 37:

2 PEANUT RESPONSE TO BRADYRHIZOBIA INOCULANT APPLIED WITH AGRICHEMICALS 33 ide imidloprid, while not registered for use in penut, is pplied in greenhouse flot trys to redue inidene of tomto spotted wilt virus in too (Niotin tum L.) (MPherson, 2006). Although Todd et l. (1994) reported inresed tomto spotted wilt of penut when imidloprid ws pplied ompred to no insetiide or other tretments, reserh to determine the effet of imidloprid on tomto spotted wilt in penut in North Crolin is limited (Brndenurg, R. L., North Crolin Stte University, personl ommunition). Determining if imidloprid nd fertilizer re omptile with in-furrow pplition of Brdyrhizoi is importnt if imidloprid is shown to e effetive ginst tomto spotted wilt. Intertions mong grihemils pplied to penut re numerous, omplex, nd n e unpreditle. Effiy of ommeril liquid inoulnts nd survivl of Brdyrhizoi is of prtiulr onern when onsidering o-pplition of inoulnt with liquid fertilizer, fungiides, nd insetiides. Previous reserh (Jordn et l., 2006) indited tht ephte nd teuonzole did not ffet Brdyrhizoi when o-pplied in the seed furrow t plnting. However, possile intertions of Brdyrhizoi pplied s liquid in mixture with other grihemils hve not een doumented ompletely in the literture. Therefore, reserh ws onduted to determine the influene of seleted fungiides, imidloprid, nd fertilizer on penut response to Brdyrhizoi when o-pplied in the seed furrow t plnting. Mterils nd Methods The experiment ws onduted in North Crolin during 2002 t the Penut Belt Reserh Sttion loted ner Lewiston on Norfolk sndy lom (fine-lomy, silieous, thermi, Typi Pleudults) nd in two seprte fields t the Upper Costl Plin Reserh Sttion loted ner Roky Mount on Goldsoro lomy snd (fine-lomy, silieous, thermi Aqui Pleudlts). A seond experiment ws onduted in ommeril fields ner Fison, NC on Autryville fine sndy lom (fine-lomy, silieous, Typi Pleudults). The experiment ws onduted in two seprte fields during 2004 nd 2006 nd in one field during 2005 nd The experiment ws lso onduted during 2004, 2006, nd 2007 t the Upper Costl Plin Experiment Sttion ner Roky Mount, NC on the Goldsoro lomy snd soil desried previously. During 2005, the experiment ws lso onduted t the Penut Belt Reserh Sttion ner Lewiston, NC nd the Tidewter Agriulturl Reserh nd Extension Center ner Suffolk, VA. Soil t these lotions ws Norfolk sndy lom. Penut ultivr NC-V 11 (Wynne et l., 1991) ws seeded in onventionlly-prepred rised seededs t rte designed to estlish n in-row popultion of plnts/m. Aldir t 1.1 kg i/h ws pplied t plnting prior to seed drop nd efore slit losure. Tretments during 2002 inluded ommeril liquid inoulnt ontining Brdyrhizoi (Lift, formerly Nitrgin Corp. nd now EMD Biosienes., Brookfield, WI) lone or with zoxystroin (0.44 kg i/h), oslid (0.45 kg i/h), propionzole plus trifloxystroin ( kg i/h), pyrlostroin (0.16 kg i/h), nd teuonzole (0.20 kg i/h). During , tretments onsisted of no-inoulnt ontrol, ommeril liquid inoulnt (Lift, Nitrgin Corp., during 2004 or Optimize Lift, EMD BioSienes, during ), nd liquid inoulnt plus zoxystroin, fertilizer solution (AssetH RTU, ontining 6% N, 20% P 2 O 5,5%K 2 O, 0.02% B, 0.05% Cu, 0.10% Fe, 0.05% Mn, % Mo, nd 0.05% Zn) t 2.4 L/ h, nd pyrlostroin. Additionl tretments during 2005, 2006, nd 2007 inluded imidloprid (0.21 kg i/h) plus inoulnt or teuonzole (0.20 kg/h) plus inoulnt during 2004, 2006, nd Lift nd Optimize Lift deliver pproximtely vile ells of teri/h when pplied t 1.2 L/h. Tretments were pplied in 47 L/h distilled wter. Spry solution ws pplied fter seed drop nd efore slit losure nd ontted seed. Two non-penut rops seprted penut plntings during 2002, fields t Lewiston, nd Suffolk during Three non-penut rops (2004 nd 2006) nd five non-penut rops seprted penut plntings in fields t Roky Mount during Non-penut rops t ll lotions were either orn (Ze mys L.) or otton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Penut hd not een plnted in fields t Fison. Fields were fumigted with metm sodium two weeks prior to plnting t Lewiston nd Suffolk to ontrol CBR. Fields t Fison nd Roky Mount did not hve history of CBR. With the exeption of in-furrow tretments, ll other prodution nd pest mngement strtegies were held onstnt nd were sed on Coopertive Extension reommendtions for the region (Brndenurg, 2009; Jordn, ; Shew, 2009). In experiments onduted during 2002, penut seedling emergene ws determined within 2 weeks fter plnting (WAP). Seedling emergene ws not reorded in susequent yers. Visul estimtes representing plnt ondition rting (PCR) were reorded in 2002 within two weeks prior to hrvest

3 34 PEANUT SCIENCE Tle 1. Influene of inoulnt nd fungiide on penut stnd two weeks fter plnting, plnt ondition rting refleting inidene of tomto spotted wilt, nd pod yield t three lotions during Fungiide tretment Fungiide rte Penut stnd Penut pod yield Plnt ondition rting kg/h No./m-row kg/h % Inoulnt Inoulnt plus zoxystroin Inoulnt plus oslid Inoulnt plus pyrlostroin Inoulnt plus propionzole plus trifloxystroin Inoulnt plus teuonzole Mens within olumn followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different ording to Fisher s Proteted LSD Test t p # Dt re pooled over three experiments during Inoulnt pplied t 1.2 L/h. Visul estimtes of plnt ondition reorded within 2 weeks prior to hrvest using sle of 0 to 100% where 0 5 no disese in the nopy nd the entire plnt nopy expressing disese symptoms. Tomto spotted wilt ws the predominnt disese oserved in these experiments. on sle of 0 to 100% where 0 5 no disese symptoms in the penut nopy nd the entire nopy expressing disese symptoms. The primry disese present in 2002 ws tomto spotted wilt (Shew, 2009). In susequent yers, tomto spotted wilt ws not oserved in the experiments. Penut in fields ner Fison did not exhiit symptoms of CBR or other soil orne pthogens. Color of the penut nopy ws determined pproximtely 60 dys fter plnting in ll experiments using sle of 0 to 5 where 0 5 yellow folige due to N defiieny nd 5 5 penut expressing drk green olor. Determining nopy olor t this stge of penut development minimized possile onfounding of nopy olor due to development of disese. While determining N onentrtion in penut leves or reording hlorophyll ontent would hve een more informtive thn ssessing the nopy visully, prtitioners most likely will use visul ssessment for this omprison. Penut ws dug nd vines inverted in lte Septemer or erly Otoer sed on pod mesorp olor (Willims nd Drexler, 1981) using omposite smple of penut treted with inoulnt lone. Pods nd vines were llowed to ir dry in the field for 4 to 7 dys fter digging prior to omining. Finl pod yield ws djusted to 8% moisture. The experimentl design ws rndomized omplete lok with tretments replited four times. Dt for penut emergene within two weeks fter plnting (2002), PCR (2002), nopy olor (2004, 2006, nd 2007), nd pod yield from ll yers were sujeted to nlyses of vrine. The nlyses from inluded the no-inoulnt ontrol, inoulnt lone, nd inoulnt plus zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, or fertilizer (11 experiments). Seprte nlyses inluding the noinoulnt ontrol nd inoulnt lone ompred with inoulnt plus imidloprid (7 experiments) or inoulnt plus teuonzole (8 experiments) were performed euse imidloprid nd teuonzole were not inluded in ll 11 experiments. Mens were seprted using Fisher s Proteted LSD test t Results nd Disussion Experiments during 2002 The intertion of experiment y tretment ws not signifint for penut stnd, pod yield, or PCR in the experiments onduted during When pooled over experiments, penut stnd 2 WAP ws similr when inoulnt ws pplied lone or with zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, or propionzole plus trifloxystroin (Tle 1). Fewer penut plnts emerged 2 WAT when oslid ws pplied with inoulnt ompred with inoulnt plus pyrlostroin (Tle 1). However, when inoulnt ws pplied with oslid, penut stnd ws similr to stnd with inoulnt only. Penut stnd ws lower when teuonzole ws pplied with inoulnt ompred with inoulnt lone or when inoulnt ws o-pplied with other fungiides (Tle 1). Pod yield nd PCR, refleting plnts expressing visile symptoms of tomto spotted wilt virus, did not differ regrdless of inoulnt nd fungiide tretment (Tle 1). Delyed penut emergene due to in-furrow pplition of teuonzole does not lwys trnslte into yield redution (Jordn et l., 2006; Phipps, 2003). Previous reserh

4 PEANUT RESPONSE TO BRADYRHIZOBIA INOCULANT APPLIED WITH AGRICHEMICALS 35 Tle 2. Pod yield s influened y in-furrow pplition of Brdyrhizoium inoulnt pplied lone or with zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, or fertilizer. Pod yield In-furrow tretment Fison Roky Mount Lewiston nd Suffolk kg/h Non-treted Inoulnt Inoulnt plus zoxystroin Inoulnt plus pyrlostroin Inoulnt plus fertilizer Yers etween penut plntings NP Experiments Mens within olumn followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different ording to Fisher s Proteted LSD Test t p # Azoxystroin nd pyrlostroin pplied t 0.44 nd 0.16 kg/h, respetively. Inoulnt nd fertilizer solution pplied t 1.2 nd 2.4 L/h, respetively. Arevition: NP, no penut plnted in this field in ny previous yer. (Culreth et l., 2003) indited tht fungiides do not ffet inidene of tomto spotted wilt of penut. Experiments during The intertion of experiment y in-furrow tretment ws signifint for pod yield when the eleven experiments were inluded in single nlysis. Seprte nlyses were performed for three groups (Fison, Roky Mount, or Lewiston nd Suffolk) due to previous ropping history nd similr soil hrteristis. Consequently, the intertion of experiment y in-furrow tretment ws not signifint for Fison, Roky Mount, nd Lewiston nd Suffolk. However, the min effet of in-furrow tretment ws signifint t Fison nd Roky Mount ut not for Lewiston nd Suffolk. When pooled over six experiments t Fison, pplying Brdyrhizoium inoulnt lone or with zoxystroin or fertilizer inresed pod yield over the no-inoulnt ontrol (Tle 2). Yield did not differ when ompring tretments inluding inoulnt plus zoxystroin or fertilizer nd inoulnt lone. In ontrst, pod yield following pplition of inoulnt plus pyrlostroin ws lower thn inoulnt plus zoxystroin or fertilizer nd ws similr to the no-inoulnt ontrol. At Roky Mount, pplying inoulnt lone inresed pod yield over the no-inoulnt ontrol when dt were pooled over the three yers t this lotion (Tle 2). In ontrst to results t Fison, pod yield ws lower when inoulnt ws pplied with zoxystroin or fertilizer ompred with inoulnt lone; yield following inoulnt plus pyrlostroin did not differ from inoulnt lone. Pod yield following inoulnt plus pyrlostroin or fertilizer ws similr to the no-inoulnt ontrol. No differene in pod yield ws oserved regrdless of in-furrow tretment t Lewiston nd Suffolk (Tle 2). Differenes in yield when ompring the noinoulnt ontrol with inoulnt lone were expeted t Fison nd Roky Mount, espeilly t Fison where penut hd not een plnted in these fields in previous yers. At Roky Mount, three or five non-penut rops seprted penut plntings, nd response to inoulnt ws lso ntiipted. Lk of response to inoulnt ws not unexpeted t Lewiston nd Suffolk due to the shorter rottions t these lotions ompred with Fison nd Roky Mount. Surprisingly, however, ws the differene in penut response to zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, nd fertilizer when ompring results t Fison nd Roky Mount. No ler explntion exists for this response, nd dditionl reserh is needed to eluidte the mehnism of this response. When ompring nopy olor, the intertion of experiment y in-furrow tretment ws signifint t Fison nd Roky Mount. Penut nopy presented drker green olor in ll experiments when inoulnt ws pplied lone or with fertilizer (Tle 3). When inoulnt lone ws pplied, penut nopy olor ws drker green in two of three experiments t Fison nd t Roky Mount in 2007 ompred with inoulnt plus zoxystroin. The penut nopy lso exhiited lighter green nopy olor when inoulnt ws pplied with pyrlostroin in these experiments ompred with inoulnt lone (Tle 3). Penut nopy olor ws not ffeted y omintions of inoulnt nd fungiide t Roky Mount in 2004 or 2005 nd t Lewiston nd Suffolk. These dt suggest tht zoxystroin nd pyrlostroin most likely ffet inoultion of penut y some mehnism s

5 36 PEANUT SCIENCE Tle 3. Cnopy olor s influened y in-furrow pplition of Brdyrhizoium inoulnt pplied lone or with zoxystroin, pyrlostroin, or fertilizer. Cnopy olor Fison Roky Mount Lewiston nd Suffolk In-furrow tretment nd Sle Non-treted Inoulnt Inoulnt plus zoxystroin Inoulnt plus pyrlostroin Inoulnt plus fertilizer Yers etween penut plntings NP NP NP Mens within olumn followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different ording to Fisher s Proteted LSD Test t Azoxystroin nd pyrlostroin pplied t 0.44 nd 0.16 kg/h, respetively. Inoulnt nd fertilizer solution pplied t 1.2 nd 2.4 L/h, respetively. Arevition: NP, no penut plnted in this field in ny previous yer. reveled y differenes in visul estimtes of penut nopy olor. Although the mehnism of this response is not urrently defined nd the enefits of fungiide in mnging disese is not ompletely known, these dt suggest tht there is some risk to pplying zoxystroin nd pyrlostroin with Brdyrhizoi inoulnt. Additionl reserh is needed to eluidte the mehnism of redued inoultion. Response to inoulnt ws not ffeted y fertilizer solution, lthough inonsistent results were noted for oth pod yield nd penut nopy olor (Tles 2 nd 3). When ompring inoulnt lone or with imidloprid, pod yield in four experiments t Fison, in two experiments t Roky Mount, nd t Lewiston did not differ (Tle 4). In 4 of these 7 experiments differene ws noted when ompring the no-inoulnt ontrol with inoulnt lone (Tle 4). In one of four experiments where penut nopy olor ws visully estimted, inluding imidloprid with inoulnt resulted in lighter green nopy olor. Pod yield did not differ when ompring the inoulted ontrol with inoulnt plus teuonzole t Fison ut ws lower with teuonzole when inluded t Roky Mount (Tle 5). However, unlike results with inoulnt plus imidloprid, pod yield of the no-inoulnt ontrol nd inoulnt plus teuonzole did not differ. Cnopy olor did not differ when ompring inoulnt lone with inoulnt plus teuonzole (Tle 5). Although the shde of green expressed y the penut nopy is not the most onsistent inditor of inoulum effiy, it is possile inditor of BNF. Consistent with effets noted for pod yield, pyrlostroin ppers to pose the gretest risk of Tle 4. Pod yield nd penut nopy olor following pplition of Brdyrhizoium inoulnt lone or with imidloprid ompred with non-inoulted penut. Pod yield Fison Cnopy olor Roky Mount In-furrow tretment Fison Roky Mount nd Lewiston kg/h Sle No inoulnt Inoulnt Inoulnt plus imidloprid Yers etween penut plntings NP d 3 5 NP NP 5 2 Mens within olumn followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different ording to Fisher s Proteted LSD Test t Inoulnt pplied t 1.2 L/h nd imidloprid pplied t 0.21 kg/h. Dt from Fison re pooled over four experiments. Dt from Roky Mount inlude yers 2006 nd d Arevition: NP, no penut plnted in this field in ny previous yer.

6 PEANUT RESPONSE TO BRADYRHIZOBIA INOCULANT APPLIED WITH AGRICHEMICALS 37 Tle 5. Pod yield nd penut nopy olor following pplition of Brdyrhizoium inoulnt lone or with teuonzole ompred with non-inoulted penut. Cnopy olor Pod yield Roky Mount In-furrow tretment Fison Roky Mount Fison d kg/h Sle No inoulnt Inoulnt Inoulnt plus teuonzole Yers etween penut plntings NP e 3 5 NP Mens within olumn followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different ording to Fisher s Proteted LSD Test t Inoulnt pplied t 1.2 L/h nd teuonzole pplied t 0.20 kg/h. Dt from Fison re pooled over five experiments. Dt from Roky Mount re pooled over three experiments. d Dt from Fison re pooled over three experiments. e Arevition: NP, no penut plnted in this field in ny previous yer. deresed BNF nd susequent N defiieny in the penut nopy. Imidloprid, while not ffeting yield, did ffet nopy olor inditing tht BNF my e ompromised when these produts re opplied. Previous reserh (Todd et l., 1994) suggests tht imidloprid plys negtive role in infetion nd mnifesttion of symptoms ssoited with tomto spotted wilt in penut. Although the fertilizer solution in this experiment is used y some frmers in penut, pod yield ws lower when fertilizer ws o-pplied with inoulnt ompred with inoulnt lone in 3 of 11 experiments. Although dt refleting the degree of nodultion nd more omplete set of dt on stnd estlishment nd penut nopy would hve een more reveling, results from these experiments do provide n indition of potentil intertions of liquid in-furrow Brdyrhizoium inoulnt with fungiides, insetiide, nd fertilizer solution. Most of these experiments were onduted in fields with little to no expression of soil orne disese or tomto spotted wilt due to site seletion or mngement. The gol of this reserh ws to determine if these mterils influene effiy of Brdyrhizoi inoulnt nd not neessrily to determine effiy of fungiides or imidloprid. Additionl reserh is needed to define intertions of inoulnts nd other grihemils in situtions with greter potentil for disese. Aknowledgments EMD Biosienes (formerly Nitrgin Corp.), the Ntionl Penut Bord, the North Crolin Penut Growers Assoition, In., nd the Penut CRSP projet LAG provided prtil funding for this reserh. Crl Murphey, Curtis Fountin, nd stff t the Penut Belt Reserh Sttion, the Tidewter Agriulturl Reserh nd Extension Center, nd the Upper Costl Plin Reserh Sttion provided tehnil ssistne. Appreition is lso extended to Vi Swinson for llowing portion of this reserh to e onduted on his frm. Literture Cited Brndenurg, R.L Penut inset mngement. Pges in 2009 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coop. Ext. Ser. AG Pges. Culreth, A.K., J.W. Todd, nd S.L. Brown Epidemiology nd mngement of tomto spotted wilt in penut. Annu. Rev. Phytopthol. 41:53-75 doi: /nnurev.phyto Aessed Jordn, D.L Penut prodution prties. Pges in 2009 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coopertive Extension Servie Pulition AG Pges. Jordn, D.L Penut weed mngement. Pges in 2009 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coopertive Extension Servie Pulition AG Pges. Jordn, D.L., R.L. Brndenurg, J.E. Biley, P.D. Johnson, B.M. Royls, nd V.L. Curtis Comptiility of in-furrow pplition of ephte, inoulnt, nd teuonzole in penut (Arhis hypoge L.). Penut Si. 33: Lnier, J.E., D.L. Jordn, J.F. Spers, R. Wells, nd P.D. Johnson Penut response to inoultion nd nitrogen fertilizer. Agron. J. 97: MPherson, R.M Inidene of thrips nd tomto spotted wilt tospovirus in flue-ured too proteted from erly seson inset pest infesttions. J. Eon. Ent. 99(3): Phipps, P.M The response of CBR-suseptile nd -resistnt ultivrs to preplnt tretment with metm nd in-furrow pplition of Foliur nd Aound for disese mngement, F&N Reports. 58:FC020. Shew, B.B Penut disese mngement. Pges in 2009 Penut Informtion. North Crolin Coopertive Extension Servie Pulition AG Pges. Shiffmn, J. nd Y. Alper Effets of Rhizoium inoulum plement on penut inoultion. Exp. Agri. 4: Shimshi, D., J. Shiffmn, Y. Kost, H. Bielori, nd Y. Alper Effets of soil moisture regime on nodultion of inoulted penuts. Agron. J. 59:

7 38 PEANUT SCIENCE Todd, J.W., A.K. Culreth, D. Rogers, nd J.W. Demski Contrinditions of insetiide use reltive to vetor ontrol nd tomto spotted wilt disese progress in penut. Pro. Am. Penut Res. nd Ed. So. 26:42. Wlker, M.E., N.A. Minton, nd C.C. Dowler Effets of heriides, nemtiide nd Rhizoium inoulnt on yield, hemil omposition nd nodultion of Strr penuts (Arhis hypoge L.). Penut Si. 3: Willims, E.J. nd J.S. Drexler A non-destrutive method for determining penut pod mturity. Penut Si. 8: Wynne, J.C., T.A. Coffelt, R.W. Mozingo, nd W.F. Anderson Registrtion of NC-V 11 penut. Crop Si. 31: